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	(208902,835,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Dalal Al Houti has devoted her career to international commercial dispute resolution, practicing first in Lebanon and then in Dubai. She has experience of cases conducted under the auspices of the ICC, LCIA, DIFC-LCIA, DIAC, CRCICA and the GCC Arbitration Centre.'),
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	(208912,833,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Christine is an Associate in Al Tamimi’s Corporate Structuring department who specialises in drafting all types of commercial agreements and incorporating companies and entities in different jurisdictions as well as handling all kind of day-to-day corporate activities for domestic and foreign private corporations.'),
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	(208922,832,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Christina Sochacki is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Dubai. Christina is also a member of the Healthcare Practice Group. She has extensive knowledge of the legal, regulatory, and practical environment in which healthcare business operate in the region.'),
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	(208930,831,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Christiane is a Lebanese qualified corporate and commercial lawyer and has worked on a variety of matters particularly in relation to acquisitions, concessions, licensing, commercial matters including joint ventures, franchise and distribution agreements, service agreements and corporate structuring'),
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	(208936,830,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Carla Saliba is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Dubai. Carla has been extensively involved in major M&A, Corporate restructuring family business, IPO and other capital market transactions in the UAE.'),
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	(208944,829,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Bushra is a Senior Associate in the Transport and Insurance team of Al Tamimi and Company. Her principal areas of practice include: general aviation and aviation related liability issues including baggage, cargo and personal injury and more.'),
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	(208948,827,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Bassem Zein El Dine is a Partner in the Corporate Structuring practice, Bassem is also the Head of the MAZE Tower office in Dubai. He has extensive knowledge of the penal process, labour matters and registration of commercial agencies.'),
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	(208958,826,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ashraf Mostafa is a Senior Associate in the Senior Partner’s Office practice in Dubai. Ashraf uses his wide knowledge of local laws, commercial and legal acumen and practical experience to the best of his abilities in conducting all commercial and civil litigation cases.'),
	(208960,825,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Aruna Mukherji is an Associate in our Real Estate practice. She\'s extensively involved in all aspects of real estate, including advising on landlord and tenancy disputes, property disputes, transactional due diligence, property development, commercial and residential leases.'),
	(209093,802,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sarah is a Saudi bilingual lawyer in the Corporate Commercial Department. She advises on Saudi Arabian Corporate Commercial Law including services in establishing companies and branches for national and foreign investors.'),
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	(209099,801,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Saeed Alqahtani is an Associate in the Litigation practice in Riyadh. Saeed is practicing law as an associate focusing on litigation and arbitration matters in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.'),
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	(209104,798,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Pedro Castro is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Riyadh who has 10 years of international experience providing legal advice in different areas of practice and across multiple sectors, gained in Portugal, Belgium and the Macau (China).'),
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	(209109,796,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Othman Altamimi is an Associate in the Intellectual Property practice in Riyadh. Othman is a Saudi licensed lawyer and rejoined the firm as an Associate in December 2016'),
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	(209117,794,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Omar Amery is a Senior Associate in the Litigation practice in Al Khobar. Before joining Al Tamimi and Company, Omar worked as a lawyer for many firms in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province.'),
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	(209127,793,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ohod Wasfi is an Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Jeddah. Ohod has established several international and local companies. She has experience in corporate restructuring work and corporate governance.'),
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	(209137,787,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohammed Negm is a Senior Associate in our Riyadh office. He has previously practised in Egypt. He has experience in corporate advisory, regulatory reform, legislative drafting, and Islamic finance. He also advises clients on a wide range of corporate advisory and dispute resolution matters.'),
