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	(224214,7960,'orderValue2','2'),
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	(224216,7960,'timeline_header',''),
	(224217,7960,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(224218,7960,'timeline',''),
	(224219,7960,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(224220,7960,'orderValue3','3'),
	(224221,7960,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(224222,7960,'content_header',''),
	(224223,7960,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
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	(224226,7960,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8046\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_641258596.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4928\" height=\"1748\" /></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Commerce and Investment (\"MoCI\") issued a Guiding Charter for Family Owned Businesses (\"Charter\") on 02-08-1439H corresponding to 18-04-2018G.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article will provide a summary of the key provisions of the Charter and the added benefits it will bring to family owned businesses in Saudi Arabia (\"FOBs\" or the \"Company\" as the case may be).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">FOBs play an important role in Saudi Arabia’s economy, investment environment and job market. However, despite their various contributions to the economy, FOBs have at times failed to realize their full potential due to various factors some of which include a lack of transparency with respect to the management and operations of the Company, inadequate succession planning and the absence of a well-defined dispute resolution mechanism for addressing conflicts within the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Charter is not binding, the issuance of the Charter is a welcome development as its main aim is to promote the growth of FOBs in Saudi Arabia, and provide them with a set of guiding principles that will allow them to operate in line with international best practices and standards.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>To which Companies does the Charter apply?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter is intended for use by FOBs that are incorporated as closed joint stock companies in Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">FOBs that are listed on the Saudi Arabian stock exchange (the \"Tadawul\") as open joint stock companies are already subject to the Capital Market Authority’s corporate governance regulations.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the vast majority of FOBs operating in Saudi Arabia are not listed on the Tadawul. MoCI therefore recognized a need to fill this gap by establishing protocols for FOBs to follow.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Saudi Arabian Companies Law issued by Royal Decree no. M/3 dated 28-01-1437H corresponding to 11-11-2015G (as amended) (the \"Companies Law\") will take precedence over the provisions of the Charter as the Charter is meant to be complementary to the Companies Law and provide a set of guiding principles for FOBs to implement in conjunction with their existing regulatory obligations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>What are the Charter’s Objectives?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The objectives of the Charter include the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a guiding framework for FOBs to operate in an efficient and growth-oriented manner in conformance with international best practices and standards.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a common vision for family members with respect to the Company’s values and strategic objectives.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Enhance accountability and control mechanisms for the shareholders of FOBs.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Set-up well-defined strategies and protocols that promote transparency and govern the interaction of the family within the Company.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Achieve a proper and fair balance between the interests of the family members and the interests of the Company.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Put succession plans into place (for both ownership and management) to ensure their survival and orderly transition.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a well-defined mechanism for the timely resolution of any family disputes that may occur, and to ensure that such disputes do not impede decision-making within the Company.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft wp-image-8108\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_574104421-2-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"322\" height=\"322\" />Shareholders’ Assemblies</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similar to what is provided in the Companies Law, shareholder meetings are conducted through the Ordinary General Assembly and Extraordinary General Assembly (collectively referred to as the \"Shareholders’ Assemblies\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Shareholders’ Assemblies are required to hold all of their meetings in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law and the Company’s articles of association.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Resolutions passed during any meeting held by the Shareholders’ Assemblies are valid and binding upon all of the family members in the Company, regardless of whether such family members attended the meetings in which the resolutions were issued.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board is entitled to submit a written request to the Board of Directors to invite the Ordinary General Assembly (or the Extraordinary General Assembly as the case may be) to convene provided the written request contains justifications for convening the Ordinary General Assembly. In the event the Board of Directors fails to respond to the Family Board’s written request, then the Family Board (discussed in further detail below) is entitled to seek the written approval of family members representing at least 5% of the Company’s share capital in order to obligate the Board of Directors to invite the Ordinary General Assembly to convene.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure that the Company operates in an institutional manner, family members are prohibited from taking any adverse actions that would prevent the Shareholders’ Assemblies from exercising their functions set out in the Companies Law, the Company’s articles of association and Charter.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Family Board</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter prescribes the formation of a Family Board. The Family Board’s competencies include the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Monitor the overall performance of the Board of Directors and ensure they are compliant with the provisions of the Companies Law and the articles of association of the Company. For this purpose, the Family Board can provide an opinion on potential candidates for the Board of Directors. They also have the authority to investigate whether any member of the Board of Directors is engaging in an activity that is detrimental to the Company such as whether there is a potential conflict of interest or unauthorized disclosure of the Company’s trade secrets.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Resolve any disputes that arise between family members that may affect the Company’s operations (further details on the dispute resolution mechanism will be provided below).</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Consider recommendations from family members for the investment of the Company’s assets and presenting them to the Board of Directors for their approval.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Take any necessary actions to ensure that new generations of family members are trained and prepared to manage the Company in the future.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The competencies of the Family Board cannot be in direct conflict with the competencies of the Shareholders’ Assemblies and Board of Directors under the Companies Law, the articles of association of the Company and the Charter.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is recommended for a Family Board to be formed when there are more than 12 family members in the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure the Family Board exercises its competencies in an effective manner, there should not be more than 6 Family Board members. Members of the Family Board are elected by secret ballot at a special meeting held for this purpose. Members should be elected based on their personal and professional capabilities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A member of the Family Board is not permitted to be a member of the Board of Directors or the executive team of the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The term of the Family Board members is restricted to 3 years, and a member is not permitted to be on the Family Board for more than 2 consecutive terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-8111 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_169062704-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"571\" height=\"381\" />Elections for Family Board members take place under the direction of an Election Committee consisting of 5 family members or any other members appointed by the Ordinary General Assembly. A member appointed to the Election Committee is prohibited from serving as a Family Board member. The Election Committee is required to hold elections for the Family Board members at least 25 days prior to the end of their term. The Election Committee should ensure that the election process is held transparently and impartially.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board should have a Chairman and Deputy-Chairman. They are selected by the Family Board members through secret ballot under the supervision of the Election Committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board is required to hold at least 4 meetings each financial year. The Family Board should hold a special meeting prior to any meeting held by the Shareholders’ Assemblies in order to consider the agenda items and to make any recommendations it considers necessary within the scope of its competencies.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The majority of the Family Board members should be present in order for a meeting to be valid. Resolutions issued by the Family Board will need to be approved by a majority of the members present at the meeting. In the event of a deadlock, the Chairman will have the casting vote. The Chairman will invite the Family Board to convene when requested to do so by 2 or more members.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Family Board members are entitled to receive remuneration for attending meetings. Remuneration will be equivalent to what is prescribed to Board of Directors members who attend meetings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As referenced above, the Charter prescribes a multi-tiered mechanism for the resolution of any disputes that may occur between family members.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initially, private discussions are held between members of the Family Board to determine the reasons for the dispute and the most optimal way forward to resolving the dispute. The Family Board assigns the Chairman or one of its members who do not have any involvement in the dispute to take the lead in amicably resolving the dispute. The Family Board member assigned to resolve the dispute will then hold discussions with the disputing parties in an effort to resolve the dispute in a manner that is in the best interests of both the family members and the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the event the dispute cannot be settled amicably, a conciliation body consisting of non-family members will be formed in an attempt to settle the dispute in a fair and impartial manner. The Family Board, in consultation with the disputing members, will determine the scope and composition of the conciliation body.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">If the conciliation body referred to in the preceding paragraph cannot be formed or is unable to resolve the dispute, the Family Board will recommend the disputing parties to resolve their dispute through arbitration or a court. The Family Board will need to take necessary measures to ensure that this does not have an adverse effect on the Company’s operations. The Family Board should continue to make an effort to resolve the dispute until a final binding decision is issued by the arbitration tribunal or court. When a final binding decision is issued, the Family Board should ensure that this decision is implemented.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Board of Directors</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similar to what is provided in the Companies Law, the Board of Directors has wide ranging authority to manage the affairs of the Company and maximize its value. All shareholders are prohibited from interfering with the Board’s functions or the executive team of the Company, unless they are members of the Board or the executive team.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Board members of the Company will be elected by the Ordinary General Assembly. The recommended number of Board members should be between 5 and 9.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A Chairman and a Deputy Chairman will need to be elected by the Board of Directors through secret ballot. The Chairman of the Board of Directors is not permitted to hold an executive position within the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">When electing Board members, the Ordinary General Assembly should take into consideration each candidate’s personal and professional capabilities such as his or her ability to lead, competence, financial expertise and medical fitness.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The term of the Board of Directors cannot exceed 3 years. Board members may be re-elected for 1 or more terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The CEO of the Company is selected through a resolution issued by the Board of Directors. It is not permissible for the CEO to be the Chairman or Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Board of Directors has the authority to form an Advisory Board to assist it with its functions. The members of the Advisory Board should have the necessary experience and competence to assist the Board of Directors in developing strategic objectives to ensure the Company’s continuity and growth. The Board of Directors is tasked with establishing the bylaws for the Advisory Board which must then be submitted to the Ordinary General Assembly for approval.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Board of Directors has the authority to form additional committees as it deems necessary to assist it with its functions.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8047\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_737881615-Converted-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3967\" height=\"1751\" /></strong></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Sale of Shares</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Any shareholder who intends to sell all or part of his or her shares in the Company will be required to notify all of the shareholders in writing through the Board of Directors. Each shareholder may exercise their priority right to purchase the shares put up for sale within 30 days from the date of notification. In the event 30 days elapse and no shareholder exercises his or her right to purchase the shares, the shareholder may proceed to sell the shares to a third party. It should be noted that this procedure will not be applicable to any transfer of shares by legal inheritance.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Company Policy</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A human resources policy should be developed for the Company that contains clear rules for employing a family member, which will address issues such as qualifications, experience, performance, evaluation and termination.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is not permissible to create a position for the specific purpose of appointing a family member. Additionally, it is not permissible to terminate, without a valid justification, an employee who is not a family member in order to replace him or her with a family member instead.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The salary of an employee, whether or not a member of the family, should be commensurate with the employee’s position, responsibilities, academic qualifications and level of performance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The work of a family member employed in the Company should not be subject to the supervision of another family member. In addition, no more than 1 member of the family should work in the same department unless it is in the best interests of the Company.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Additional Provisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A family member is entitled to submit a proposal to amend the Charter. The Family Board will assess the proposal to amend the Charter and prepare a report on its findings which will be presented to the Ordinary General Assembly for its consideration and approval.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The articles of association of the Company should be amended in order to be commensurate with the provisions of the Charter.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter should be reviewed by shareholders on a regular basis.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is advisable for the Charter to include the names and signatures of each shareholder of the Company on the final page.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\nIn conclusion, even though the Charter is merely a guide and is not mandatory for FOBs operating in Saudi Arabia, its issuance is nevertheless a positive development as it will raise a general awareness amongst FOBs of the importance of implementing proper governance frameworks and point the way to international best practice and standards and allow them to increase their contribution to the local economy. It may also provide a roadmap for the enactment of future legislation that will be binding on FOBs.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;'),
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	(224266,7961,'timeline',''),
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	(224268,7961,'orderValue3','3'),
	(224269,7961,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(224270,7961,'content_header',''),
	(224271,7961,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
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	(224274,7961,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8048\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_775810141.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6000\" height=\"1520\" /></em></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In May 2017, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority issued version 1.0 of its Cyber Security Framework. Noting the importance of the need to safeguard sensitive data and transactions to ensure confidence in the Saudi financial sector, the Framework was designed to enable SAMA regulated entities (basically, banks, insurance companies and finance companies) to identify and address cyber security risks. In this article, we summarise key aspects of the Framework.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is based on SAMA requirements and industry standards (including ISO, BASEL and PCI-DSS). Its stated objectives are to create a common approach for addressing cyber security, to achieve an appropriate maturity level of cyber security controls, and to ensure cyber security risks are properly managed. It supersedes all prior SAMA circulars relating to cyber security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Entities subject to the Framework include all banks, all insurance and reinsurance companies, all financing companies, all credit bureaus, and the Saudi financial market infrastructure. The Framework also has some degree of application to subsidiaries and the personnel of such entities, as well as to third party contractors and customers.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Cyber security is defined in the Framework as:</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance, and technologies that can be used to protect the member organization’s information assets against internal and external threats.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The ‘information assets’ to which the Framework relates include electronic information, hardcopies, applications, software, databases, computers and machines such as ATMs, data storage devices, and networks and other technical infrastructure.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The three basic premises upon which the Framework has been developed are confidentiality, integrity and availability. More specifically, confidentiality refers to information assets being accessible only to those who are authorised, and protected from unintended or unauthorised disclosure; integrity refers to information assets being accurate, complete and processed correctly, and protected from unauthorised modification; and availability refers to information assets being resilient and accessible, and protected from unauthorised disruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework prescribes key cyber security principles and objectives to be embedded and achieved by each regulated entity. These are broken down in terms of four main cyber security ‘domains’: Leadership &amp; Governance, Risk Management &amp; Compliance, Operations &amp; Technology, and Third Party considerations. The Framework also contemplates regulated entities meeting a minimum level of cyber security maturity (the criteria of which are specified in detail in the Framework), and to subject themselves to periodic self-assessments, reviewed by SAMA.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Leadership &amp; Governance</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework contemplates the implementation of a board-endorsed, defined cyber security governance structure to lead the overall approach to cyber security within the regulated entity. As well as establishing a cybersecurity committee (with representatives from all relevant departments in the organisation), regulated entities also need to establish a cyber security function, independent of the information technology function, and led by a Chief Information Security Officer who is a Saudi national and sufficiently qualified for the CISO role.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Each regulated entity needs to define a cyber security strategy aligned with its own strategic objectives and the broader banking sector’s cyber security strategy. It must also develop a cyber security policy to document and communicate its cyber security commitment and objectives. The policy should be considered in the development of other corporate policies (such as HR policies and IT policies), based on best practices, and supported by detailed security standards. The policy also needs to ensure that information is classified appropriate to its importance, and protected in line with the entity’s risk appetite. Owners need to be appointed for all information assets, and all stakeholders need to be made aware of cyber security. The policy also needs to contain requirements that ensure compliance with regulatory and contractual obligations, and provide for reporting of cyber security breaches and suspected weaknesses.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The ultimate responsibility for cyber security lies with the regulated entity’s board of directors. This responsibility ranges from ensuring an appropriate budget is available for cyber security measures, through to endorsing the entity’s cyber security governance, strategy and policy. The entity’s cyber security committee is responsible at a more operational level.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework imposes an obligation on regulated entities to ensure that relevant stakeholders are aware of, and understand, their cyber security responsibilities. It requires the development of an organisational culture of cyber security risk awareness, enabling personnel, third parties and customers to protect the regulated entity’s information assets. Additionally, it requires the implementation of training to ensure that personnel are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to protect the entity’s information assets (including by operating the entity’s systems securely) and to meet its cyber security responsibilities. Cyber security needs to be an integrated part of the regulated entity’s project management methodology, enabling the entity to identify and address cyber security risks as part of any project.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Risk Management &amp; Compliance</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework describes risk management as the ongoing process of identifying, analyzing, responding to, monitoring and reviewing risks. To manage cyber security risks, the Framework requires regulated entities to undertake cyber security risk identification (identification of their cyber security risks), risk analysis (assessment of the likelihood of occurrence, and the resulting impact), risk response (determining the appropriate response to cyber security risks), and monitoring and review (monitoring the risk treatment and review of the effectiveness of the cyber security control).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure cyber security risks are properly managed to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of a regulated entity’s information assets, and to ensure alignment of the cyber security risk management process with the entity’s enterprise risk management process, each regulated entity is required to define, approve and implement a cyber security risk management process.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This involves identification (and treatment) of the entity’s cyber security risks and threats, bearing in mind the relevant information assets of the entity, as well as its existing cyber security controls and vulnerabilities, and the likelihood of occurrence of the risks identified and the likely resulting impact. The Framework contemplates this exercise being performed on a rolling basis, so as to ensure its continued effectiveness.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities are also required to establish a process whereby they identify, communicate and comply with the cyber security implications of relevant regulations, and adopt mandatory local and international industry standards.