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	(209141,786,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Meteb Khalid Alghashayan is a Senior Associate in the Litigation practice in Riyadh. Meteb has many experiences in Saudi Laws and Regulations especially in CMA Laws and Regulations, Saudi Stock Exchange Rules, Saudi Company Law, Saudi Foreign Investment Law, Labour and Litigation Law.'),
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	(209151,785,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Julie Bassi is a Senior Associate in the Jeddah office and has extensive experience in a wide range of commercial and corporate matters across multiple jurisdictions.'),
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	(209161,784,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Jonathan Reardon is Head of Office for Al Tamimi and Company’s Eastern Province office, based in Al Khobar. Jonathan is a highly experienced corporate and commercial lawyer with over 30 years of experience advising domestic and international companies in the Middle East, China and the UK.'),
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	(209169,783,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Jaber AlQadhi is an Associate in the Litigation practice in Al Khobar. Jaber has successfully represented a major US Company on brand and trademark infringement cases.'),
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	(219112,7669,'admission','2018 – State of New York\r\n\r\n2013 – Singapore'),
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	(219110,7669,'education','2016 – <em>LL.M. (Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar), </em>Columbia Law School\r\n\r\n2010 – <em>LL.B. (Hons), </em>King’s College London'),
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	(209558,722,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohamed Afifi is an Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Kuwait office. He has a considerable knowledge and expertise in the areas of commercial, companies, agencies, trademarks, civil, procedural, CMA, tax, and labour laws'),
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	(209568,721,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohamed Abdel-Hamed is an Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Kuwait. Mohamed is an experienced bilingual corporate lawyer, having gained his expertise from working in Kuwait and across key hubs in the GCC.'),
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	(209578,720,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Karim Marouny is a Senior Associate in the Litigation practice in Kuwait office. He specializes in civil, commercial and Labor cases. He gained valuable experience before courts in the Middle East. He primarily focuses on shipping, aviation, inland transportation and insurance matters.'),
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	(209584,719,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ashraf Hendi is an Associate in the Banking & Finance practice in Kuwait. He has many years of transactional and advisory experience and works on a broad range of bilateral and syndicated loan facilities.'),
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	(209594,718,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Antigoni Filippopoulou is a Senior Associate of the Corporate Commercial practice in Kuwait.She has in excess of 10 years of working experience in contentious and not contentious matters, having covered a wealth of areas such as corporate law, commercial law, civil and employment law.'),
	(209596,717,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Alex Saleh is a Partner and the Head of Private Equity, with over 20 years of both MENA and US experience, he has accumulated sizable expertise in the areas of banking & finance, mergers & acquisitions and large-scale infrastructure projects.'),
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	(209600,716,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ahmed is the Head of Dispute Resolution and Transport & Insurance at Al Tamimi & Company and is located in the Kuwait office. He is able to handle all legal procedures including preparing and reviewing commercial documents and written pleadings, as well as drafting and reviewing claim writs and memorandums.'),
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	(209720,705,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Nicola de Sylva is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Qatar. Nicola has over 12 years experience working in all areas of corporate commercial law. She has assisted clients in a wide range of commercial contracts.'),
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	(209727,704,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Murad Sawalha is an Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Qatar. He\'s involved in various transactions including share acquisitions; advice on commercial agency, consumer protection, competition law; telecommunications; corporate law, property law, product recalls and regulatory practices.'),
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	(209742,703,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Muhammad Mitha is an Associate in the Banking & Finance practice in Qatar. Since joining Al Tamimi, he has advised local clients including Qatar National Bank, The Commercial Bank, Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank, Qatar Islamic Bank, Union National Bank, Qatar Rail and other foreign clients on financial transactions.'),
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	(209752,702,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Kamaljit is a Senior Associate in the Employment practice of the Qatar office. Kamaljit has worked in the Middle East for more than five years. She advises clients based in Qatar and the Middle East region on a broad range of contentious and non-contentious employment issues.'),