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">There is an expectation that information assets of regulated entities will be subjected to thorough, independent and regular cyber security audits, in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8110 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_287395955-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"394\" />Operations &amp; Technology</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework makes it is necessary for regulated entities to ensure that security requirements for their information assets are defined, approved and implemented.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities are required to incorporate cyber security requirements into their human resources processes. At a minimum, these should include: cyber security awareness training for personnel at induction and during their employment, personnel agreements setting out cyber security responsibilities and obligations of non-disclosure, post-employment cyber security implications (such as revocation of access rights, and obligations to return access badge, tokens, mobile devices, all electronic and physical information). The Framework also provides for requirements relating to Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policies, so as to ensure that business and sensitive information is securely handled by personnel when using personal devices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">There is also an obligation to ensure appropriate physical security, by ensuring that all facilities that host information assets are physically protected. These should include: physical entry controls, monitoring and surveillance (e.g., CCTV), protection of data centres and data rooms, environmental protection, and consideration of the physical protection of information assets during their lifecycles (such as during transportation and destruction, and by avoiding unauthorized access and data leakage). The secure disposal of information assets is also contemplated, so as to ensure that business, customer and other information, is protected from unintended or unauthorized disclosure when no longer required.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">More generally, there is an obligation to ensure that access to information assets is restricted in line with need to know/have principles. This requirement brings with it a need to ensure that identity and access be managed and controlled.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities need to know what information assets they have, and where (both physically and logically) they are located, in order to ensure cyber security. The Framework requires regulated entities to maintain an accurate and up-to-date inventory, including location and other relevant details, of all information assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities are also required to define their cyber security architecture, outlining the cyber security requirements in their enterprise architecture and addressing the design principles for developing cyber security capabilities. They also need to make sure that they follow and review their cyber security architecture. Similarly, regulated entities need to make sure that cyber security controls are formally documented and implemented for all applications, and that the compliance is monitored and effectiveness evaluated on a regular basis.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Cyber security standards for infrastructure components need to be documented, and compliance monitored. This needs to include all instances of infrastructure (e.g., workstations, laptops, tablets, mobile devices, virtual machines, servers, operating systems, firewalls, network devices, wireless networks, email gateways, external connections, databases, file-shares, PBX), and it needs to cover all relevant locations, including data centres, disaster recovery sites and offices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities need to define, approve, implement and monitor cyber security standards for payment systems and electronic banking services in order to safeguard the confidentiality and integrity of shared banking systems and customer information and transactions.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Third party considerations</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is almost certain that regulated entities will need to engage with third party service providers (including the likes of information services providers, outsourcing providers, cloud computing service providers, technology vendors and governmental agencies) in order to deliver their services. If such engagements do not respect the types of cyber security mechanisms that the regulated entities have implemented, then such engagements could bring with them cyber security risks. With this in mind, the Framework introduces expectations with regard to the engagement of third parties. These can be broadly categorised as contract and vendor management considerations, outsourcing considerations and cloud computing considerations. We consider this in more detail in a separate article.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SAMA Cyber Security Framework, which was developed in coordination with a leading consultancy firm, provides a very clear outline of what SAMA expects, in terms of cyber security, of the entities that it regulates. Just as the types of technology being used in the financial services sector will continue to develop, the volume and nature of cyber security risks to financial services sector business will continue to develop. SAMA’s Cyber Security Framework should go some way to ensuring that businesses operating in the financial services sector are aware of the nature and scope of their information assets and the potential cyber risks to such assets. The processes implemented in compliance with the Framework will also provide a mechanism for future-proofing regulated financial services businesses against new cyber risks as they develop.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications team regularly advises on issues relating to cyber security, including regulatory compliance and breach notification obligations. For further information please contact Nick O’Connell, Partner (n.oconnell@tamimi.com) or Andrew Fawcett, Senior Counsel (a.fawcett@tamimi.com)</em></p>'),
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	(224434,7982,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:515;s:6:\"height\";i:2800;s:4:\"file\";s:13:\"2018/07/3.jpg\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:3:{s:9:\"thumbnail\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:13:\"3-150x150.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:150;s:6:\"height\";i:150;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}s:6:\"medium\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:12:\"3-55x300.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:55;s:6:\"height\";i:300;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}s:5:\"large\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:14:\"3-188x1024.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:188;s:6:\"height\";i:1024;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),
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	(226090,8178,'timeline',''),
	(226091,8178,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
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	(226093,8178,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(226094,8178,'content_header',''),
	(226095,8178,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
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	(226098,8178,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><img class=\"wp-image-7527 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_794105161-Converted-300x94.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1404\" height=\"440\" /></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is currently going through major social and economic reforms as part of Saudi Vision 2030 and the associated National Transformation Programme. The Saudi Arabian government is introducing a number of laws and policy changes aimed at simplifying business and increasing foreign investment in the Kingdom. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Technological innovation is a particular area of focus. Recent media reports mention global names such as Google and Snap as being particularly interested in opportunities in Saudi Arabia. Meanwhile, the Kingdom is keen to harness the benefits that technological innovation can bring to areas as diverse as education, de-salination and power distribution. With advanced technological centres (such as the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (‘KACST’)) and plans for NEOM - a five hundred billion US dollar technology-focused mega city - the potential for businesses operating in the areas of technology and innovation will continue to grow.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this article, we look at some key issues associated with setting-up in Saudi Arabia - whether you are a local start-up with a great mobile app idea, or a major global tech company looking to get in on the action.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><b>Local opportunities </b></h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The government views technology and innovation as one of the most important areas for investment, and there has been significant growth and success in this area in recent years. The Badir Program, initiated under the auspices of KACST, is a nation-wide program aimed at accelerating the growth of emerging, technology-based businesses in the Kingdom. As a result of the Badir Program, around 250 new companies have already become active in the fields of e-commerce, communications, software and smart device applications. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The barriers to entering the KSA market, for a Saudi national investor, are very low. The most common options available for individuals thinking about starting new businesses in technology and innovation are sole proprietorships and Limited Liability Companies (‘LLCs’).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For a Saudi national (who is not a public servant) to incorporate a sole proprietorship or an LLC, all that is required is his or her Saudi national identification card, and completion of an online registration process via the Ministry of Commerce and Investment (‘MOCI’) website. The entire process can be completed in a single working day and will allow the local investor to begin undertaking business under the umbrella of the new business vehicle.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">At this stage, because of current foreign investment regulations in Saudi Arabia, opportunities for start-ups as entrepreneurs are really only available to Saudi nationals and Saudi companies. This is generally because a foreign investor must provide financial statements and a proven track-record of business before being allowed to invest in the KSA market. The government has only recently provided start-up opportunities for entrepreneurs with intellectual property or an invention to invest as individuals since the beginning of 2018. Whether the economic liberalisation arising out of Saudi Vision 2030 will eventually extend to allowing non-Saudis to establish start-ups in Saudi Arabia is difficult to say.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Foreign investment in Saudi Arabia</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p5\">Where a prospective investor in Saudi Arabia is a foreign investor for the purposes of the Kingdom’s foreign investment laws, it is necessary to obtain a Foreign Investment Licence from the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (‘SAGIA’) in order to establish a corporate entity. Other specific approvals may be required from other authorities, depending on the business that the entity wishes to undertake.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Obtaining a Foreign Investment Licence has become much easier than in previous years. With the leadership of the Council for Economic and Developmental Affairs (‘CEDA’), and internal reforms within SAGIA, the processing time has decreased to a number of days. This is a stark contrast to the six to nine months that it would have typically taken in the relatively recent past. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Significantly, the business activities that an overseas investor wishes to undertake must not be activities classified as exclusive to Saudi Arabian (or GCC) companies and nationals. This restriction could arise due to the activities being on the so-called “Negative List” (being business activities that SAGIA has specified as being exclusive to Saudis) or being otherwise identified as being restricted to Saudis in internal SAGIA policies and guidelines.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p6\"><b>Types of entities </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The most common activities undertaken by technology companies in KSA are generally related to services or trading. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Companies with overseas ownership that desire to undertake services (e.g. installation or maintenance of software and/or hardware products), are usually incorporated as a “Branch Office” or as an LLC, and can typically be completely foreign-owned. Entities incorporated to undertake services are not permitted to conduct any advertising or trading activities.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Companies with overseas ownership that wish to undertake marketing, promotions and sales activities (e.g. sales of software and/or hardware products) are generally regarded by SAGIA as ‘trading’ entities. A trading entity would typically be an LLC (or, less typically, due to rigorous governance requirements) a Joint Stock Company, but it could not be a Branch. It is possible to incorporate a wholly foreign-owned trading entity, although the significant investment requirements (between two and three hundred million Saudi Riyals over a five year period) mean that this is not very common in practice.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Besides a Branch Office and an LLC there are some other options available</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Temporary Commercial Registration: This type of corporate entity is similar to a Branch, but is only relevant to servicing a government contract. As such, this type of entity is not uncommon in the context of technology projects with government ministries. In order to obtain a temporary commercial registration, it is necessary to submit a signed copy of the relevant contract to SAGIA.</span></li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p7\">Technical Scientific Office: This type of corporate entity has the ability to provide sales and marketing assistance to a registered agent in Saudi Arabia. However, it is not permitted to market or sell products, or generate any revenue in and of itself; it can only provide support to the registered agent.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Secondary registrations</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Once a Foreign Investment Licence has been granted by SAGIA and a Certificate of Commercial Registration has been issued from MOCI, a number of additional registrations must be completed with various governmental authorities to enable the new entity to function. These types of registrations allow an entity to pay taxes and insurance, obtain visas for expatriate workers, and register signatures at the Chamber of Commerce, etc. Each of these secondary registrations must be renewed and kept valid in order for the entity to continue to do business in Saudi Arabia. Substantial delays and inconvenience could arise if any of these licences are not maintained.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Following the completion of the secondary registrations process, any additional licensing for CITC will generally be required. The CITC has authority for the regulation of the internet and information technology and is generally responsible for the licensing of information technology companies that are providing services such as cloud computing and telecommunications. With Saudi Vison 2030’s focus on technology and artificial intelligence, the CITC is set to play a more pivotal role in the KSA economy.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For overseas investors, particularly in the technology sector, the investment climate in Saudi Arabia has never been better. The social and economic reforms that underpin Saudi Vision 2030 are having a positive impact on the adoption of technology and innovation in Saudi Arabia, and will assist in propelling the Kingdom into the post-oil era. As the building blocks of Saudi Vision 2030 fall into place, setting-up business in Saudi Arabia is becoming more efficient than ever before.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/corporate-structuring/\">Corporate Structuring</a> team regularly advises on setting up businesses – large and small - in Saudi Arabia. For further information, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/hesham-al-homoud/\">Hesham AlHomoud</a> (h.alhomoud@tamimi.com) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/elye-parata/\">Elye Parata</a> (<a href=\"mailto:e.parata@tamimi.com\">e.parata@tamimi.com</a>).</i></p>'),
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	(225509,8070,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(225510,8070,'orderValue3','3'),
	(225511,8070,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(225512,8070,'content_header',''),
	(225513,8070,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
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	(225515,8070,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(225516,8070,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8001\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/16.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6449\" height=\"2173\" />The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has long been described as a business-friendly country in the mainstream media and in widely followed surveys of competitiveness. The last couple of months have seen a wave of official measures and initiatives that aim to make Dubai and Abu Dhabi more cost effective (and easier) places in which to live and to run businesses.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Even more open for business</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 20 May 2018, the Cabinet of the UAE announced two major changes, both of which were highlighted in tweets by HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Ruler of Dubai and the Prime Minister of the UAE:</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>1. Long Term Residency Visas</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under a new visa regime, 10-year residency visas will be available for ‘specialists in medical, scientific, research and technical fields, as well as for all scientists and innovators’. The new visa regime will also include five-year residency visas for students who are studying in the UAE and up to 10 years for ‘exceptional students’.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>2. 100% Foreign Business Ownership</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In a strategic move to boost the economy and attract global investments, it was announced that the UAE will allow foreign investors in specific sectors to wholly own their businesses by the end of 2018.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Currently, the only way that foreigners could own up to 100% of a business was through one of the various Free Zones in the UAE; otherwise, the ceiling for foreign ownership in mainland UAE was 51%.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst it has not yet been decided as to which sectors will benefit from the announcement, we believe that the decision will be linked to factors such as job creation and significant investments relating to advanced technology and artificial intelligence.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From these breakthrough decisions, it is clear to see that the UAE governments are working hard to maintain their title of global leader and the \"business hub\" for foreign investment. It is well documented that the UAE never does things by half and therefore not surprisingly, the exciting announcements did not stop there…</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>More Action to Reduce Business Costs</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Waiver of Corporate Fines</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 29 May 2018, Dubai’s Department of Economic Development (\"DED\") drew attention to Decree No. 20 of 2018, which exempts companies that operate in the Emirate from paying all fines imposed on them, and which facilitates the renewal of licences. HE Sami Al Qamzi, the Director General of Dubai’s DED, noted that ‘[the Decree] will add to the financial benefits of the owners of expired business licenses, restore legal records and licenses, and help the business community in Dubai enhance their competitiveness.’</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Subsequent press reports from 9 June 2018 indicated that the waiver of fines applies to fines that have been issued before 14 April 2018. Businesses that have received fines since then can pay the amounts owing in instalments by arrangement with the DED. The press reports also noted that businesses have until the end of 2018 to renew their licences to operate in Dubai.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Abu Dhabi’s DED announced similar exemptions ‘for establishments whose licences have expired for more than 24 months from paying the delayed and accumulated fees’. HE Mohammed Munif Al Mansoori, the Chief Executive of Abu Dhabi Business Centre, emphasised that the exemptions apply to all establishments regardless of their size or type. The exemptions are valid in all three of the main regions of the Emirate - Abu Dhabi, Al Dhafra and Al Ain.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Going the Extra Mile</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>3 Year AED 50bn Stimulus Package</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Executive Committee of the Abu Dhabi Executive Council discussed a three-year AED50 billion (US$13,624 million) economic stimulus initiative.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed announced the plans for the project, which aims to support Abu Dhabi’s economic development by introducing ten key initiatives; some of which are detailed below:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Abu Dhabi Office Space Exemption: All new business enterprises that register in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi will be exempt from the requirement of having an office or workspace in the Emirate for two years.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Boosting Growth and Competitiveness: There will be a variety of new public-private partnerships in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi: ‘The initiatives marked for 3Q18 also include encouraging and organising local production and supporting SMEs to boost their competitiveness locally and regionally, in addition to the issuance of dual licenses for companies in Abu Dhabi Free Zones to enable them to work outside the free zones and to participate in government tenders’.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Instant Licences: ‘During the last quarter of 2018, the Executive Committee will roll out its plan for the implementation of instant licensing systems in most commercial license types and all services provided by the Government, in addition to the review of building regulations for the infrastructure, residential properties, commercial and industrial sectors, as well as the developmental requirements and community facilities of other residential areas in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain and Al Dhafra’.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As expected, these initiatives have created a huge media buzz in the country, with all sorts of opinions and questions being asked about what it all means for the future. While this largely remains to be seen, what really matters is that the governments are now acting decisively to address the biggest problem for most establishments in the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is at a time that the high costs of doing business in Dubai and Abu Dhabi have been boosted by the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) from the beginning of 2018.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\" wp-image-8000 alignleft\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/15-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"592\" height=\"465\" />Hype and Hard Numbers: the UAE was already a competitive country</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These announcements are remarkable for two reasons. One is that so many of them have been made in a short period of time by the governments of the UAE, namely in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The other is that conventional wisdom already sees the UAE as having a (very) competitive business environment in both a regional and a global context. A lot of positive publicity has, for instance, been generated by Expo 2020, which will take place in Dubai.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The hype is supported by hard numbers. In May 2018, the Lausanne-based Institute for International Management Development (IMD - a leading business school) published its 2018 World Competitiveness Ranking. The UAE is currently in seventh place overall (between Denmark and Norway), having been in 10th place in 2017. The UAE is ranked second of the 63 countries assessed in terms of business efficiency (after Hong Kong), third in terms of economic performance (after the United States and mainland China), and fourth for government efficiency (after Hong Kong, Switzerland and Singapore). The UAE is also the only GCC country whose ranking in terms of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) calculated by the World Economic Forum (WEF) has clearly improved over the last five years. In 2012-13, the UAE was ranked at 24/144. In 2017-18, the country’s position had advanced to 17/137</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Addressing the main problem, and ensuring a legacy beyond Expo 2020</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A clue as to why the UAE’s governments are taking these steps now comes from that part of the WEF’s research, which deals with the most problematic factors for doing business, in the opinion of the various companies that were surveyed. In most of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the key challenges are restrictive labour regulations and lack of access to finance. Lack of finance was the most serious problem in the UAE. However, inflation – a minor challenge in the other GCC countries - came in as a close second.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The impact of inflation depends on two factors. One is the rate of change of prices in the basket of goods and services that is being considered. The other is the base from which prices are rising. In the case of the UAE, that base is already high by global standards. In the Cost of Living survey compiled by consultancy Mercer in mid 2017, Dubai and Abu Dhabi were, respectively, the 19th and 22nd most expensive cities for expatriates. The survey covered 209 cities. The UAE’s two main cities are, for expatriates, about as costly as San Francisco (21st) and more expensive than London (29th).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>To watch</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While it is fair to say that the particulars of the announcements are not yet known; what we can rely on is the fact that the UAE has an excellent track record of following through in delivering their promises, meaning that investors and talented individuals alike should expect positive news in the near future.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We believe that the key measure of success of the initiatives will be linked to the number of new enterprises that are incorporated in Dubai and Abu Dhabi in the future. With the array of incentives such as long term visas and reductions in set-up fees, it is hard to see why people would not jump at the chance of doing business in the region.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For now, observers in the rest of the world will focus on the UAE like never before when Expo 2020 comes to Dubai. The latest announcements should have a positive impact on perceptions and the realities of the UAE’s economy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Over the long-term, the governments will do whatever it takes to maintain the competitiveness of Dubai and Abu Dhabi in a regional, and indeed global, context. The UAE’s economy should continue to flourish and diversify long after Expo 2020.</p>\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Corporate Structuring team regularly advises on new changes taking place. For further information please contact Samer Qudah, s.qudah@tamimi.com.</em>'),
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	(224667,7993,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-7990 size-large\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_555491044-1024x392.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"245\" /></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The long-awaited Federal arbitration law of the UAE – Federal Law No. 6 of 2018 on Arbitration (\"New Arbitration Law\" or the \"Law\") – was published in the Federal Official Gazette no. 630 of 15 May 2018 and came into effect last June. This standalone piece of legislation repeals the previous outdated and non-comprehensive UAE Chapter on Arbitration contained in articles 203 to 218 of the UAE Civil Procedures Law No. 11 of 1992 (\"CPC\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law was long overdue, as the sporadic articles of the CPC did not provide much needed detail and clarity on some of the major points arising out of, or in connection with, arbitral proceedings. Furthermore, the provisions did not conform to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law of 1985 and amended in 2006 (\"UNCITRAL Model Law\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law provides for a more secure framework for the conduct of arbitral proceedings in the UAE. The six sections of the New Arbitration Law contain 61 articles, most of which can be traced in the UNCITRAL Model Law, and are expected to significantly revamp the UAE chapter on arbitration.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this article, we intend to provide an overview of the key highlights of the New Arbitration Law with a focus on its practical effects.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Scope of Application</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We note the extensive scope of application of the New Arbitration Law, both in terms of substance and time. Firstly, pursuant to Article 2, the New Arbitration Law shall apply to (i) arbitrations seated in the UAE unless the parties agree on the application of a different arbitration law, provided that such a law does not contravene UAE public policy and morality; (ii) commercial arbitrations taking place outside of the UAE where the parties have agreed to submit the arbitration to the provisions of the New Arbitration Law; and (iii) arbitrations arising out of a legal dispute, whether contractual or non-contractual, governed by the laws of the UAE, unless an exception applies. Accordingly, the New Arbitration Law shall generally apply unless the parties have agreed to apply another arbitration law, provided that other law is not in conflict with the public policy and morality of the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Furthermore, we welcome the application of the New Arbitration Law to both domestic and international arbitral proceedings. Contrary to the CPC, which did not contain any reference to international arbitration, Article 3 of the New Arbitration Law introduced the character of international arbitration, which adopts an extraterritorial approach. As such, and under certain circumstances, an arbitration is deemed international even if it is conducted within the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We also note the absence of an express exclusion regarding the application of the New Arbitration Law to arbitrations seated in either the Dubai International Financial Centre or the Abu Dhabi Global Market. However, pursuant to Article 3(2) of Federal Law No. 8 of 2004 Regarding the Financial Free Zones, we conclude that the New Arbitration Law will not govern arbitrations seated in these two free zones, which will continue to be governed by the relevant free zone’s arbitration laws and regulations.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the timing of the introduction of the New Arbitration Law, it came into effect \"one month from the day following its publication in the Official Gazette\". It is therefore our view that the New Arbitration Law came into effect on 15 June 2018. It is interesting to note that contrary to recently enacted arbitration laws in the region, the New Arbitration Law will apply retrospectively. Specifically, Article 59 provides that the New Arbitration Law will apply to all ongoing arbitral proceedings at the time of its coming into effect, including arbitrations arising out of existing arbitration agreements. Such a retrospective application is without any prejudice to all proceedings having taken place prior to the entry into force of the New Arbitration Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Competent Court</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the major procedural highlights of the New Arbitration Law is the designation of the Competent Court, which has been defined as the \"Federal or local Court of Appeal agreed upon by the parties or in whose jurisdiction the arbitration is conducted.\" We hope that going forward, and in line with other major global arbitration hubs, that a dedicated circuit will hear arbitration matters, with specialised and arbitration-focused members of the judiciary to further support and safeguard the arbitral process.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Arbitration Agreement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Article 7 confirms the writing requirement for the validity of arbitration agreements. Noteworthy additions to the New Arbitration Law include the expansive interpretation of the writing requirement. As such, an arbitration agreement can be concluded by an exchange of correspondence, including e-mails. Furthermore, the writing requirement is satisfied through the reference in a written contract to an arbitration agreement contained in another document, model contract or international agreement. In Article 5, the Law expressly provides for the notion of arbitration agreements incorporated by reference. Also, an oral agreement to arbitrate during court proceedings is deemed valid if it is recorded in a judgment or if the other party asserts the existence of an arbitration party and the other party does not raise any objection.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Despite the softening of the writing requirement, the New Arbitration Law reconfirms, through Article 4(1), the requirement for arbitration agreements to be signed by persons with authority to do so. Therefore, we draw the attention of parties wishing to enter into an arbitration agreement to the requisite capacity requirements provided for under the relevant laws of the UAE, which remain unaffected by the introduction of the New Arbitration Law. For a UAE incorporated limited liability company, it is recommended that the company’s constituting documents are reviewed prior to the execution of an arbitration agreement in order to verify that authority to enter into arbitration agreements, granted by default to the company’s manager, has not been explicitly withdrawn. Article 4(4) explicitly provides that the ex-post lack of capacity of a party entering into an arbitration agreement, which occurs for example as a result of the death of an individual or the expiry of the entity’s term (as prescribed in its constitutional documents) after it has entered into an arbitration agreement, shall not cause the termination of such an arbitration agreement. It is however interesting to note that the Law seemingly intended for such a provision to be non-mandatory as parties may still otherwise agree. Furthermore, Article 4(2) reiterates that there shall not be an agreement to arbitrate matters which are non-conciliatory.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the validity of arbitration agreements, Article 6, in line with the UNCITRAL Model Law, confirms the separability principle of arbitration agreements. When parties’ agreement to arbitrate is featured within the framework of their main contractual relationship, the New Arbitration Law affirms the independence of the arbitration agreement from the other terms of the main contract in which it is contained. Arbitration agreements are not affected by the nullity, rescission or termination of the main contract, save for grounds arising out of a defective capacity.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Finally, Article 8 provides that the court shall dismiss any action that falls within the scope of an arbitration agreement, provided that the existence of the arbitration agreement is brought to the court’s attention before making any substantive claims or defences on the merits, unless the court decides that the arbitration agreement is invalid or impossible to perform. The filing of such an action does not preclude the commencement or continuance of arbitral proceedings or the issuance of the arbitral award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-7992\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_756750676-1024x395.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"247\" />Set and Stringent Time Limits</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In an effort to promote efficiency and prevent unnecessary prejudicial delays, the legislative draftsman of the New Arbitration Law have aimed to fit the arbitral proceedings within a clear set of, often stringent, time limits.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For example, in the event of alleged non-compliance with the arbitration agreement or the Law, Article 25 provides that if a party does not object within the time limit agreed upon, or within seven days of becoming aware of the alleged non-compliance, that party is deemed to have waived its right to rely on this non-compliance subsequently. It is questionable whether the default seven-day period is reasonable from a practical perspective. However, such a waiver to challenge constitutes an important pro-arbitration provision, which shall have the effect of estopping a party from attempting to halt the conduct of the proceedings if it does not assert any objection in a prompt manner. With that said, we note that a party’s right to challenge an award, based on a defective arbitration agreement, or lack thereof, would still be preserved pursuant to Article 53. It is yet to be tested how the courts will interpret and eventually apply Articles 25 and 53.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the appointment and challenge of arbitrators, the New Arbitration Law has set a reasonable 15-day period. Specifically, pursuant to Article 11(2-3), the parties have a 15-day time limit to agree to the appointment of an arbitrator, from the date of receipt of a request to do so. Under Article 15(1-2), a 15-day time limit has been set for a party to challenge an arbitrator after becoming aware of the arbitrator appointment or after becoming aware of any circumstances justifying the challenge. Such a challenge shall be in a written application addressed to the challenged arbitrator, with a copy of the same addressed to the other members of the tribunal, if any, as well as the other parties. In the event that the arbitrator does not withdraw or the other party does not agree to the removal of the arbitrator, the party making the challenge may present it to the concerned body within 15-days after the lapse of the initial 15-day period.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We note the express acknowledgment of the compétence-compétence principle in Article 19(2) under which the arbitral tribunal has the jurisdiction to rule on its own jurisdiction. Notwithstanding, a party still has the right to challenge a tribunal’s preliminary decision of jurisdiction before the courts within 15 days of the preliminary decision being notified. The Court then has then 30 days to render its decision. While the request is pending, the arbitral proceedings may continue at the request of a party. We note that this possibility to petition the court on the basis of a procedural order and not an award, is uncustomary in the UAE and may lead, at least in the beginning, to uncertainty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitrator Requirements</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law brings clarity on the requisite requirements for arbitrators. Article 10(1) specifies that an arbitrator must not be a minor, or be judicially declared as incapacitated, or one without civil rights for the reasons of bankruptcy (unless discharged), or conviction for a crime (even if she or he has been rehabilitated).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Furthermore, Article 10(2) provides that an arbitrator cannot be a member of the Board of Trustees or of the administrative body of the arbitral institution administering the arbitration in which that person is asked to sit. We highlight the expansive application of this provision to arbitrations administered by both domestic arbitration centres, such as the Dubai International Arbitration Centre and the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Centre, as well as international arbitration centres, such as the International Chamber of Commerce’s International Court of Arbitration, the London Court of International Arbitration and the Singapore International Arbitration Centre. The triggering event prompting the application of Article 10(2) is therefore the UAE seat of such arbitral proceedings. It is regrettable that the Law did not draw a distinction between party-appointed arbitrators, on one hand, and centre-appointed arbitrators, on the other, as we would be of the view that party-appointed arbitrators, even if members of the Board of Trustees or administrative body of an arbitral institution, should not be affected by this provision. Given the retrospective application of the New Arbitration Law to ongoing arbitrations, we note that the entry into force of the Law will most likely cause certain concerned arbitrators to resign.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We also note that the Ministry of Justice or the Chairman of the competent judicial authority are to compile a list of arbitrators to be appointed in the event of a failure to agree upon the appointment of an arbitrator. As the list has not yet been published, we remain hopeful that the selection process of the prospective arbitrators would follow the international best practices in terms of both procedural knowledge and industry-specific expertise.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Finally, pursuant to Article 58, the Ministry of Economy is to issue a charter on the professional conduct of arbitrators in consultation with the arbitration institutions in the UAE. While the issuance of such a charter is likely to instil confidence within the parties to arbitration in the UAE, we are of the view that the effect of such a charter will remain for guidance purposes only. It is notable that the Law does not address the issues relating to the liability of arbitrators. In our view, it would have been desirable that for the Law to have included a provision confirming the civil immunity of arbitrators.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitral Proceedings</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Commencement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to Article 27(1), arbitral proceedings are deemed to have commenced from the following day after which the arbitral tribunal has been constituted, unless the parties agree otherwise. With that said, in relation to the procedural requirement for a substantive claim to confirm and sustain precautionary attachments, Article 27(2) provides that the arbitral proceedings are deemed to have commenced on the date of the notification of the request for arbitration. Even though the relationship between arbitral and court proceedings relating to arbitration is yet to be tested under the New Arbitration Law, the advancement of the date of commencement of the arbitral proceedings for the purpose of precautionary attachments is a positive provision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Language of the Arbitration</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the New Arbitration Law, the default language of the arbitral proceedings, absent an agreement between the parties, will be Arabic. We therefore draw the attention of foreign parties in particular to the need to agree on a different language for the arbitration should they wish to avoid arbitral proceedings in Arabic, either explicitly, through for example their arbitration agreement, or implicitly, by agreeing to the application of institutional rules.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Acknowledgment of Modern Means of Communication</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The emphasis on the use and role of technology in the New Arbitration Law can be attributed to the desire for more efficient proceedings. There are indeed several references to the use of \"modern means of communication\" in the Law. For example, written correspondence can now be deemed to have been delivered if sent, amongst other means, by email. Article 28(2) provides that arbitral hearings and deliberations can be conducted by modern means of communication and electronic technology. In addition, Article 33(3) provides that hearing may be held through modern means of communication without the physical presence of the parties at the hearing. Pursuant to Article 35, the arbitral tribunal may question witnesses, including expert witnesses, through modern means of communication without their physical presence at the hearing. The emphasis on the use of technology will undoubtedly modernise arbitral proceedings in the UAE and help instil global confidence in such proceedings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Confidentiality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Contrary to common belief, arbitral proceedings are not confidential by default. The New Arbitration Law addresses the issue of confidentiality by stating, under Article 33(1), that hearings shall be confidential unless parties have otherwise agreed. The confidentiality of arbitral awards is implicitly recognised pursuant to Article 44. However, the Law does not explicitly provide for the confidentiality of documents, pleadings, evidence or submissions produced by the parties and the tribunal during the proceedings. We recommend that parties address the confidentiality of their arbitral proceedings either through an explicit agreement, or implicitly, through an agreement to apply institutional rules providing for the hoped for confidentiality obligations.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-7991\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_315538304-493x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"1024\" />Conduct</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is clear that the New Arbitration Law attempts to instil discipline and efficiency in the conduct of the arbitral proceedings. As noted above, arbitral hearings can be held at any place, and the Law allows arbitral hearings and deliberations to be conducted by modern means of communication and electronic technology. Article 30(1-2) provides, absent an agreement between the parties, for a 14-day period from the date of the composition of the arbitral tribunal for the claimant to communicate the statement of claim in writing to the respondent and to the arbitrators. After receiving the statement of claim, the respondent has a further 14-day period to communicate its statement of defence. The practical difficulties associated with these relatively contracted time limits will most likely prompt parties to agree on different deadlines.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is worth noting that the New Arbitration Law attempts to put an end to disruptive guerrilla tactics through repetitive challenges of an arbitrator by providing under Article 15(3) that the challenge of an arbitrator does not suspend the arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Pursuant to Article 43 of the New Arbitration Law, the arbitral tribunal can decide to continue the arbitral proceedings (i) where there are issues that fall outside the scope of its jurisdiction; (ii) if a document submitted to it is challenged for forgery; or (iii) if criminal proceedings in respect of that document or for any other criminal act which has been instituted. This is a significant improvement as previously, according to the CPC, the tribunal was required to suspend its proceedings under such circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law provides much needed clarity on the issue of the representation of the parties by non-UAE lawyers. Specifically, Article 33(5) provides that parties may seek the assistance of representatives for their representation in the arbitral proceedings and these representatives may or may not be lawyers. The non-restriction on the appearance of foreign counsel in UAE-seated arbitrations is welcome after the issuance of the 2017 Executive Regulations to the Federal Law No. 23 of 1991 on the Legal Professional, which was interpreted by some to restrict the appearance of non –UAE counsel in arbitral proceedings seated in the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law also provides wide latitude to the parties and the arbitral tribunal to decide upon the conduct of the arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Interim and Conservatory Measures</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Interim and conservatory measures constitute crucial tools in arbitral proceedings. The CPC did not grant powers to the tribunal to order such measures, which were within the exclusive powers of the courts. In the event that parties agree to grant such powers to the tribunal, either explicitly or implicitly through the application of institutional rules, the enforcement of tribunal-ordered interim and conservatory measures was an impossible task in the UAE before the enactment of the New Arbitration Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the much anticipated provisions of the New Arbitration Law is Article 21. Through this article, and unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the New Arbitration Law explicitly recognises the arbitral tribunal’s power to award interim or conservatory measures, either on the request of a party or of its own motion, including ordering a party to provide adequate security to cover the costs of such measures. Pursuant to Article 21(4), a party for whom an interim measure has been ordered in its favour may, with written permission from the tribunal, request the competent court to enforce the order of the tribunal within 15 days of receipt of the request.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding the arbitral tribunal’s newly attributed powers to order such interim and conservatory measures, the court also remains competent to grant interim and conservatory measures based on an application by the tribunal or one of the parties in relation to forthcoming or ongoing arbitral proceedings. As per Article 18(3), the arbitral proceedings shall continue notwithstanding any application for interim or conservatory measures relating to an ongoing arbitration and such an application to the court shall not constitute a waiver to the arbitration agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While the receptivity and approach of the courts in relation to these provisions are yet to be tested, we highly welcome these efforts to safeguard more efficient and equitable arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Award</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the issuance of the award, Article 42(1) provides that, unless agreed otherwise, an award must be issued within 6 months from the date of the first hearing of the arbitration. Contrary to the previous CPC regime, such a date can now be extended for an additional 6 months, unless the parties agree to a longer extension, either explicitly or implicitly through the application of institutional rules. Article 42(2) provides that absent such an agreement, further extension of time can only be made by the courts upon petition by the parties or the tribunal itself. It is important to bear in mind in this regard that the failure to meet this time limit is a ground for challenging an award pursuant to Article 53(1)(g) of the New Arbitration Law as discussed further below.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The time limits set forth in Article 42 lack any mechanism for arbitral institutions to grant an extension of time, though it may be argued that parties have agreed to such an extension by virtue of having agreed to the application of particular institutional rules. Under the previous regime, the CPC allowed the parties to agree to extensions of time whether expressly or by implication.