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	(209760,701,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Dr. Hazem is a qualified Senior Associate counsel for arbitration and litigation disputes in Qatar office. He is focused on handling complex disputes in relation to various areas such as Telecommunications, Construction, Oil & Gas, Investment, Corporate, Maritime and many more.'),
	(209762,700,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Dispute Resolution team in Qatar is led by partner Hani Al Naddaf, who is a senior litigation lawyer with over 23 years’ experience in his field of expertise. He leads a top-tier ranked team, in the areas of both dispute resolution, and in projects, real estate and construction in Qatar.'),
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	(209766,698,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Frank Lucente is a Partner in the Corporate Commercial practice of the Qatar office. Frank has had a wide exposure to all manner of corporate commercial transactions as well as having had experience in trusts and taxation.'),
	(209768,697,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Dina deals with all aspects of banking and finance including real estate and development financing, asset finance, asset-based lending, Islamic finance, project finance, corporate finance and trade finance.'),
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	(209778,695,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Diana Abu Al Adel is an Associate in the Intellectual Property practice in Qatar. Diana is also a member of the Healthcare group. Diana is a qualified lawyer in Jordan. She is advising on various IP related matters.'),
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	(209784,692,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ahmed is a Partner and Head of the Corporate Structuring practice in Qatar. He advises primarily on Corporate Structuring matters and on related Qatari Corporate Commercial law, and has worked for the firm for just over 11 years.'),
	(209786,691,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Possessing over 10 years’ experience in disputes, Ahmed has extensive experience in a wide range of matters before the courts of Qatar. He possesses procedural expertise and is well acquainted with litigation procedure in Qatar.'),
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	(209792,688,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Zeina Al Nabih is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Jordan. She has over 9 years of transactional and advisory experience and works on a wide range of mergers and acquisitions and banking matters in both Jordan and Iraq.'),
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	(209802,681,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Shadi Almbaidin is an Associate in the Litigation practice in Al Tamimi & Company. He is majorly involved with preparing statement of claims and statements of defence, responding to memos, defending the clients and attending court hearing from all kinds.'),
	(209804,680,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Samer is a Partner at Al Tamimi & Company and has played an integral part in the growth of the Litigation practice in the Amman office. Samer has experience in all aspects of the litigation including representing local and international clients.'),
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	(209942,607,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Raj Pahuja is the Head of Corporate Commercial practice in Bahrain. Raj is also a member of the Sports and Event Management, Healthcare, Projects, Rail and Hotels & Leisure groups. Raj advises on a wide range of commercial matters.'),
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	(209950,606,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Rad is a senior associate in our Bahrain office. Rad qualified as a solicitor in England and Wales in 2005 before working in large UK regional and boutique practices. Thereafter Rad worked for leading local counsel in Qatar advising both on corporate commercial and major project financing matters.'),
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	(209960,604,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Noor Abbas Ahmed is a Senior Associate in the Litigation practice in Bahrain. Noor have assisted in the incorporations of a vast multitude of corporate entities and advising them in relation to compliance and regulatory matters, as well as, providing them with the necessary guidance.'),
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	(210196,561,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Saifedin Nagar is a Senior Associate in the Litigation practice in Abu Dhabi. Saifedin is now a member of Al Tamimi and Company’s Litigation department.'),
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	(210338,524,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','El-Ameir Noor is a litigation specialist with experience in civil, commercial and criminal law. El-Ameir Noor joined Al Tamimi & Company’s Litigation department in 1996. He handles major litigation issues and provides legal advisory and consultation for various local and international clients.'),