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In our view, Article 41(6) is a very positive introduction, which provides that awards can be signed outside the seat of arbitration and can also be signed electronically. The issuance of the final award shall be deemed to mark the end of the arbitral proceedings. According to Article 44, parties are to be notified of the award within 15 days from the date of issue of the award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law explicitly recognises that an arbitral tribunal may interpret an award by issuing an explanatory award pursuant to Article 49. A party may request the tribunal to interpret any obscurity or ambiguity in its award within 30 days of receipt of the award, unless the parties have agreed to different procedures or time limits. The tribunal shall consider and issue its explanatory award within 30 days after the receipt of the request, which may extended by a further 15 days. Such an explanatory award is deemed to supplement the final arbitral award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Enforcement of Arbitral Awards</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law clarifies the process for enforcing UAE arbitral awards with a fast-tracked and overhauled procedure. The New Arbitration Law provides that arbitral awards are binding on the parties, res judicata applies and that such awards shall be enforceable in the same manner as a judicial ruling provided ratification is obtained. If the enforcement of the award is sought in the UAE, a ratification of such an award by the court is required in order to proceed with the enforcement of such an award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A major development in the New Arbitration Law lies in the fact that enforcement proceedings shall now commence directly before the UAE federal or local Court of Appeal, not before the Court of First Instance as before. The form of the enforcement procedure has also been simplified. Instead of filing a case before the court, the award-creditor can seek the ratification and enforcement of an award through the filing of an application with the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal. Pursuant to Article 55(2), the relevant authority will now have 60 days from the date of the application to order the ratification and enforcement of the award unless it finds grounds for annulment.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Article 57 provides for the possibility of filing a grievance against an order of the Court of Appeal ratifying an award and declaring it enforceable or order of the Court of Appeal denying enforcement. Such a grievance must be filed with the Court of Appeal within 30 days of the Court of Appeal’s notification of the order. We note that it would have been more appropriate for such a grievance to be filed before the Court of Cassation, as the higher appellate court, instead of the Court of Appeal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to foreign arbitral awards, we note that the Law lacks explicit provisions relating to the enforcement of such awards. It is our view that the CPC provisions, specifically Articles 235 to 238, remain applicable absent a convention or treaty entered into by the UAE dealing with the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. In the event of enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the UAE sought on the basis of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 (\"New York Convention\"), it is yet to be tested whether the new expedited enforcement provisions of the Law would apply to such enforcements given that Article III of the New York Convention provides that: \"(…) There shall not be imposed substantially more onerous conditions or higher fees or charges on the recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards to which this Convention applies than are imposed on the recognition or enforcement of domestic arbitral awards.\"</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the absence of any explicit provisions to the contrary within the Law, we are of the view that the new provisions of the Law should apply to enforcements of foreign arbitral awards under the New York Convention.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Award Challenge</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The grounds to challenge and set aside an award are limited and consistent with the spirit of Article 34 of the UNCITRAL Model Law. Article 53(1) of the New Arbitration Law provides for limited grounds for annulment, which include the lack of capacity of a party entering into the arbitration agreement, lack of authorisation to act on the matter or lack of notice. Unlike the UNCITRAL Model Law, the New Arbitration Law also provides that the issuance of a final award which does not apply the substantive law chosen by the parties or the arbitral tribunal’s failure to issue the award within the specified time-frame shall also constitute grounds for challenge. In addition, Article 53(2) provides that the court has the right to set aside the award on its own initiative, if the subject matter of the dispute is not arbitrable or if the award contravenes the public policy and morality of the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In an effort to preserve the arbitral proceedings, several articles purport to safeguard the sanctity of the arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For example, pursuant to Article 50(1-2), a party may request the arbitral tribunal to correct any typographical or clerical errors in the award within 30 days of receipt of the award, unless the parties have agreed to different procedures or time limits. Such correction is to be made within 30 days after the tribunal issues the award or after receiving the request for correction by one of the parties, as the case may be. Such period may be extended by a further 15 days. The arbitral tribunal shall notify the parties after corrections are made within 15 days from the date of issue of correction. Also, Article 51(1-2) provides that a party may request the tribunal to issue an additional award if the party believes that the final award did not deal with some of the requests made. Such a request must be made within 30 days of receipt of the award. If such a request is justified, then the arbitral tribunal shall issue the additional award within 60 days after the receipt of the request and may extend by a further 30 days. In addition, pursuant to Article 54(6), the court may suspend the setting aside proceedings for a period of up to 60 days in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to take any action or make any amendment to the form of the award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whereas under the previous CPC regime, there was no specific deadline for the purpose of filing a set aside action, the New Arbitration Law, pursuant to Article 54(2) provides for a 30-day time limit from the date of receiving notice of the award for a party to commence annulment proceedings. This is a significant change to the previous regime, and we believe that this will contribute to the legal security of final awards. However, Article 54(1) provides that the decision to set aside is final and can only be appealed to the Court of Cassation. We note that there is no set time limit for the Court of Cassation to render its decision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In line with the general spirit of the New Arbitration Law for more efficient proceedings, an action to set aside an arbitral award does not stay its enforcement. Nevertheless, the court may order a stay of enforcement if a party requests for a stay of enforcement. Such stay of enforcement is to be decided within 15 days after the date of the first scheduled hearing.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The UAE Federal Law No. 6 of 2018 on Arbitration undoubtedly constitutes a landmark development for arbitration in the UAE by providing a standalone arbitration law aligned with international best practices and standards. We consider that the overall preservation and respect of party autonomy and the focus on more streamlined and efficient proceedings will build the UAE’s reputation as a preferred seat for international arbitration in the region. We remain hopeful in the courts’ significant role in appropriately applying and preserving the spirit of the Law. The Executive Regulations, which are in the pipeline, will also undoubtedly clarify some of the issues raised in hope of a more rationalised and synchronised proceedings among the various players in UAE seated arbitrations.</p>\r\n<em>For further information, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/essam-al-tamimi/\">Essam Al Tamimi</a> (e.tamimi@tamimi.com) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/sara-aranjo/\">Sara Koleilat-Aranjo</a> (s.aranjo@tamimi.com).</em>'),
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	(225420,8067,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-7982 alignleft\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"837\" />If an employer decides to terminate a construction contract entered into with a main contractor, and to appoint a new main contractor, will the former main contractor be legally entitled to prevent the employer from appointing the new main contractor, pending the evaluation of the site or it is an absolute right of the employer to appoint a new contractor following the termination of the construction contract?</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We explore in this article whether a main contractor can prevent the appointment of a new main contractor based on our recent experience advising and representing a main contractor before the Dubai Urgent Matters Court (\"<strong>DUMC</strong>\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Background of dispute</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">An employer entered into a construction contract with a main contractor to construct a number of villas in a prime location in Dubai.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The contract was based on FIDIC (1987) with particular conditions. The main contractor almost completed the project, and was ready to initiate the testing and commissioning for the project. According to the last interim payment certificate, the consultant had certified that around 87% of the main contractor’s works had been successfully completed.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Due to the existence of several disputes between the employer and the contractor relating to the latter’s claim for variations, extension of time, prolongation costs, and overdue payments related to work done on site, the employer terminated the contract. Following the termination, the main contractor applied to DUMC to appoint engineering experts to visit the site, evaluate the percentage of work done, record the status of the work done and scope of the material and equipment on site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The main contractor sought legal representation when the employer tried to evict the main contractor from the site. Following our advice, a notice was served on the employer warning the employer that, among other things, the site status should remain as is until the DUMC appoints an engineering experts’ committee to visit the site and record the work done and material and equipment on site. The notice also made it clear to the employer that no new contactor should enter the site, pending the inspection by the aforesaid engineering experts committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The employer opted to disregard the notice, and decided to appoint a new main contractor. Consequently, the employer applied to the appropriate authority in Dubai to substitute the main contractor with another one in the records of the authority.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company, as legal counsel for the main contractor, immediately drafted a request to the DUMC highlighting the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the certification by the project’s consultant confirmed that construction was approximately 87% completed;</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had purportedly terminated the contract, and alleged that the main contractor had breached its contractual obligations;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">following the purported termination, the main contractor had applied to the DUMC to appoint an engineering experts’ committee to record the work done on site and the material and equipment on site;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had attempted to evict the main contractor from the site, and the employer had accordingly been notified that the site’s status should remain as is and no new main contractor should be appointed until the DUMC appointed engineering experts committee had examined and recorded the works done on site and the material and equipment on site; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had not responded to the notice, and had applied to the relevant authority to change the main contractor with a new one which would allow this new contractor to enter upon and disturb the site.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Having regard to the above, the DUMC were requested to issue an order addressed to the relevant authority rejecting the employer’s request to substitute the main contractor with a new one thereby preventing the new main contractor from interfering with the site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Dubai Urgent Matters Court’s Decision</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The DUMC issued its decision within 72 hours, and accepted Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s request that the site should be left undisturbed pending the appointment of the engineering experts’ committee in accordance with the main contractor’s case before Dubai Court and addressed an order to the relevant authority to suspend the employer’s request to change the main contractor.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although employers may have the right to terminate a construction contract entered into with the main contractor, an employer should not engage a new main contractor until the work done on site and the material and equipment on site have been recorded by an expert agreed between the parties or appointed by the UAE Courts.</p>\r\nFor further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/ahmad-ghoneim/\">Ahmad Ghoneim</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.ghoneim@tamimi.com\">a.ghoneim@tamimi.com</a>).</li>\r\n</ol>'),
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	(225568,8073,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8044\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/cvdfd.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6000\" height=\"2401\" /></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bahrain’s Law on the Protection of Personal Data was published on 19 July 2018, and will come into effect on 1 August 2019. The Law will require a variety of changes to the way businesses process personal data in Bahrain or about residents of Bahrain. Data protection has not been a high priority topic for most businesses in Bahrain, with the limited exception of international entities subject to data protection requirements in other jurisdictions in which they operate. While the publication of the new Law provides a considerable lead-in period within which entities subject to the Law will need to comply, the fact that the Law creates criminal offences means that compliance is all the more important and should be treated as a high priority.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Until now, and with one exception (namely, Qatar), none of the Gulf Cooperation Council member states had a modern, nationally applicable data protection law. Legal issues relating to privacy and data protection are typically analysed in terms of general, and ill-fitting, criminal provisions relating to the unauthorized disclosure of secrets, or – in appropriate circumstances - industry-specific obligations relating to healthcare or credit data, or telecommunications sector subscriber data.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law is generally composed of 60 articles divided into three broad sections or ‘titles’. These are:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Title 1: Processing Provisions – Including definitions and general rules for the legality of processing, controls of data processing and transfer, statements as well as the rights of the data holder.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Title 2: Data Protection Authority - Including provisions relating to the establishment of the regulator, and its rights and responsibilities.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Title 3: Accountability of the data manager (data controller) and data processor – Including provisions relating to accountability to the regulator, investigation procedures, civil and criminal liability, and penalties for violation.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this article, we consider some key areas addressed in the Data Protection Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Application</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bahrain’s Data Protection Law describes the legal protection of personal privacy as among the main constitutional rights of the person, and notes that it should be protected, particularly in the context of the increasing use of electronic/digital means for processing information.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law applies to:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Every individual residing normally in Bahrain or having a workplace in Bahrain, and every legal person (corporate) having a place of business in the Kingdom of Bahrain; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Every individual not residing normally in Bahrain or having a workplace in Bahrain, and every legal person (corporate) not having a place of business in the Kingdom of Bahrain, where such persons are processing data using means available in Bahrain, except where such processing means are solely for the purpose of passing data through Bahrain.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this latter scenario, the legal person (corporate) is required to appoint an authorized representative in Bahrain, and notify the Authority of such appointment. This provision would appear to affect, for example, corporate customers of cloud service providers, where the customer is based outside Bahrain, and the services being provided to the customer are being provided from data centres located in Bahrain.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Criminal provisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law criminalizes a variety of acts that would, at most, be the subject of administrative penalties in data protection laws elsewhere. Penalties generally comprise up to one year in prison and/or a fine of between BHD1,000 and BHD20,000 (between about USD 2,600 to about USD 53,000) (or a fine only in the case of corporate entities). The following are examples of activities that attract criminal penalties under the Law:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">processing sensitive personal data in violation of the provision specifying requirements for processing sensitive personal data;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">transferring personal data outside Bahrain contrary to the provisions specifying requirements for transfers to jurisdictions that provide an adequate level of data protection, and associated exceptions;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">processing personal data without notifying the Authority in accordance with the provision that sets out the obligation to notify the Authority before commencing any data processing activities (except where certain exceptions apply), or failing to update such notification to the Authority;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Processing personal data contrary to the provision that requires prior authorization from the Authority before processing personal data in certain circumstances;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Providing false or misleading information to the Authority or to a data subject, or withholding relevant information from the Authority, or otherwise hindering the Authority’s work; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Disclosing any data or information accessed due to work, or using the same for own benefit or for the benefit of others unreasonably and in violation of the provisions of this law.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-8068 alignleft\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/56.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"286\" />\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Security considerations</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Generally, the security of processing provisions, and the confidentiality provisions, appear to be fairly standard.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Data controllers are required to apply technical and organizational measures capable of protecting personal data against unintentional or unauthorized destruction, accidental loss, unauthorized alteration, disclosure or access, or any other form of processing. The measures adopted need to be appropriate, bearing in mind the nature of the data in question and the risks associated with processing it. The Law also indicates that ‘state-of-the-art’ technological protection measures should be adopted, but this is tempered by reference to the costs arising from use of such technology.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Additionally, the Law contemplates the issuance of a regulation specifying requirements that technical and organisational measures must satisfy. It also provides scope for specific requirements to be prescribed in such regulations.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Data controllers are required to maintain documentation that reflects the technical and organizational measures adopted. This documentation must be available for viewing by the parties concerned (presumably, including data subjects), as well as the Authority, any data processors, and the data controller itself.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">With regard to processing by data processors, the Law requires data controllers to engage only data processors who provide sufficient guarantees regarding the application of technical and organisational measures. Importantly, there is an obligation on data controllers to take steps to verify compliance with such measures, and to enter into a written contract with the data processor requiring that the data processor shall only process data in accordance with the instructions of the data controller, and in accordance with the data controller’s requirements with regard to security and confidentiality.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">There does not appear to be any specific obligation to notify the Authority in the event of a data breach incident. It is possible that this level of detail might be addressed in the regulations, or that the Authority is expected to address breaches only in the event that they become aware of them, and the circumstances indicate a breach of the obligation to use suitable technical and organizational security measures.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Data protection supervisor</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law contemplates a role of ‘Data Protection Supervisor’ (which is not a data protection officer) intended to act as an independent and impartial intermediary between the data controller and the Authority.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The data protection supervisor will help the data controller fulfil its rights and obligations, and coordinate between the data controller and the Authority. It will also be required to verify the data controller’s processing in compliance with the law, alert the data controller to any apparent non-compliance to enable the issue to be addressed, and alert the Authority where such non-compliance has not been addressed within a specified timeframe. The data protection supervisor will also be required to maintain a register of the data controller’s processing operations that the data controller must notify the Authority, and update the Authority of the same on a monthly basis. (If no data protection supervisor is appointed, then the data controller is required to do this itself.)</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The qualifications and requirements for registration as a data protection supervisor will be officially issued, and data protection supervisors will need to be registered on a register maintained by the Authority. The requirement to appoint a data protection supervisor is optional, although it may be made compulsory for specific categories of data controllers.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The concept of a data protection supervisor has the potential to result in a whole new industry in the Bahrain market. The regulations setting out the requirements for the registration of data protection supervisors may shed greater light on what is anticipated, in terms of who might be able to fulfil such roles. The most natural development may be for the role to be filled by consulting/audit firms with expertise in data protection related issues.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bahrain’s new Data Protection Law will require a great deal of attention from businesses operating in Bahrain. Data protection has not been a high priority topic for most businesses in Bahrain, with the limited exception of international entities subject to data protection requirements in other jurisdictions in which they operate. While the publication of the new Law will result in some degree of a lead-in period within which entities subject to the Law will need to comply, the fact that the Law creates criminal offences means that compliance is all the more important and should be treated as a high priority.</p>'),