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	(213267,7395,'content','<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Half-day event held in partnership with JLL and PwC explores growing investment opportunities in KSA education in line with Vision 2030 </em></p>\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company, the largest law firm in the Middle East, hosted a half-day workshop on Sunday, 06 May 2018, exploring investment opportunities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s education sector as part of growing privatization and Public Private Partnership (PPP)-focused reforms in-line with Vision 2030. The event was held in partnership with JLL, a leading professional services firm specialising in real estate and investment management, alongside PwC, one of the largest professional services firms globally.\r\n\r\nAs Saudi Arabia undergoes extensive business, economic and social developments, Al Tamimi &amp; Company has launched a series of events to increase awareness on best practices related to legal compliance for individuals and businesses looking to invest in the Kingdom, including the recently concluded bespoke forum held under the theme of “Foreign Investments in KSA – The Road to Vision 2030”.\r\n\r\nThe workshop provided a forum for industry leaders to discuss growing opportunities and the importance of the changing legal framework in enabling foreign direct investments, PPPs and privatization within the education sector. Increased avenues for privatization are anticipated to improve educational facilities within the Kingdom which will in turn further enable young Saudis looking to contribute towards the Kingdom’s economic growth.\r\n\r\nPanel participants included: Basim K Ibrahim, Investment Development Manager – Education &amp; Training, SAGIA; Sherif Selim, Managing Director, SEDCO Capital; Dr. Nawaf Almoosa, Deputy Director &amp; Head of Infrastructure Research, EBTIC; Rania Hadi, Head of Education, Google; and Prof.  Nihel Chabrak, UAE GEM Team Leader.\r\n\r\nThe workshop included two panel sessions and three industry presentations which featured insights from Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s legal experts, in addition to renowned consultants and business leaders with specialized commentary on investment opportunities in the Kingdom’s education sector. These prominent figures discussed growing investments into real estate assets in education, investor perspectives on barriers and enablers alongside promoting innovation and entrepreneurship in KSA through education and investment opportunities within the sector.\r\n\r\nCommenting on the event, Ivor McGettigan, Partner and Head of Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Education Sector, said: <em>“Al Tamimi &amp; Company has over 10 years’ experience in the Kingdom and has grown to establish a deep-rooted understanding of the legal and legislative developments to support clients across various sectors, one of which is education. The revitalization of the education sector through foreign direct investments and PPP structures is one of the core pillars of Vision 2030. Through workshops held in collaboration with industry leaders, such as JLL and PwC, we hope to bring greater clarity to individuals and organizations that are actively seeking to participate in the Kingdom’s transformation through investments in this vital sector.”</em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFor further information, please contact:\r\n\r\nIvor McGettigan\r\nPartner, Head of Education Sector\r\nE <a href=\"mailto:i.mcgettigan@tamimi.com\">i.mcgettigan@tamimi.com</a>'),
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	(213381,7401,'content','Al Tamimi &amp; Company (“<strong>Al Tamimi</strong>”) are pleased to announce that our Intellectual Property team successfully supported Liverpool football star, Mohamed Salah, in his infringement dispute with the Egyptian FA.\r\n\r\nMohamed has led the Egyptian national team to their first World Cup in 28 years, and received numerous awards as one of football’s finest. However, all image rights of Mohamed are waved to MS Commercial (Cayman) LTD. Accordingly, his Agent, Ramy Abbas, on behalf of MS Commercial, contacted Al Tamimi when the dispute erupted in March, whereby a large-scale image of Mohamed appeared on the side of Egypt’s team plane for the Russia World Cup 2018.\r\n\r\nThe image was provided by the Egyptian national team’s official World Cup sponsor, Presentation Sports, who executed marketing deals based on the image rights with Egypt Air and many others, to which the EFA approved, without any prior consultation or consent given by Mohamed.\r\n\r\nOmar Obeidat, Partner &amp; Head of Al Tamimi’s Intellectual Property practice, added: <em>“Because of our team’s regional presence and strong expertise in this field, we were pleased to swiftly and effectively resolve this issue for Mohamed in Egypt. Our team have been extremely busy in the sports sector in relation to IP infringement matters this year and are also delighted to have been selected, once again, as IP legal counsel to FIFA for to the upcoming World Cup in Russia – we look forward to the games!”</em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFor further information or enquiries, please contact:\r\n\r\n<strong>Omar Obeidat</strong>\r\n\r\nPartner, Head of Intellectual Property\r\n\r\n<a href=\"mailto:o.obeidat@tamimi.com\">o.obeidat@tamimi.com</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Hassane H. El Sheref</strong>\r\n\r\nSenior Associate, Intellectual Property\r\n\r\n<a href=\"mailto:h.h.elsheref@tamimi.com\">h.h.elsheref@tamimi.com</a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is the largest law firm in the Middle East with 17 offices across 9 countries. The firm has unrivalled experience, having operated in the region for over 25 years. Our lawyers combine international experience and qualifications with expert regional knowledge and understanding.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi’s Intellectual Property (IP) practice comprises specialised lawyers including experienced trademark, patent and design professionals. Our lawyers routinely handle many of the most significant IP matters in the Middle East, representing major global and regional brands.\r\n\r\nThe IP Department’s full service capability and the strength of our regional footprint ensure that we provide our clients with contentious and non-contentious services on a multi-jurisdictional basis. A large number of our international clients call on us to manage their IP protection and enforcement throughout the region, while we also work closely with our regional clients to manage their IP rights globally.'),
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	(213438,7403,'content','This website is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6<sup>th</sup> Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any information provided via this website.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li><strong>COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may collect information from you through your use of the website <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi\">www.tamimi.com</a>, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personally identifiable information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\nYou can ask us for a copy of the information we hold about you, and you can also ask us to correct any incorrect information that we hold about you, so that it is accurate and up-to-date. If you would like to make a request of this nature, please contact <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n 	<li><strong>PURPOSES</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n\r\n(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.\r\n\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this link: <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/find-us/subscribe/\">http://localhost:8888/tamimi/find-us/subscribe/</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:crm@benthamscience.com\">crm@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n 	<li><strong>SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) - or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. In relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n<ol start=\"5\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n 	<li><strong>INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n<ol start=\"7\">\r\n 	<li><strong>COOKIES</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer\'s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n<ol start=\"8\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n<ol start=\"9\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal data, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;'),
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	(213493,7405,'content','On the 24<sup>th</sup> of April 2018, the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia approved the Commercial Mortgage Law (the “<strong>Law</strong>”) issued by Royal Decree No. (M/86) dated 24 April 2018.\r\n\r\nThe following are the key issues covered under the Law:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>the Law permits the creation of security over future assets, this will facilitate the creation of security over inventory and stock, cash in current accounts, future receivables and book debts etc enabling appropriate security structures for working capital financing.</li>\r\n 	<li>Registration is required at the Unified Registry of Commercial Pledges (the “<strong>Registry</strong>”) in order for the pledge to be valid against third parties. If a special registry is set up for a particular type of asset (e.g. General Authority of Civil Aviation for aircraft) then registration of the pledge at that registry would satisfy the registration requirement under the Law.</li>\r\n 	<li>A possessory pledge over unregistered movables (e.g. commodities) is possible. However, if the pledge is to take the form of a ‘Floating Pledge’ registration at the Registry is required. A ‘Floating Pledge’ is defined in the Law as “<em>a pledge that is created over Movable Property without the precise elements of such Movable Property being determined.</em>”</li>\r\n 	<li>It is possible to pledge bank accounts including all present and future balances in the bank account provided that the pledge contract is registered at the Registry.</li>\r\n 	<li>It is possible to create more than one pledge on the same pledged asset. A registered pledgee shall have priority over an unregistered pledgee. Among unregistered pledgees, the pledgee that has possession over the pledged asset shall have priority. If there is more than one registered pledge, the pledgee with the earliest date of registration will have priority.</li>\r\n 	<li>The Law introduces the concept of a pledge over a ‘Commercial Business’. This will include all elements of the business, including all movable assets (tangible and intangible) excluding inventory offered for sale by the business.</li>\r\n 	<li>Summary proceedings for enforcement of the pledge are set out in the Law.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe Law has been published in the Official Gazette on the 24<sup>th</sup> of April 2018 and came into force and effect since the date of publication according to Article (47). The executive regulations of the law have been issued by the Minister of Commerce &amp; Investment and published in the Official Gazette on the 27<sup>th</sup> of April 2018 and became into force and effect as well.\r\n\r\nA more detailed article on the Law will be published shortly.'),
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	(213546,7406,'biography','Omar Alhumaid is an Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Riyadh.\r\n\r\nOmar is a Saudi qualified lawyer, prior to joining Al Tamimi and Company Omar has completed his training with DLA Piper. He was part of the Corporate team involved in advising national and multinational companies and foreign investors.'),