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	(225610,8074,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8002\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/17-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"3567\" height=\"715\" />The UK legislature has recently introduced domestic legislation aimed at money launderers, potentially resulting in unintended consequences for foreign nationals who have legitimate assets in the UK. These orders demand the intended target provide information about the origin of their wealth, and refusal to disclose that information may render the target subject to criminal prosecution in the UK. However, if the foreign national does comply with the Unexplained Wealth Order (UWO), then that individual may be subject to criminal prosecution in another State… a real Catch 22.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Controversially, there is no need for a foreign national to be accused of money laundering, or any criminality whatsoever, before they could be made subject to a UWO, which would lead to the freezing of their assets, or, worse, criminal prosecution.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The following article introduces UWOs to our clients and examines how one must be careful in weighing up their rights and obligations in respect of the request of a foreign State’s investigative authorities as it may impact their rights in the UAE, and around the GCC.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>What is a UWO?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 31st January 2018, the UK introduced their latest attempt at stemming money laundering in the UK: Unexplained Wealth Orders. UWOs are civil investigative powers that are aimed at tackling those who use the UK as a destination for money laundering, or as a destination for those who wish to spend their ill-gotten gains.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">UWOs have been introduced in the UK at a time when London, and the UK, is facing scrutiny as a perceived hotbed of money laundering and revelry. A main proponent of UWOs has been Transparency International UK’s corruption taskforce, who, amongst others, have repeatedly called for greater investigative action to be taken in the UK against individuals and entities thought to have been complicit in corruption, and have led the drive to bring UWOs into action in UK law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">UWOs are given legal effect pursuant to the UK Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Article 362A, as introduced by the Criminal Finances Act 2017, and is defined in the legislation as:</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>‘An unexplained wealth order is an order requiring the respondent [i.e. the target of the order] to provide a statement—</em></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li><em>setting out the nature and extent of the respondent’s interest in the property in respect of which the order is made,</em></li>\r\n 	<li><em>explaining how the respondent obtained the property (including, in particular, how any costs incurred in obtaining it were met),</em></li>\r\n 	<li><em>where the property is held by the trustees of a settlement, setting out such details of the settlement as may be specified in the order, and</em></li>\r\n 	<li><em>setting out such other information in connection with the property as may be so specified.’</em></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The clear advantage that UWOs provide for UK investigative authorities is that it is no longer necessary for the UK authorities to demonstrate that an individual has been subject to a conviction for a criminal offence (either in the UK or abroad) in order to obtain information and take measures against a specific property.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Two months after the introduction of the legislation, in March 2018, it would appear that the first orders are now being made. We have seen the first use of these orders, not on a UK national, but on an Asian politician who owns two properties, worth USD $30 million, in the UK. The specific identity of this individual has not been disclosed as matters are ongoing, and no further details are available publically.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This means that if an individual owns assets in the UK and they are made subject to a UWO, they will be forced to declare how they obtained this asset, and if they fail to do so they would be subject to criminal prosecution by the UK authorities. This may lead to foreign individuals being stuck between a rock and a hard place, with nowhere to turn and no route of escape.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Why is it Relevant To You?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As will be apparent from the first orders made against the Asian politician, whilst UWOs do apply to individuals who are reasonably suspected of being involved in crime, the UWOs will also target politically exposed individuals who have not been subject to criminal conviction, or investigation, either in the UK or internationally.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The definition of a PEP, or Politically Exposed Person, varies from State to State, but for the purposes of the UK legislation, the legislators have defined PEPs as the following:</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">‘(a) an individual who is, or has been, entrusted with prominent public functions by an international body or by a State other than the UK or other [European Economic Area] State;</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">(b) a family member of a person within paragraph (a); or</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">(c) known to be a close associate of a person within […] paragraph [a].’</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Evidently from this definition, paying particularly close attention to (c) namely ‘a close associate’ of an individual with prominent public functions, there is a very expansive definition of PEP, and this will likely include many unsuspecting individuals. The effect of this definition is that if you are an individual who has prominent public functions, or you are a close associate of another who has been entrusted with public functions, then you may now be targeted by the UK authorities with a UWO. Alarmingly, there is no need for you to have committed a crime, nor to have been suspected of being involved in a crime, for these orders to apply to you.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specifically, when could a UWO apply?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A UK high court judge can give notice of a UWO if the judge is satisfied that it is likely that a foreign PEP (as defined above) is the owner of suspicious wealth in the UK beyond their means, and if all of the following provisions are met:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The respondent’s known income is insufficient to obtain the asset; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The value of the asset is greater than £50,000 (approx. AED 260,000).</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This legislation does not only target Foreign PEPs, but also where there are reasonable grounds to suspect any individual has been involved in serious crime.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Applications for UWOs may be made without notice. This means that there is no requirement on the UK investigative authority to notify the target of a UWO that they, or their assets, have been made subject of a UWO.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>What assets would this apply to?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A UWO can be made against assets whose value is greater than £50,000. There is no need for the PEP to be the sole owner of the property whose value is over £50,000, nor is it of relevance if the property was purchased prior to the introduction of the UK legislation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>What is the effect?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Following the making of an order by the High Court, the Court may order an individual’s property to be frozen, which would preclude the subject of the order from dealing with the property. As these freezing orders may be made without notice, this means that an individual’s assets may be frozen prior to their knowledge of any order being made against them.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The UWO will mandate the individual to explain, at a minimum:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The nature and extent of their interest in a particular property; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Explain how the property was obtained.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">An explanation will be requested by the UK authorities where ‘there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the respondent’s known lawfully obtained income would be insufficient to allow the respondent to obtain the property’.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Failing to Comply?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Should the target of a UWO fail to comply with an order, or provide inaccurate or misleading information, then they will likely be subject to criminal sanction in the UK and may face a period of imprisonment and a financial penalty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Within the legislation, it is stated that a UWO could lead to criminal liability for a target if that individual fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with the requirements imposed by the Court against that individual. There is no definition of what a reasonable excuse would be in the legislation, and is a subjective requirement that would be decided in Court during the course of litigation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8014 size-medium alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Screen-Shot-2018-07-31-at-5.43.01-PM-242x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" />A View from the East: Stuck between a Rock and a Hard Place?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These orders, whilst designed to tackle money laundering on a global scale, and limit the use of the UK jurisdiction for those who seek to gain from their ill-gotten earnings, may cause legal difficulties for individuals based in foreign jurisdictions who are subject to UWOs – such as the UAE and the wider GCC – due to a conflict of laws between this UK legislation and that of other countries. This conflict could lead to an individual’s adherence to UK legislation meaning that the individual would be liable to prosecution in other jurisdictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Taking the UAE as a representative example of the Middle East’s approach to confidential or private information, the UAE’s jurisdiction imposes very strict obligations on an individual’s use and disclosure of confidential information. It is a criminal offence, pursuant to the UAE’s Federal Law No. 3 of 1987, as amended by Federal Decree No. 7 of 2016 (UAE Penal Code) to disclose secret information. Secret information is afforded an expansive definition in the UAE Penal Code and it is commonly viewed any information that is confidential, i.e. not in the public domain, and that an individual possesses due to their employment or individual nature.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Furthermore, due to the extraterritorial nature of the UAE Penal Code, should an individual commit a crime that is wholly or partly committed within the UAE, then that individual would be bound by the provisions of the Penal Code, and would be bound by provisions such as the disclosure of secret information. Specifically, should an individual be requested to provide secret information, such as the source of funds from a business entity, to the UK authorities, and that information relates to a UAE business or UAE based individual, then if the material or information is disclosed following a UWO in the UK, then in the UAE the individual may be subject to criminal prosecution for disclosing that exact information.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">There is no exception afforded under UAE domestic legislation that would permit an individual to disclose confidential information to a foreign investigative authority (such as the UK’s Serious Fraud Office, Financial Conduct Authority, or National Security Agency). Should that individual disclose such information to the UK’s, or any other foreign State’s, investigative authority, then that individual may be liable to prosecution in the UAE in the same manner as though the disclosure had been made to a private individual or entity.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Prosecution for disclosing confidential information is a serious offence in the UAE, and one that may carry a mandatory minimum period of imprisonment. Accordingly, the stakes are very high when one is subject to an international request for judicial assistance, in any form, and it is for that reason and in order to assist with international criminal investigations that the UAE has entered into number multilateral and bilateral treaties aimed at assisting mutual judicial assistance requests. As with most international requests from law enforcement agencies, such requests should follow the usual diplomatic channels through the deployment of letters rogatory.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The difficulties for UAE individuals would not stop simply at the threat of criminal sanction, but also according to the UAE’s Labour Law, should an individual disclose the secrets of their employer, then the worker may be dismissed without notice and forfeit their entire severance pay.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the receipt of a UWO in the UK demanding that an individual provide information to the UAE authorities may conflict with the statutory protection relating to confidential information (or other laws) in a foreign jurisdiction, such as the UAE. This would lead to the precarious situation where an individual may face prosecution in the UK if he doesn’t comply with the UWO, but criminal prosecution in the UAE if he does comply.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\nThe above example and review provides a very high-level overview of the competing laws that the UK’s UWOs may catch. Whilst the UK legislation will no doubt serve as an effective deterrent and useful tool in minimising global money laundering, and limiting the attraction of the UK for criminals, it may have unintended consequences for foreign nationals holding legitimate assets in the UK. Prior to making any response to a request for assistance, it is imperative that the recipient apprise themselves of all legal considerations to ensure that they are not jumping out of the frying pan, but straight into the fire.'),
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	(225872,8138,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignleft wp-image-7990 size-full\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_555491044.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3868\" height=\"1481\" /></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The long-awaited Federal arbitration law of the UAE – Federal Law No. 6 of 2018 on Arbitration (\"New Arbitration Law\" or the \"Law\") – was published in the Federal Official Gazette no. 630 of 15 May 2018 and came into effect last June. This standalone piece of legislation repeals the previous outdated and non-comprehensive UAE Chapter on Arbitration contained in articles 203 to 218 of the UAE Civil Procedures Law No. 11 of 1992 (\"CPC\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law was long overdue, as the sporadic articles of the CPC did not provide much needed detail and clarity on some of the major points arising out of, or in connection with, arbitral proceedings. Furthermore, the provisions did not conform to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law of 1985 and amended in 2006 (\"UNCITRAL Model Law\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law provides for a more secure framework for the conduct of arbitral proceedings in the UAE. The six sections of the New Arbitration Law contain 61 articles, most of which can be traced in the UNCITRAL Model Law, and are expected to significantly revamp the UAE chapter on arbitration.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this article, we intend to provide an overview of the key highlights of the New Arbitration Law with a focus on its practical effects.</p>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-8135 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Commentary-Quote-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"459\" height=\"602\" />\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Scope of Application</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We note the extensive scope of application of the New Arbitration Law, both in terms of substance and time. Firstly, pursuant to Article 2, the New Arbitration Law shall apply to (i) arbitrations seated in the UAE unless the parties agree on the application of a different arbitration law, provided that such a law does not contravene UAE public policy and morality; (ii) commercial arbitrations taking place outside of the UAE where the parties have agreed to submit the arbitration to the provisions of the New Arbitration Law; and (iii) arbitrations arising out of a legal dispute, whether contractual or non-contractual, governed by the laws of the UAE, unless an exception applies. Accordingly, the New Arbitration Law shall generally apply unless the parties have agreed to apply another arbitration law, provided that other law is not in conflict with the public policy and morality of the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Furthermore, we welcome the application of the New Arbitration Law to both domestic and international arbitral proceedings. Contrary to the CPC, which did not contain any reference to international arbitration, Article 3 of the New Arbitration Law introduced the character of international arbitration, which adopts an extraterritorial approach. As such, and under certain circumstances, an arbitration is deemed international even if it is conducted within the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We also note the absence of an express exclusion regarding the application of the New Arbitration Law to arbitrations seated in either the Dubai International Financial Centre or the Abu Dhabi Global Market. However, pursuant to Article 3(2) of Federal Law No. 8 of 2004 Regarding the Financial Free Zones, we conclude that the New Arbitration Law will not govern arbitrations seated in these two free zones, which will continue to be governed by the relevant free zone’s arbitration laws and regulations.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the timing of the introduction of the New Arbitration Law, it came into effect \"one month from the day following its publication in the Official Gazette\". It is therefore our view that the New Arbitration Law came into effect on 15 June 2018. It is interesting to note that contrary to recently enacted arbitration laws in the region, the New Arbitration Law will apply retrospectively. Specifically, Article 59 provides that the New Arbitration Law will apply to all ongoing arbitral proceedings at the time of its coming into effect, including arbitrations arising out of existing arbitration agreements. Such a retrospective application is without any prejudice to all proceedings having taken place prior to the entry into force of the New Arbitration Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Competent Court</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the major procedural highlights of the New Arbitration Law is the designation of the Competent Court, which has been defined as the \"Federal or local Court of Appeal agreed upon by the parties or in whose jurisdiction the arbitration is conducted.\" We hope that going forward, and in line with other major global arbitration hubs, that a dedicated circuit will hear arbitration matters, with specialised and arbitration-focused members of the judiciary to further support and safeguard the arbitral process.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Arbitration Agreement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Article 7 confirms the writing requirement for the validity of arbitration agreements. Noteworthy additions to the New Arbitration Law include the expansive interpretation of the writing requirement. As such, an arbitration agreement can be concluded by an exchange of correspondence, including e-mails. Furthermore, the writing requirement is satisfied through the reference in a written contract to an arbitration agreement contained in another document, model contract or international agreement. In Article 5, the Law expressly provides for the notion of arbitration agreements incorporated by reference. Also, an oral agreement to arbitrate during court proceedings is deemed valid if it is recorded in a judgment or if the other party asserts the existence of an arbitration party and the other party does not raise any objection.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Despite the softening of the writing requirement, the New Arbitration Law reconfirms, through Article 4(1), the requirement for arbitration agreements to be signed by persons with authority to do so. Therefore, we draw the attention of parties wishing to enter into an arbitration agreement to the requisite capacity requirements provided for under the relevant laws of the UAE, which remain unaffected by the introduction of the New Arbitration Law. For a UAE incorporated limited liability company, it is recommended that the company’s constituting documents are reviewed prior to the execution of an arbitration agreement in order to verify that authority to enter into arbitration agreements, granted by default to the company’s manager, has not been explicitly withdrawn. Article 4(4) explicitly provides that the ex-post lack of capacity of a party entering into an arbitration agreement, which occurs for example as a result of the death of an individual or the expiry of the entity’s term (as prescribed in its constitutional documents) after it has entered into an arbitration agreement, shall not cause the termination of such an arbitration agreement. It is however interesting to note that the Law seemingly intended for such a provision to be non-mandatory as parties may still otherwise agree. Furthermore, Article 4(2) reiterates that there shall not be an agreement to arbitrate matters which are non-conciliatory.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the validity of arbitration agreements, Article 6, in line with the UNCITRAL Model Law, confirms the separability principle of arbitration agreements. When parties’ agreement to arbitrate is featured within the framework of their main contractual relationship, the New Arbitration Law affirms the independence of the arbitration agreement from the other terms of the main contract in which it is contained. Arbitration agreements are not affected by the nullity, rescission or termination of the main contract, save for grounds arising out of a defective capacity.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Finally, Article 8 provides that the court shall dismiss any action that falls within the scope of an arbitration agreement, provided that the existence of the arbitration agreement is brought to the court’s attention before making any substantive claims or defences on the merits, unless the court decides that the arbitration agreement is invalid or impossible to perform. The filing of such an action does not preclude the commencement or continuance of arbitral proceedings or the issuance of the arbitral award.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft wp-image-7992 size-full\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_756750676.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4243\" height=\"1636\" /></strong></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Set and Stringent Time Limits</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In an effort to promote efficiency and prevent unnecessary prejudicial delays, the legislative draftsman of the New Arbitration Law have aimed to fit the arbitral proceedings within a clear set of, often stringent, time limits.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For example, in the event of alleged non-compliance with the arbitration agreement or the Law, Article 25 provides that if a party does not object within the time limit agreed upon, or within seven days of becoming aware of the alleged non-compliance, that party is deemed to have waived its right to rely on this non-compliance subsequently. It is questionable whether the default seven-day period is reasonable from a practical perspective. However, such a waiver to challenge constitutes an important pro-arbitration provision, which shall have the effect of estopping a party from attempting to halt the conduct of the proceedings if it does not assert any objection in a prompt manner. With that said, we note that a party’s right to challenge an award, based on a defective arbitration agreement, or lack thereof, would still be preserved pursuant to Article 53. It is yet to be tested how the courts will interpret and eventually apply Articles 25 and 53.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the appointment and challenge of arbitrators, the New Arbitration Law has set a reasonable 15-day period. Specifically, pursuant to Article 11(2-3), the parties have a 15-day time limit to agree to the appointment of an arbitrator, from the date of receipt of a request to do so. Under Article 15(1-2), a 15-day time limit has been set for a party to challenge an arbitrator after becoming aware of the arbitrator appointment or after becoming aware of any circumstances justifying the challenge. Such a challenge shall be in a written application addressed to the challenged arbitrator, with a copy of the same addressed to the other members of the tribunal, if any, as well as the other parties. In the event that the arbitrator does not withdraw or the other party does not agree to the removal of the arbitrator, the party making the challenge may present it to the concerned body within 15-days after the lapse of the initial 15-day period.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We note the express acknowledgment of the compétence-compétence principle in Article 19(2) under which the arbitral tribunal has the jurisdiction to rule on its own jurisdiction. Notwithstanding, a party still has the right to challenge a tribunal’s preliminary decision of jurisdiction before the courts within 15 days of the preliminary decision being notified. The Court then has then 30 days to render its decision. While the request is pending, the arbitral proceedings may continue at the request of a party. We note that this possibility to petition the court on the basis of a procedural order and not an award, is uncustomary in the UAE and may lead, at least in the beginning, to uncertainty.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitrator Requirements</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law brings clarity on the requisite requirements for arbitrators. Article 10(1) specifies that an arbitrator must not be a minor, or be judicially declared as incapacitated, or one without civil rights for the reasons of bankruptcy (unless discharged), or conviction for a crime (even if she or he has been rehabilitated).