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	(213599,7408,'biography','Mohamed El Dessouky is professional lawyer who had been graduated since 1998, Prior to joining Al Tamimi &amp; Company; Mohamed was a Legal Counsel at the Egyptian State Lawsuits Authority where he represented the interests of the state in numerous cases before the national, international courts and arbitral tribunals. Now and as a member at the litigation department of Al Tamimi &amp; Company, Mohamed is handling all aspects of litigation cases which vary from the initial instructions from our clients, case strategizing, collecting evidence, drafting and filing statement of claims and defense memorandum up to the follow-ups on the attendance before the UAE courts to oversee the conduct of the case so as to ensure the efficient handling of all cases. As many of the clients are non-Arabic speaking, Mohamed acts as the point of contact between them, the national courts, and other local authorities.'),
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	(213653,7410,'content','As you may well be aware, the European Union (EU) has introduced new legislation on the protection of personal data - the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR will come into effect on 25 May 2018, and businesses in Europe are frantically trying to get their houses in order, so that their processing of personal data relating to identifiable natural persons is compliant with the legal requirements.\r\n\r\nBecause of the expanded territorial scope of the GDPR, businesses based outside the EU – including businesses in the Middle East - will need to comply with the GDPR in some circumstances.\r\n\r\n<strong>Which non-EU businesses are caught under the GDPR?</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR applies to non-EU entities that are ‘controllers’ and ‘processors’ processing personal data of individuals who are in the EU, if the processing activities relate to:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>the offering of goods or services to data subjects in the EU; or</li>\r\n 	<li>the monitoring of the behaviour of data subjects, where such behaviour is in the EU.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<strong>GDPR’s indirect application to non-EU businesses</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR provisions will also apply indirectly to non-EU businesses that have agreements under which they carry out data processing activities on behalf of an EU business. An EU data controller is expressly required by the GDPR to have a contract with a data processor - whether or not the processor is located in the EU - that stipulates certain prescribed matters.\r\n\r\n<strong>Obligations on non-EU businesses in relation to international transfers</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR restricts the transfer of personal data to recipients in countries outside the European Economic Area (EEA) unless particular conditions are met. The restrictions are intended to prevent the level of protection provided by the GDPR from being ‘watered down’ or undermined when personal data is transferred to other countries that do not offer the same level of protection to personal data.\r\n\r\n<strong>Penalties</strong>\r\n\r\nThe fines for non-compliance with the GDPR can be very significant, and depend on the specific article of the GDPR that has been breached. In addition to administrative fines, the supervisory authorities can also impose a range of corrective measures or sanctions. These include imposing a temporary or permanent ban on data processing; ordering the rectification, restriction or erasure of data; and suspending data transfers to third countries. Separately, the GDPR also gives individuals the right to claim compensation directly from the controller or processor for damages suffered due to an infringement of the GDPR.\r\n\r\n<strong>Appointment of an EU representative</strong>\r\n\r\nIn certain circumstances, there may even be an obligation on an entity operating outside the EU to appoint an EU representative to act as a point of contact for the EU personal data subjects and regulators on all issues relation to personal data processing.\r\n\r\n<strong>What to do?</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR is a complex area of legal compliance, with ramifications for all companies who have activities in the EU, irrespective of whether their operations are actually based within the EU or elsewhere.\r\n\r\nBy 25 May 2018  all non-EU businesses should have determined:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>whether they fall within the scope of the GDPR;</li>\r\n 	<li>whether any operational and/or technical measures will have to be implemented in the business in order to comply with the GDPR;</li>\r\n 	<li>whether their cross-border/intra-group personal data transfers are compliant with the GDPR or whether they might wish to adopt binding corporate rules; and</li>\r\n 	<li>whether an EU representative needs to be appointed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThis does not mean it is too late to consider and address data protection compliance, including whether the GDPR applies to your business. If there is any likelihood that GDPR affects your business, we suggest that you address the risk as a matter of priority.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/technology-media-telecommunications/\"><em>Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications</em> practice</a> regularly handles matters involving data protection compliance, data breach notifications, and other issues relating to the digital economy. For further information, please contact <a href=\"mailto:S.Davies@tamimi.com\">Stuart Davies</a> or <a href=\"http://feedback.tamimi.com/_f2e28270458749b8ae09c075da536c6d/N.Oconnell@tamimi.com\">Nick O’Connell</a>.'),