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Furthermore, Article 10(2) provides that an arbitrator cannot be a member of the Board of Trustees or of the administrative body of the arbitral institution administering the arbitration in which that person is asked to sit. We highlight the expansive application of this provision to arbitrations administered by both domestic arbitration centres, such as the Dubai International Arbitration Centre and the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Centre, as well as international arbitration centres, such as the International Chamber of Commerce’s International Court of Arbitration, the London Court of International Arbitration and the Singapore International Arbitration Centre. The triggering event prompting the application of Article 10(2) is therefore the UAE seat of such arbitral proceedings. It is regrettable that the Law did not draw a distinction between party-appointed arbitrators, on one hand, and centre-appointed arbitrators, on the other, as we would be of the view that party-appointed arbitrators, even if members of the Board of Trustees or administrative body of an arbitral institution, should not be affected by this provision. Given the retrospective application of the New Arbitration Law to ongoing arbitrations, we note that the entry into force of the Law will most likely cause certain concerned arbitrators to resign.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We also note that the Ministry of Justice or the Chairman of the competent judicial authority are to compile a list of arbitrators to be appointed in the event of a failure to agree upon the appointment of an arbitrator. As the list has not yet been published, we remain hopeful that the selection process of the prospective arbitrators would follow the international best practices in terms of both procedural knowledge and industry-specific expertise.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Finally, pursuant to Article 58, the Ministry of Economy is to issue a charter on the professional conduct of arbitrators in consultation with the arbitration institutions in the UAE. While the issuance of such a charter is likely to instil confidence within the parties to arbitration in the UAE, we are of the view that the effect of such a charter will remain for guidance purposes only. It is notable that the Law does not address the issues relating to the liability of arbitrators. In our view, it would have been desirable that for the Law to have included a provision confirming the civil immunity of arbitrators.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitral Proceedings</strong></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Commencement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to Article 27(1), arbitral proceedings are deemed to have commenced from the following day after which the arbitral tribunal has been constituted, unless the parties agree otherwise. With that said, in relation to the procedural requirement for a substantive claim to confirm and sustain precautionary attachments, Article 27(2) provides that the arbitral proceedings are deemed to have commenced on the date of the notification of the request for arbitration. Even though the relationship between arbitral and court proceedings relating to arbitration is yet to be tested under the New Arbitration Law, the advancement of the date of commencement of the arbitral proceedings for the purpose of precautionary attachments is a positive provision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Language of the Arbitration</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the New Arbitration Law, the default language of the arbitral proceedings, absent an agreement between the parties, will be Arabic. We therefore draw the attention of foreign parties in particular to the need to agree on a different language for the arbitration should they wish to avoid arbitral proceedings in Arabic, either explicitly, through for example their arbitration agreement, or implicitly, by agreeing to the application of institutional rules.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-8078 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_185379407-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" />\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Acknowledgment of Modern Means of Communication</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The emphasis on the use and role of technology in the New Arbitration Law can be attributed to the desire for more efficient proceedings. There are indeed several references to the use of \"modern means of communication\" in the Law. For example, written correspondence can now be deemed to have been delivered if sent, amongst other means, by email. Article 28(2) provides that arbitral hearings and deliberations can be conducted by modern means of communication and electronic technology. In addition, Article 33(3) provides that hearing may be held through modern means of communication without the physical presence of the parties at the hearing. Pursuant to Article 35, the arbitral tribunal may question witnesses, including expert witnesses, through modern means of communication without their physical presence at the hearing. The emphasis on the use of technology will undoubtedly modernise arbitral proceedings in the UAE and help instil global confidence in such proceedings.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Confidentiality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Contrary to common belief, arbitral proceedings are not confidential by default. The New Arbitration Law addresses the issue of confidentiality by stating, under Article 33(1), that hearings shall be confidential unless parties have otherwise agreed. The confidentiality of arbitral awards is implicitly recognised pursuant to Article 44. However, the Law does not explicitly provide for the confidentiality of documents, pleadings, evidence or submissions produced by the parties and the tribunal during the proceedings. We recommend that parties address the confidentiality of their arbitral proceedings either through an explicit agreement, or implicitly, through an agreement to apply institutional rules providing for the hoped for confidentiality obligations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conduct</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is clear that the New Arbitration Law attempts to instil discipline and efficiency in the conduct of the arbitral proceedings. As noted above, arbitral hearings can be held at any place, and the Law allows arbitral hearings and deliberations to be conducted by modern means of communication and electronic technology. Article 30(1-2) provides, absent an agreement between the parties, for a 14-day period from the date of the composition of the arbitral tribunal for the claimant to communicate the statement of claim in writing to the respondent and to the arbitrators. After receiving the statement of claim, the respondent has a further 14-day period to communicate its statement of defence. The practical difficulties associated with these relatively contracted time limits will most likely prompt parties to agree on different deadlines.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is worth noting that the New Arbitration Law attempts to put an end to disruptive guerrilla tactics through repetitive challenges of an arbitrator by providing under Article 15(3) that the challenge of an arbitrator does not suspend the arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Pursuant to Article 43 of the New Arbitration Law, the arbitral tribunal can decide to continue the arbitral proceedings (i) where there are issues that fall outside the scope of its jurisdiction; (ii) if a document submitted to it is challenged for forgery; or (iii) if criminal proceedings in respect of that document or for any other criminal act which has been instituted. This is a significant improvement as previously, according to the CPC, the tribunal was required to suspend its proceedings under such circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law provides much needed clarity on the issue of the representation of the parties by non-UAE lawyers. Specifically, Article 33(5) provides that parties may seek the assistance of representatives for their representation in the arbitral proceedings and these representatives may or may not be lawyers. The non-restriction on the appearance of foreign counsel in UAE-seated arbitrations is welcome after the issuance of the 2017 Executive Regulations to the Federal Law No. 23 of 1991 on the Legal Professional, which was interpreted by some to restrict the appearance of non –UAE counsel in arbitral proceedings seated in the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law also provides wide latitude to the parties and the arbitral tribunal to decide upon the conduct of the arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Interim and Conservatory Measures</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Interim and conservatory measures constitute crucial tools in arbitral proceedings. The CPC did not grant powers to the tribunal to order such measures, which were within the exclusive powers of the courts. In the event that parties agree to grant such powers to the tribunal, either explicitly or implicitly through the application of institutional rules, the enforcement of tribunal-ordered interim and conservatory measures was an impossible task in the UAE before the enactment of the New Arbitration Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the much anticipated provisions of the New Arbitration Law is Article 21. Through this article, and unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the New Arbitration Law explicitly recognises the arbitral tribunal’s power to award interim or conservatory measures, either on the request of a party or of its own motion, including ordering a party to provide adequate security to cover the costs of such measures. Pursuant to Article 21(4), a party for whom an interim measure has been ordered in its favour may, with written permission from the tribunal, request the competent court to enforce the order of the tribunal within 15 days of receipt of the request.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding the arbitral tribunal’s newly attributed powers to order such interim and conservatory measures, the court also remains competent to grant interim and conservatory measures based on an application by the tribunal or one of the parties in relation to forthcoming or ongoing arbitral proceedings. As per Article 18(3), the arbitral proceedings shall continue notwithstanding any application for interim or conservatory measures relating to an ongoing arbitration and such an application to the court shall not constitute a waiver to the arbitration agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While the receptivity and approach of the courts in relation to these provisions are yet to be tested, we highly welcome these efforts to safeguard more efficient and equitable arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The Award</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to the issuance of the award, Article 42(1) provides that, unless agreed otherwise, an award must be issued within 6 months from the date of the first hearing of the arbitration. Contrary to the previous CPC regime, such a date can now be extended for an additional 6 months, unless the parties agree to a longer extension, either explicitly or implicitly through the application of institutional rules. Article 42(2) provides that absent such an agreement, further extension of time can only be made by the courts upon petition by the parties or the tribunal itself. It is important to bear in mind in this regard that the failure to meet this time limit is a ground for challenging an award pursuant to Article 53(1)(g) of the New Arbitration Law as discussed further below.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The time limits set forth in Article 42 lack any mechanism for arbitral institutions to grant an extension of time, though it may be argued that parties have agreed to such an extension by virtue of having agreed to the application of particular institutional rules. Under the previous regime, the CPC allowed the parties to agree to extensions of time whether expressly or by implication.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In our view, Article 41(6) is a very positive introduction, which provides that awards can be signed outside the seat of arbitration and can also be signed electronically. The issuance of the final award shall be deemed to mark the end of the arbitral proceedings. According to Article 44, parties are to be notified of the award within 15 days from the date of issue of the award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Law explicitly recognises that an arbitral tribunal may interpret an award by issuing an explanatory award pursuant to Article 49. A party may request the tribunal to interpret any obscurity or ambiguity in its award within 30 days of receipt of the award, unless the parties have agreed to different procedures or time limits. The tribunal shall consider and issue its explanatory award within 30 days after the receipt of the request, which may extended by a further 15 days. Such an explanatory award is deemed to supplement the final arbitral award.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8079 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_315538304-493x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"499\" height=\"1036\" />Enforcement of Arbitral Awards</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The New Arbitration Law clarifies the process for enforcing UAE arbitral awards with a fast-tracked and overhauled procedure. The New Arbitration Law provides that arbitral awards are binding on the parties, res judicata applies and that such awards shall be enforceable in the same manner as a judicial ruling provided ratification is obtained. If the enforcement of the award is sought in the UAE, a ratification of such an award by the court is required in order to proceed with the enforcement of such an award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A major development in the New Arbitration Law lies in the fact that enforcement proceedings shall now commence directly before the UAE federal or local Court of Appeal, not before the Court of First Instance as before. The form of the enforcement procedure has also been simplified. Instead of filing a case before the court, the award-creditor can seek the ratification and enforcement of an award through the filing of an application with the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal. Pursuant to Article 55(2), the relevant authority will now have 60 days from the date of the application to order the ratification and enforcement of the award unless it finds grounds for annulment.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Article 57 provides for the possibility of filing a grievance against an order of the Court of Appeal ratifying an award and declaring it enforceable or order of the Court of Appeal denying enforcement. Such a grievance must be filed with the Court of Appeal within 30 days of the Court of Appeal’s notification of the order. We note that it would have been more appropriate for such a grievance to be filed before the Court of Cassation, as the higher appellate court, instead of the Court of Appeal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In relation to foreign arbitral awards, we note that the Law lacks explicit provisions relating to the enforcement of such awards. It is our view that the CPC provisions, specifically Articles 235 to 238, remain applicable absent a convention or treaty entered into by the UAE dealing with the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. In the event of enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the UAE sought on the basis of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 (\"New York Convention\"), it is yet to be tested whether the new expedited enforcement provisions of the Law would apply to such enforcements given that Article III of the New York Convention provides that: \"(…) There shall not be imposed substantially more onerous conditions or higher fees or charges on the recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards to which this Convention applies than are imposed on the recognition or enforcement of domestic arbitral awards.\"</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the absence of any explicit provisions to the contrary within the Law, we are of the view that the new provisions of the Law should apply to enforcements of foreign arbitral awards under the New York Convention.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Award Challenge</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The grounds to challenge and set aside an award are limited and consistent with the spirit of Article 34 of the UNCITRAL Model Law. Article 53(1) of the New Arbitration Law provides for limited grounds for annulment, which include the lack of capacity of a party entering into the arbitration agreement, lack of authorisation to act on the matter or lack of notice. Unlike the UNCITRAL Model Law, the New Arbitration Law also provides that the issuance of a final award which does not apply the substantive law chosen by the parties or the arbitral tribunal’s failure to issue the award within the specified time-frame shall also constitute grounds for challenge. In addition, Article 53(2) provides that the court has the right to set aside the award on its own initiative, if the subject matter of the dispute is not arbitrable or if the award contravenes the public policy and morality of the UAE.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In an effort to preserve the arbitral proceedings, several articles purport to safeguard the sanctity of the arbitral proceedings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For example, pursuant to Article 50(1-2), a party may request the arbitral tribunal to correct any typographical or clerical errors in the award within 30 days of receipt of the award, unless the parties have agreed to different procedures or time limits. Such correction is to be made within 30 days after the tribunal issues the award or after receiving the request for correction by one of the parties, as the case may be. Such period may be extended by a further 15 days. The arbitral tribunal shall notify the parties after corrections are made within 15 days from the date of issue of correction. Also, Article 51(1-2) provides that a party may request the tribunal to issue an additional award if the party believes that the final award did not deal with some of the requests made. Such a request must be made within 30 days of receipt of the award. If such a request is justified, then the arbitral tribunal shall issue the additional award within 60 days after the receipt of the request and may extend by a further 30 days. In addition, pursuant to Article 54(6), the court may suspend the setting aside proceedings for a period of up to 60 days in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to take any action or make any amendment to the form of the award.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whereas under the previous CPC regime, there was no specific deadline for the purpose of filing a set aside action, the New Arbitration Law, pursuant to Article 54(2) provides for a 30-day time limit from the date of receiving notice of the award for a party to commence annulment proceedings. This is a significant change to the previous regime, and we believe that this will contribute to the legal security of final awards. However, Article 54(1) provides that the decision to set aside is final and can only be appealed to the Court of Cassation. We note that there is no set time limit for the Court of Cassation to render its decision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In line with the general spirit of the New Arbitration Law for more efficient proceedings, an action to set aside an arbitral award does not stay its enforcement. Nevertheless, the court may order a stay of enforcement if a party requests for a stay of enforcement. Such stay of enforcement is to be decided within 15 days after the date of the first scheduled hearing.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The UAE Federal Law No. 6 of 2018 on Arbitration undoubtedly constitutes a landmark development for arbitration in the UAE by providing a standalone arbitration law aligned with international best practices and standards. We consider that the overall preservation and respect of party autonomy and the focus on more streamlined and efficient proceedings will build the UAE’s reputation as a preferred seat for international arbitration in the region. We remain hopeful in the courts’ significant role in appropriately applying and preserving the spirit of the Law. The Executive Regulations, which are in the pipeline, will also undoubtedly clarify some of the issues raised in hope of a more rationalised and synchronised proceedings among the various players in UAE seated arbitrations.</p>\r\n<em>For further information, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/essam-al-tamimi/\">Essam Al Tamimi</a> (e.tamimi@tamimi.com) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/sara-aranjo/\">Sara Koleilat-Aranjo</a> (s.aranjo@tamimi.com).</em>'),
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	(226254,8185,'content','<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8238\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/August-Edition-DPS_Page_06_Image_0003.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1188\" height=\"250\" />\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Commercial Agency Register (the \"Register\") is renowned in Qatar for the role it plays when it comes to governing the validity of (or lack of) the relationship between agent and principal. It is a double-edged sword, on the one end allowing registered commercial agents to believe that they can kick back, relax and enjoy their supposedly indissoluble commercial agency rights, and on the other, causing principals to be bound to supposedly inextinguishable agency agreements.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A recent judgment by the Court of First Instance has clarified the laws on commercial agency, potentially stirring up the position of principal and agent. In this case, it was held that registration on the Register is a sign of confirmation, and not creation, of an agency agreement. The determinative factor as to whether or not an agency agreement exists falls on, primarily, the legal and factual existence of the agreement itself.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Facts</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Claimant initially entered into a limited duration exclusive agency agreement (the \"Initial Agreement\") as agent for the sale of cars manufactured by the principal mother company (\"Principal\") and was registered as a commercial agent of the Principal on the Register. Subsequently, the Claimant and the Principal entered into a limited duration non-exclusive distribution agreement (\"the Second Agreement\"), in which it was expressly agreed that the Second Agreement terminated and nullified all previous agreements existing between the Claimant and the Principal including the Initial Agreement. The Second Agreement was not renewed at the end of its term and accordingly expired.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Thereafter, the Principal entered into a similar non-exclusive distribution agreement with the Defendant. The Defendant went on to carry out promotional, marketing and sale activities of the Principal’s products, and in doing so, made public announcements about being the new agent of the Principal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This came to the attention of the Claimant who brought a case against the Defendant. The Claimant alleged that the Defendant was unlawfully portraying itself as the new distributor of the Principal’s goods and indeed acting as the distributor, when in fact the Claimant was the only registered exclusive agent of the Principal. The Claimant relied solely on the fact that it was still registered as the exclusive agent of the Principal on the Register. The Claimant argued that as long as such registration remained, the Claimant would be the sole party possessing the exclusive agency rights to promote market and sell the Principal’s products, regardless of the existing dispute over the expiry of the Second Agreement.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Judgment of the Court of First Instance</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Claimant’s submissions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court stated that registration on the Register is only the result of an agency agreement created and concluded between the agent and principal in question and it is not the source of such a relationship. Once an agency agreement is entered into between the relevant parties, the registration of the agent on the Register gives it effect from a more official administrative perspective.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In its judgment, the Court, redirected the focus on the contractual relationship between the parties. It emphasised that the determinative basis upon which an agency can be deemed existent or non-existent is the agency agreement entered into between the parties. Once an agency agreement is concluded, this can be registered on the Register as evidence of such an agreement. Consequently, and imperatively, the same applies to the cessation of an agency agreement. Where the agreement in question comes to an end due to termination or expiry, the agency relationship and the effect of the registration on the Register similarly ends. In other words, the fate of the agency, its operation and its cancellation does not depend on the continuing registration of such agency. On the contrary, the status of the registration depends on the terms of the agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In noting the above, the Court consequently dismissed the Claimant’s case. The Court explained that in order for the Claimant to assert its rights as the exclusive agent of the Principal’s products, the Claimant would have to prove that the agency agreement itself still exists and remains in force. It is upon the validity of the agency agreement that the Claimant would have to build its case. Only then would the Claimant be able to allege that the Defendant had acted unlawfully and against the Claimant’s rights by acting as the agent of the Principal. Therefore, reliance entirely on the registration of the Claimant as a commercial agent of the Principal on the Register was deemed insufficient.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion: Back to basics</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The judgment, albeit one of the Court of First Instance and hence subject to appeal, may be a promising first step for tackling the current situation concerning commercial agency agreements. Previously, steadfast reliance on the Register suggested to principals that the Register is an inescapable trap, and to agents that it is a safe haven, trumping all else. The judgment discredits this belief by diverting attention back to where it originally, and legally, belongs – the contractual relationship between the relevant parties. The Court re-clarified the purpose of the Register in that it is a mechanism for recording what is agreed between a principal and its agent - it does not on its own create or maintain any commercial agency rights of the registrants. Should the judgment be upheld, the priority governing agency relationships could be re-organised: first comes the agreement, then comes the Register.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In alignment with the judgment is a recent measure adopted by the Ministry of Economy and Commerce (the \"Ministry\"), whereby it was announced that current agents who are registered on the Register but whose commercial agencies are expired must renew their agencies via agency renewal applications and the required documentation for the same. Otherwise, such agencies would be cancelled off the register in accordance with Article 20 of the Commercial Agency Law No. (8) Of 2002. This approach by the Ministry reflects the same principle as that expressly reinstated in the judgment: appearance on the Register did not by default render the agencies of commercial agents as continued or renewed – the agency agreement itself had to be renewed in order for the registrations to be valid.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Of course, that is not to imply that the registration or cancellation of commercial agents from the Register can be done away with altogether, for it still holds vital importance for other reasons. While the judgment does not alter the fundamentals of the same, it clarifies the role of the Register, refocusing the spotlight on the contractual relationship of the relevant parties as the definitive factor for the creation, continuity and cancellation of agency agreements.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s litigation team regularly advises on the application of Qatari laws to various legal matters, on both technical application as well as practical implications.</em></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/roy-georgiades/\">Roy Georgiades</a> (<a href=\"mailto:r.georgiades@tamimi.com\">r.georgiades@tamimi.com</a>) or Reem Khader (<a href=\"mailto:r.khader@tamimi.com\">r.khader@tamimi.com</a>)</em></p>'),
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	(226300,8186,'content_header',''),
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	(226304,8186,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-8212 alignleft\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1-222x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"106\" height=\"489\" />Taking a lead on the regulation of crypto assets in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (\"ADGM\"), the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (\"FSRA\") issued <em>Guidance on Regulation of Crypto Asset Activities in ADGM</em> (the \"Regulations\"). The Regulations are supplementary to and should be read in conjunction with FSRA’s <em>Guidance on Regulation of Initial Coin/Token Offerings and Virtual Currencies under the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015</em> issued on 9 October 2017 (the \"ICO Guidance\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations together with applicable rules and regulations governing crypto assets, as issued by the FSRA, provides for a comprehensive Spot Crypto Asset Framework (the \"Framework\"). The Regulation sets out and limits the FSRA’s approach to the regulation of crypto asset activities in and from the ADGM, including activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians and intermediaries engaged in crypto asset activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For purposes of the Regulations and the Framework, <em>Crypto Assets</em> are a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded and functions as a: (a) medium of exchange; (b) unit of account; and/or (c) a store of value. These: (i) do not have a legal tender status in any jurisdiction; (ii) are neither issued nor guaranteed by any jurisdiction and fulfil its functions only by agreement within the community of users of such assets; and (iii) are distinguished from fiat currencies including electronic money.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initial Coin Offerings</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is not intended to apply to initial token or coin offerings (\"ICOs\") and such offerings will continue to be regulated in accordance with the ICO Guidance. The ICO Guidance clarifies the nature of token offerings (utility or security) that are permissible in the ADGM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Objectives of the Framework</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While, the fact that crypto assets can be created, stored and transferred without the need of any third party makes it attractive for its users, it also raises significant regulatory concerns for regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies worldwide, particularly in relation to money laundering, terrorism financing, consumer protection, market abuse, amongst other risks.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA under the Framework addresses these risks in addition to issues that may arise in connection with protection of client money, safe custody, technology governance and disclosure and transparency, which makes it an attractive and comparatively secure jurisdiction for conducting crypto related activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding that crypto assets are deemed as commodities and are not considered a \"Specified Investment\" (for purposes of Financial Services and Markets Regulations, 2015, as may be amended from time to time (FSMR)), to ensure adequate consumer protection, while meeting demands in this market space, the FSRA has rightly provided for certain activities associated with crypto assets to be regulated. The diagram sets out FSRA’s approach in relation to different type of digital assets.</p>\r\n <img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8223\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/35.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1822\" height=\"580\" />\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Operating a Crypto Asset Business</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Who can Operate a Crypto Asset Business (\"OCAB\") in and from the ADGM?</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">new applicants;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">authorised persons (i.e. persons authorised to carry on other regulated activities within the ADGM); and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">recognised investment exchanges.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Amongst these, applicants that qualify for authorisation under the Framework will be granted a Financial Service Permission (\"FSP\") to carry on regulated activity of OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">OCAB permits undertaking of one or more crypto asset activities, which include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">buying, selling or exercising any right in accepted crypto assets (whether as principal or agent);</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">managing accepted crypto assets belonging to another person;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">making arrangements with a view to another person (whether as principal or agent) buying, selling or providing custody of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">marketing of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">advising on the merits of buying or selling of accepted crypto assets or any rights conferred by such buying or selling; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">operating a crypto asset exchange or operating as a crypto asset custodian.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA’s approach to the regulatory treatment of crypto assets in the ADGM is encouraging. The Framework makes it evident that: (a) crypto asset activities may only be permitted in connection with crypto assets that are categorised as \"Accepted Crypto Assets\" i.e. those crypto assets that fulfil criteria prescribed by the FSRA; and (b) any person dealing with such accepted crypto assets including intermediaries (such as brokers/dealers, asset managers, crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians) involved in dealing, managing or arranging Accepted Crypto Assets, would require an FSP to operate in and from the ADGM.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However: (i) creation or administration of crypto assets; (ii) development, dissemination or use of software for the purpose of creating or mining a crypto asset; (iii) transmission of crypto assets; (iv) loyalty points scheme denominated in crypto assets; and (v) such other activity as may be determined by the FSRA to not constitute OCAB, shall not constitute OCAB and therefore will not be subject to the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Crypto Asset Exchanges and Crypto Asset Custodians</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst most of the crypto asset activities are subject to similar regulations within the Framework, the FRSA considers the crypto asset activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges and crypto asset custodians a key crypto activity in the ADGM. Therefore the Framework levies specific additional requirements applicable to such participants.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Exchanges</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to the requirements applicable to other crypto asset activities, additional requirements for a crypto asset exchange would include substantial commercial, governance, compliance, technical, information technology and human resources presence within the ADGM. A recognised investment exchange may operate as a crypto asset exchange, as part of the regulated activity of OCAB, provided that recognition order of such exchange includes a stipulation, permitting it to do so. In such cases, such exchanges would be subject to the Framework (including fees applicable for conducting OCAB) in addition to other regulations and fees (including market infrastructure rule), it already is subject to.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Custodians</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As regards crypto asset custodians, the FRSA has taken a similar approach to that of other custodian activities permitted within the ADGM. In order to afford the same protection the FSRA offers to other similar products within the FSMR (including relevant rule books) it has widened the scope of definitions of \"Providing Custody\", \"Client Assets\", \"Client Investments\" and \"Investment Business\" (as defined under the FSMR) to include crypto assets and OCAB.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fees</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fees for OCAB are comparatively higher than most other regulated activities within the ADGM. In addition to the fees applicable to crypto asset exchanges, a trading fees is levied on such exchanges, which is payable on a monthly basis. This is calculated as a percentage of trades conducted for each month.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations are a welcome change and seem to address regulatory requirements around crypto asset activities within the ADGM. We are hopeful that this would encourage other financial regulators within the region to issue regulations and therefore provide options to potential applicants.</p>\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s banking and finance team regularly advises on issues in relation to crypto assets. For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/divya-abrol-gambhir/\">Divya Abrol Gambhir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.abrol@tamimi.com\">d.abrol@tamimi.com</a>) or Mr. <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/ashish-banga/\">Ashish Banga</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.banga@tamimi.com\">a.banga@tamimi.com</a>).</em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8213 size-full\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1597\" height=\"118\" />'),
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	(226356,8187,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Most business transactions involve degrees of risk, which can never be eliminated entirely. An additional layer of risk inevitably accompanies any cross-border deal, and this article addresses the best way to manage these particular risks.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-8240 alignleft\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/August-Edition-DPS_Page_09_Image_0001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"343\" />\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Cross-Border Deals and Legal Risks</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">a. Choice of Law and Forum:</h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In cross-border deals, choice of law and forum clauses deserve enhanced scrutiny and negotiation. If any dispute flares up, you will find that these choices will have already been locked in. Suddenly, they will loom large, and poor choices may cost you considerable money and time. Choice of law is quite distinct from the choice of forum. The choice of law is the set of laws which governs the substance of the contract, whilst forum is concerned with the dispute resolution body and the processes for final resolution.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>(i) Choice of Law:</em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The main factor in deciding which governing law should govern a contract is ease of enforcement of those contractual terms allocating risks between the parties. Some jurisdictions have less developed substantive legal rules and their laws do not fit comfortably with sophisticated transaction structures commonly seen in major financial centres. In such instances, local law may either override or fail to support the agreed contract terms, rendering the outcome of any dispute unpredictable.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Ideally, parties to a contract should choose a jurisdiction with a well-developed body of legal rules. Many international players prefer common law systems, mainly because they are accustomed to working within these legal systems. Moreover, common law systems carry with them a wealth of recognised precedents which can render dispute outcomes more predictable.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>(ii) Choice of Forum:</em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Selecting a forum involves two different choices. Firstly, whether the parties wish to submit to arbitration or a court process. Secondly, a choice as to the legal environment in which the dispute process will be conducted, a choice which needs to take into account supervision of the arbitration and/or access to an appellate court system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Resolution by official courts can save the parties substantial costs associated with arbitration. Any arbitration has to be funded privately, including the fees of the arbitrators. Also, it is usually quicker and easier for courts to secure interim remedies and to compel disclosure of documents or information; in arbitrations, it is often necessary to go to court to secure these remedies anyway. Courts also allow for appeal processes from their judgements, a safeguard against capricious findings or error. Arbitration, on the other hand, gives the parties an opportunity to ensure that a dispute is determined by a technical expert, rather than a legally trained judge. The expert can act as the arbitrator and resolve the dispute without the successful party being exposed to drawn-out appeals. Nevertheless, the possibility of the arbitrator requiring correction or supervision will also be relevant to any choice of forum. In some jurisdictions, arbitrations move faster than court processes, in others they move more slowly.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">When choosing the legal environment for the forum, a neutral jurisdiction has advantages, and usually gives confidence to foreign-based counterparties, particularly in cases where one of the transaction parties is a governmental entity or has strong ties to the government. Meanwhile, selecting the jurisdiction which hosts the deal assets also has its advantages, as the dispute resolution forum will have power to make orders affecting those assets and may be convenient and accessible for involved experts or witnesses. Decisions of a court where the deal assets are located are usually more readily enforceable against those assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A key point to consider in advance is whether a court of the jurisdiction hosting the deal assets will recognize and respect the parties’ contractual choice of forum. For example, courts in GCC countries sometimes consider it appropriate to assume jurisdiction over a case filed before them which involves local assets (particularly land); and to apply local law regardless.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"Transactions always carry risks, but they can be managed successfully if the right care and judgment is exercised.\"</h2>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">b. Enforcement of Securities</h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Lenders must carefully study and assess the enforceability of their security in the event of default. In some jurisdictions which impose fees or taxes, taking security over the deal assets, especially real property, may be costly. In these cases, a more practical security may take the form of a preferential claim to cash balances and revenues of the target/assets.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignright wp-image-8268 \" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/shutterstock_755088883-488x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"475\" />c. Force Majeure Risk</h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Force majeure is a legal term of art describing the occurrence of an unexpected event outside the control of the affected party, as a result of which it becomes difficult or impossible for that party to perform obligations under a contract. Examples of force majeure include wars, riots, fires, floods and hurricanes. Such events also affect domestic deals, but force majeure events are less predictable for foreign counterparties in any cross-border deal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Common law jurisdictions usually refuse to grant relief for force majeure events unless this is expressly provided for in the contract. In contrast, civil law jurisdictions usually grant the court the authority to alter the contract to restore its balance where there is a force majeure event. In all cases, courts in both systems will be influenced by, and consider, the express terms of the contract before making a decision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Some force majeure risks are commercially insurable events. Others are uninsurable events. Commercially insurable events include fires, floods or storms and in these scenarios their risk may be mitigated by obtaining the necessary insurance policies. In contrast, riots and political disruptions are usually uninsurable. Hence, the parties should take into account insurance cover and allocate contractual risks accordingly, particularly as the inclusion of an indemnity in the deal contract can sometimes nullify insurance arrangements.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">d. Currency Fluctuations</h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Currency fluctuations are common risks encountered with international transactions. Even with the most careful monitoring, fluctuations can be unpredictable and can greatly affect the economics of a project, the business and its profits. To mitigate this risk, it is ideal to contract with all parties in the transaction chain in the same currency, if possible. Another way to mitigate any exchange risk, is to hedge the currency risk. This method may incur hedging costs and also sacrifice gains from favourable fluctuations – but, if the tables are turned, it also mitigates any significant losses.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">e. Sovereign Risk</h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Sovereign risk is an inherit risk that is more heightened in some countries. One way to mitigate sovereign risk is by structuring investments in such a way that investment protection treaties with the host country can be triggered. An example of such is the use of acquisition vehicles to which investment protection treaties apply.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">f. Market Demand Risks</h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A product or service which proves successful in one country may not be successful in another. Many businesses have had to adapt their products or services significantly in order to conform to the cultural, religious traditions or realities of a new market. For example, online sales platforms work only if a large percentage of the target market holds credit cards. A thorough market study must be conducted before introducing a new product or service fresh to a jurisdiction to validate the introduction, assumptions or projections made by the party introducing it.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The deal \"risk list\" above is by no means exhaustive. But it highlights the fact that risk allocations between the parties in any cross-border deal should be clearly documented and the main risks addressed. Transactions always carry risks, but they can be managed successfully if the right care and judgment is exercised.</p>\r\n &nbsp;<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8269 size-full\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screen-Shot-2018-09-05-at-2.38.31-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"4096\" height=\"1522\" />&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Corporate Commercial team regularly advises on commercial matters. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/alex-saleh/\">Alex Saleh</a> (<a href=\"mailto:alex.saleh@tamimi.com\">alex.saleh@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/rana-el-nahal/\">Rana Elnahal</a> (<a href=\"mailto:r.elnahal@tamimi.com\">r.elnahal@tamimi.com</a>).</em></p>'),
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	(226394,8189,'timeline_header',''),
	(226395,8189,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
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	(226400,8189,'content_header',''),
	(226401,8189,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
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	(226404,8189,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8241\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/August-Edition-DPS_Page_10_Image_0001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1595\" height=\"352\" /></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The UAE Companies Law (Fed. Law 2 of 2015) mandates that the management of a limited liability company (\"LLC\") to be undertaken by one or more managers as determined by the partners (i.e. the shareholders) in the memorandum of association. Such managers can be selected from either the partners or from third parties. We receive plenty of questions from UAE LLCs asking us about the powers of their managers. This article explores the most common questions we receive in respect of the methods of appointing managers, their powers and authorities, the instruments needed to effect the aforementioned and the method of revoking said instruments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Without a delegation instrument which grants powers to managers to manage the businesses and sign on behalf of LLCs, managers may not be able to perform their roles. Third parties, including courts, regulators and other contracting parties regularly query whether managers have the requisite authority to sign applicable documents or make decisions on behalf of the company.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Appointing Managers of LLCs</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The most common method to appoint LLC managers and define their authorities is to embed provisions in the company’s memorandum of association (\"MOA\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">If the MOA does not list the managers of the LLC, the partners should appoint managers under a general assembly resolution or another delegation instrument of the partners.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Powers of LLC Managers</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Managers of LLC shall hold a duly notarized document evidencing their powers and authorities. This document may be the MOA itself, a partner/general assembly resolution and/or a power of attorney (\"POA\"). Generally, an LLC manager is authorised to assume full powers of the company’s management and their actions bind the company, unless their powers are restricted by an appointment contract, the MOA or the LLC’s bylaws.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Dubai Court of Cassation in its judgment in its Case 164 of 2008 confirmed that unless explicitly prohibited in the MOA \"<em>The manager of an LLC is the person having full authority of the management of the company, and he/she has competence to make dispositions over the rights relating to its activities, including an agreement to arbitrate</em>\". Also, Article (4)(e) of Ministerial Resolution No. (272) of 2016 concerning the Application of Some Provisions of Public Joint Stock Companies to Limited Liability Companies (\"Resolution\") provides that the powers and authorities of manager(s) shall be determined by the MOA or by a general assembly meeting resolution.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">POAs as a Delegation Instrument</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Delegation instruments are instruments used to delegate powers and authorities from one party to another. They come in different forms such as POAs (a notarized delegation instrument), proxies and delegation letters.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The principal (party issuing the POA) must have the power it wishes to grant to the attorney. A POA in the UAE must specify the powers given to the attorney to have legal effect. There is also no specific form required for the validity of a POA. It should, however, be notarized and certified by the relevant authorities and should contain the following information:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the details of the principal;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the details of the attorney;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the powers being delegated;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">date of issuance;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">capacity of the principal (for example: \"in my capacity as manager of X company\");</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">duration of POA, if any;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">any other requirements made by the notary public.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is also worth noting that in the UAE, POAs are not capable of being irrevocable i.e. the principal can cancel the attorney’s authority at any time.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"Managers of limited liability companies shall hold a duly notarized document which evidences their powers and authorities.\"</h2>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Cancellation of Power of Attorney, Delegations and General Assembly Resolutions</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Powers of Attorney</em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Among other less common situations, there are situations that arise in which the POA granted to an attorney is mutually or automatically terminated and others in which the principal dismisses the attorney and wishes to revoke the POA.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignright wp-image-8270 \" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screen-Shot-2018-09-05-at-2.50.22-PM-695x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"854\" /></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>i. The termination of the POA</em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" align=\"LEFT\">Article 954 of the Civil Code provides the circumstances in which a POA may be terminated, as follows:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">upon the completion of the work which was delegated;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">upon the expiration of the term of the POA;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">upon the death of the principal or his/her ceasing to have legal capacity; or</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">upon the death of the attorney or his/her ceasing to be of legal capacity.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>ii. Dismissal of the Manager and revocation of POA</em></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Generally, a principal may dismiss or restrict the powers of an attorney at its discretion, unless (i) third party rights have arisen by virtue of the POA; or (ii) if the POA was granted for the benefit of the attorney, in which case the principal may not terminate or restrict the POA without the consent of the person for whose benefit it was created. If the POA is issued in favor of the attorney, i.e,. it provides the attorney with some beneficial rights, the principal may not terminate or limit the POA without the consent of the attorney. The principal may be liable for any harm caused to the attorney as a result of termination/revocation of the POA at an inappropriate time without an acceptable reason. In practice, for the principal to dismiss an attorney (i.e. revoke the POA), the principal must sign and notarize a revocation instrument before the notary public. The revocation is then reflected in the notary public’s system and notified to the attorney by the principal by way of registered mail. The attorney must cease acting on behalf of the principal upon receipt of said notification. Even though not required by law, as a precautionary measure, principals should publish the revocation of the POA in the newspaper.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Delegations</em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Written delegations which have not been notarized may be revoked simply by written notification to the delegate.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Additional steps should be taken to revoke delegations granted to attend general assembly/board meetings, such as notifying the company concerned.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>General Assembly Resolutions</em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">General Assembly resolutions cannot be revoked or cancelled.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">They may, however, be superseded by general assembly resolution, which rectifies, alters, replaces, revokes, cancels or amends the previous partners’ resolution.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As there is no legal requirement to notarize general assembly resolutions, a notarized partners’ resolution may only be replaced/revoked by way of a notarized partners’ resolution.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As previously mentioned, managers of LLCs perform their roles through a delegation instrument which grants powers to them to manage the businesses and sign on behalf of LLCs. The most common delegation instrument is the MOA. In circumstances where the MOA does not provide such delegation, a general assembly resolution or a POA is resorted to. Determining the method of delegating powers to managers of LLCs will be dependent on the circumstances applicable to each particular case.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s corporate commercial team regularly advises on ECM, M&amp;As, and corporate commercial matters. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/sarah-tomy/\">Sarah Mohamed Tomy</a> (<a href=\"mailto:s.tomy@tamimi.com\">s.tomy@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/mohamed-khodeir/\">Mohamed Khodeir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:m.khodeir@tamimi.com\">m.khodeir@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
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	(226440,8190,'timeline_header',''),
	(226441,8190,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(226442,8190,'timeline',''),
	(226443,8190,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(226444,8190,'orderValue3','3'),
	(226445,8190,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(226446,8190,'content_header',''),
	(226447,8190,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(226448,8190,'content_description',''),
	(226449,8190,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(226450,8190,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-8242 size-full alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/August-Edition-DPS_Page_11_Image_0002.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"729\" height=\"321\" />With the modern world’s trend of adopting ‘e services’ in all forms of transactions, the Intellectual Property registries in the UAE are following suit. To this end, the UAE Trademark Office (TMO) has launched an online platform, which allows users to utilise IP services with ease and minimum time and effort. The various e-services now available with the TMO replace the previous procedures, which required submission of physical documents and applications and payment of fees in person. The TMO’s new practice will undoubtedly pave the way for a smoother and more efficient trademark registration process.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article considers the progress the TMO has made in fully developing an electronic IP service system, as well as briefly considering the e-services available with other IP authorities in the UAE.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Trademark Registrations</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Having started the online filing system at the end of 2015, the UAE Trademark Office (TMO) gradually developed its e-services to cover all the registration process by the beginning of 2018. Indeed, most of the services relating to the prosecution of trademark applications are now accessible via the internet and available electronically with the TMO as further detailed below.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After filing the trademark application online, along with submitting all particulars of the application and the electronic remittance of the official filing fees, an applicant can now also arrange for the publication of the trademark online. The applicant can pay the official publication fees through the online portal and extract the publication form for their record. Following this payment, the TMO will publish the trademark in the UAE Trademark Journal. Upon expiry of the opposition period and in the absence of an opposition, the applicant can upload copies of the publications in the official gazette and local newspapers to the online portal. The applicant can then pay the registration fees and print out the ‘e registration certificate’ immediately.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The TMO’s online system also provides an automated blocking that prevents the processing of the payment and issuance of the e-certificate in the event of a third party opposition. If the published trademark application is opposed within the prescribed time period, the new system automatically halts the application upon the TMO’s processing of such opposition. Applicants will thus come to know of the opposition even though the TMO has yet to notify them of it officially. Thus, the online system for registration of trademark has simplified the publication and opposition process considerably.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Trademark Searches</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The TMO also recently introduced an online system for trademark searches in the UAE. We anticipate that the TMO will next introduce its e-services to oppositions and counterstatements filings and appealing TMO decisions. As of April 2018, the TMO in the UAE launched the e-service for trademark searches to facilitate the conducting of official searches for availability of trademarks online. After remitting the official search fee online, the applicant can enter the search words both in English and in Arabic and the class(es) to be searched, and the search results will be available to print immediately.</p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8262\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/August-Edition-DPS_Page_12_Image_0001-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1194\" height=\"470\" />\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Trademark Renewal</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The latest development with regards to TMO’s ‘e services’ is the Ministry of Economy’s circular dated 26 June, 2018 pertaining to the launch of electronic service for renewal of trademark registrations. As per the circular, ‘e service’ for trademark registration renewals and the electronic issuance of renewal certificates are now also available. Trademark registrants can file renewal applications, pay all fees and upload the publication forms for the renewals online. Once the publications are effected and copies uploaded onto the system, the renewal certificates will issue electronically.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For using Trademark Registry’s ‘e service’, you may visit the below website:</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><a href=\"https://services.economy.ae/m/Pages/Home.aspx?lang=ar-ae\">https://services.economy.ae/m/Pages/Home.aspx?lang=ar-ae</a></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Challenges</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article will now considers certain challenges which persist in the online search system. The current system provides a search service that may cover a single word, or a combination of more than one word, numbers or alphabets. However, as with the prior non-electronic old system, the new service has yet to cover logos. Moreover, if the search is for a word or combination of words, the search results will identify only the identical word or a combination of words identical to the searched word/ words. This means that the search system currently excludes from the results those trademarks that may be similar but do not contain word(s) identical to the word(s) searched. However, if the search is for some letters or a combination of letters and numbers that do not form a word, then the system will identify any trademark that contains any of the letters or numbers searched.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The search results’ limitation to identical word(s) is indeed a shortcoming of the new online system in the UAE. However, this shortcoming is resolvable to a certain extent by varying the word(s) searched. As such, the system allows for entering the search word in different forms namely, entering singular and plural forms of the word, entering the word with different spelling etc. in the same search.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Other e-services</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similarly, it has been quite some time since the Dubai Department of Economic Development (DED) has launched an e-filing system for filing of all complaints pertaining to trademark infringements and raid actions. The DED has also recently launched an online gateway for recording registered trademarks with the DED. The online portal supports DED in conducting routine checks for any counterfeiting / infringing products and informing the trademark owners/agents about the detected counterfeits / infringements. The brand owners can then file official complaints with the DED online system in order to take action against any infringing parties. Should you require further details on the DED’s IP Portal Gateway service please do not hesitate to contact the author of this article.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Other areas of IP</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similar to the TMO, the Patent and Copyright registries in the UAE has also introduced online filing systems for the registration of Patents, Industrial Designs and Copyrights for more than a year. For further details on these systems, please do not hesitate to contact our firm’s Patent and Designs team.</p>\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/intellectual-property/\">IP team</a> regularly advises on all Intellectual Property Rights related matters. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/muhammad-ali/\">Mohammed Ali</a> (<a href=\"mailto:m.ali@tamimi.com\">m.ali@tamimi.com</a>).'),
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	(226498,8193,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignright wp-image-8225\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screen-Shot-2018-09-03-at-6.08.08-PM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"490\" height=\"656\" />In this edition of Law Update we focus on the <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/sectors/education/\">Education Sector</a> and have interesting reports from across the Middle East over a wide range of topics.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Middle East remains the number one private education market in the world. As the UAE market moves towards maturity the two most populous Middle Eastern countries- Saudi Arabia and Egypt- are preparing to enter a rapid growth phase. The number of new schools being mentioned for Saudi Arabia is simply breath-taking. The starting pistol has been fired- the new draft PPP law is hot off the press and is sure to attract huge interest (more of which later).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The higher education sector continues to draw the big names into Dubai with a few notable ‘scalps’ over the last year.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The buzzwords over the last year were ‘Vision 2030’, ‘GDPR’ and ‘fake news’. In this issue we don’t like to disappoint (although it is <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/faking-it-the-fall-out-from-the-bogus-degree-epidemic/\">fake degrees not fake news</a>).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE we look at the latest developments in respect of the <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/safeguarding-2-0/\">Child Rights Law</a> where some significant and welcome changes are imminent in the child protection space. We also delve into the ever more complicated area of educational institutions running <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/educational-institutions-in-uae-approvals-required-for-public-benefit-activities-and-fundraising/\">public benefit activities and fundraising</a>, an article not be missed by any schools or colleges thinking of running events/fundraising.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Our tax team takes a look at the <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/vat-2-0-the-story-so-far/\">implementation of VAT</a> and considerations from an education institution point of view.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the area of PPP, construction and real estate we have three articles touching upon different aspects of this. Our real estate team discuss the key issues in completing a <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/build-to-suit-education-projects/\">\"Build-to-Suit\"</a> School Project. Our construction and infrastructure team looks at <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/procurement-in-the-education-sector-in-the-middle-east/\">Procurement in the Education Sector</a> in the Middle East whilst our colleagues in Saudi Arabia discuss <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/ppp-in-ksa-education/\">PPP in KSA Education</a> and in particular the new draft PPP law which is newly announced and is a potential game-changer for investors in education in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Looking regionally our Egypt office provides an interesting insight into the <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/the-egyptian-education-sector-challenges-and-opportunities/\">Challenges of the Egyptian Education Sector</a>. It is a very exciting market and many foreign investors are investing heavily there; we have seen a large uptick in interest particularly on the international branch campus front.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Our Bahrain colleagues explore the topic of <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/establishing-foreign-higher-educational-institutions-in-bahrain/\">establishing foreign higher educational institutions</a> there. Its proximity to the Kingdom, home to the largest number of GCC students, could be the X factor.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The TMT team dares to open the Pandora’s box that is <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/how-does-gdpr-affect-the-education-sector-in-the-middle-east/\">GDPR</a>. This article will be of interest to education providers in the region with significant numbers of EU residents as students — particularly those delivering distance education programmes to such students.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Last and not least we take a look at one of the biggest education news stories of the year- fake degrees- and the co-author finds himself asking - how can I get my hands on a mail order PhD in Wizardry (with a free Order of Merlin, First Class)? He then focuses on the employment implications arising from these degree mills; employers are in a high risk group when it comes to damages indirectly caused by fake degrees.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Our colleagues in Kuwait, Oman, Jordan and our other offices continue to support education sector clients in those jurisdictions and will issue updates as they arise over the coming year.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We hope you enjoy this edition and please feel free to share any ideas for future articles or feedback generally with me at <a href=\"mailto:i.mcgettigan@tamimi.com\">i.mcgettigan@tamimi.com</a>. We also publish an email alert In the Know which covers education industry news across the Middle East and if you would like to receive it then please let us know (<a href=\"mailto:i.mcgettigan@tamimi.com\">same email address</a>).</p>'),
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	(226546,8194,'content','<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We previously looked at the <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/safeguarding-children-in-a-uae-education-context/\">UAE Child Rights Law</a> (UAE Federal Law No. 3 of 2016) and the evolving landscape in the UAE in relation to child rights and safeguarding children.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The focus of the previous article was in relation to HR issues around background checks and how to deal with issues when they arise. The focus of this article is in relation to safeguarding children generally and aims to bring readers up to speed on the latest developments in this evolving area and look at what is coming down the track.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Child Protection Units</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By way of brief recap on the Child Rights Law which was enacted in 2016. The key pillars of it are:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It enshrines the basic principle that children have the right to life and safety, and specifically provides that every child is entitled to an education.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It seeks to prevent all kinds of violence in educational institutions and to preserve children’s dignity in an education context. The law states that a child’s mental, psychological, physical or ethical safety must not be prejudiced.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The law envisages that dedicated Child Protection Units (\"CPUs\") would be established in the relevant Ministries aimed at developing and implementing child protection mechanisms.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The executive regulations to the law, which set out the details and mechanics of how it will be implemented, have not been issued yet. The regulations will determinate the competencies of the CPU’s and operating mechanisms within each ministry.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We do have an idea of what the new safeguarding regime will look like.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It is envisaged that each Ministry that has a remit for children will have a dedicated CPU within it; so for example the Ministry of Education (MOE), Ministry of Health (MOH) etc. These CPUs will deal with any safeguarding/child’s rights issues arising from institutions/schools etc that are under its remit. So education providers would naturally fall under the remit of the MOE and healthcare providers under the MOH etc.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The legislation provides for child protection specialists to carry out a significant role in relation to the implementation of the law.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8224 size-full\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/41.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1214\" height=\"372\" />&nbsp;\r\n<h2><span lang=\"EN\">“</span>Significant and welcome changes are imminent in the child protection space. The authorities are working on what appears to be well thought-out procedures and processes which will involve educational institutions becoming integrated in the framework and solution.”</h2>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Child Protection Specialists</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the major features of the law is the creation of an official child protection specialist role (\"CPS\") with sweeping powers.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We understand that it is envisaged that private entities may have a member of their own staff appointed as a CPS. So in the education space a child protection officer from a school or college could be appointed to this official role of CPS, which carries with it quasi-judicial powers including:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">perform preventive and therapeutic intervention in any case where there is a risk to the child’s health, physical, psychological, ethical or mental safety;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">power to collect evidence regarding any reported incidents;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">enter the premises where the child is present;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">take appropriate preventive measures to protect the child;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">in situations where a threat to the child’s health or safety is established, the CPS will have authority to propose to place the child temporarily in an alternative family, an association, or an appropriate social, educational or health institution;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">assistance in investigations and trials.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The CPS would receive training prior to appointment and would have the full backup and authority of the law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Without doubt this is a very significant development and will be welcomed by education providers.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Reporting</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the meantime, and prior to the establishment of the CPUs and the CPS system, schools can report any suspicions of abuse to the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry, which has remit over a wide range of functions including the police, has a dedicated child protection unit. The unit deals with child protection complaints from the general public, schools and any other sources. Contact details are as follows:</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4><em>Hotline phone number: 116 111</em></h4>\r\n<h4><em>Email address: <a href=\"mailto:childprotection@moi-cpc.gov.ae\">childprotection@moi-cpc.gov.ae</a></em></h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A complaint can be made anonymously or otherwise. The unit will then contact the child protection unit of the local police force.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Even after the establishment of the CPUs it is expected that any allegation of sexual abuse would be reported to the police directly or via the Ministry of Interior.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significant and welcome changes are imminent in the child protection space. The authorities are working on what appears to be well thought-out procedures and processes which will involve educational institutions becoming integrated in the framework and solution.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/employment-incentives/\">employment team</a> regularly advises on all aspects of the employment relationship in the UAE, in relation to the education sector and across all other sectors and industries. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/ivor-mcgettigan/\">Ivor McGettigan</a> (<a href=\"mailto:i.mcgettigan@tamimi.com\">i.mcgettigan@tamimi.com</a>).</em></p>'),
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