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	(214293,7450,'content_header',''),
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	(214297,7450,'content','<img class=\"alignright wp-image-7539 size-large\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/shutterstock_704715226-1-399x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"1024\" />\r\n\r\nThe UAE Civil Transaction Code (“CTC”) provides in article (890) that the main contractor may sub-contract the construction contract, in whole, or in part, unless otherwise agreed in the construction contract. However, this article highlights that the main contractor, and not the subcontractor, will remain liable towards the employer.\r\n\r\nThis article does not differentiate between the domestic subcontractors whom being selected and appointed by the main contractors, and the nominated subcontractors whom being selected or nominated by the employers or the consultants.\r\n\r\nTherefore, the question now whether, or not, the UAE local courts recognize the difference between these two types of the subcontractors, and thus, the main contractors’ liability regarding the subcontractors’ defaults, as per article (890) of the UAE CTC, may not be applicable, if the subcontractors are nominated subcontractors. We will answer this question throughout the following case study.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Background of case</strong>\r\n\r\nAn employer (“Employer”) entered into a construction contract (“Contract”) with a main contractor (“Main Contractor”) to construct a building, in Dubai, consisting of a basement floor, ground floor, and a further seven floors (“Project”). The construction period set out in the Contract was (365) day. The Contract imposed a delay penalty on the Main Contractor for each day in delay, with a cap of (10%) of the value of the Contract. The Contract empowered the Employer and/or the consultant (“Engineer”) to nominate subcontractors (“Nominated Subcontractors”) to execute certain provisional sum items of the Contract. However, the Main Contractor signed the subcontract agreements with the Nominated Subcontractors after the Engineer and/or the Employer nominated them.\r\n\r\nThe completion date of the Project was delayed, and therefore, the Employer retained monies owing to the Main Contractor by applying the contracted delay penalty. The Main Contractor submitted a claim to the Engineer, for extension of time since the delay occurred in the Project was contributed by the Nominated Subcontractors, and thus the Main Contractor requested to release the value of the delay penalty and to calculate the prolongation costs allegedly owed to the Main Contractor. The Engineer rejected the Main Contractor’s claim.\r\n\r\nThe Employer filed a case against the Main Contractor to establish the Main Contractor’s delay in completing the Project, and thus, to establish the Employer’s right to retain the value of the delay penalty. Meanwhile, the Main Contractor filed a counterclaim against the Employer to claim for the payment of the sums retained by the Employer in respect of the delay penalty, prolongation costs, as the Nominated Subcontractors were responsible for the Project’s delay.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Court of First Instance</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Court of First Instance appointed an engineering expert to establish whether the Project completion date was delayed, or not, and if so, to identify who was responsible for the delay, the exact period of delay, and the due compensation, if any.\r\n\r\nThe Court-appointed expert prepared a report, in which the expert highlighted that the Project’s completion date was delayed because of the Nominated Subcontractors, and accordingly the Employer did not have the right to apply the delay penalty to the detriment of the Main Contractor. The expert further pointed out that the Main Contractor was owed AED 937,434.00 for work done, which the Employer retained based on its unjustified claim to apply the delay penalty on the Main Contractor. The expert did not calculate the prolongation costs claimed by the Main Contractor.\r\n\r\nThe Employer objected to the result of the expert’s report, and argued that the expert should not release the Main Contractor from the liability of the Project’s delay. The Main Contractor also objected to the report, and argued that the Court-appointed expert should have had calculated the prolongation costs that the Main Contractor suffered due to the Nominated Subcontractors’ delay.\r\n\r\nConsequently, the Court remitted the case file, including the objections raised by the Employer and the Main Contractor regarding the expert’s report, to the appointed expert for his response.\r\n\r\nThe expert prepared a supplementary report, in which he asserted the validity of the result of its first report, except the Main Contractor’s entitlement for the claimed prolongation costs, which was not calculated in the first report. The expert added in its supplementary report that the Main Contractors should be entitled for an additional amount of AED 351,142.00 as a prolongation costs.\r\n\r\nThe Court of First Instance issued its judgment, in which the Court rejected the Employer’s case, as the Nominated Subcontractors were responsible for the Project’s delay. Meanwhile, the Court accepted part of the Main Contractor’s claim against the Employer, which is the outstanding amount of AED 937,434.00 that was retained by the Employer against the delay penalty.\r\n\r\nThus, the Court of First Instance did not allow the Employer to apply the delay penalty on the Main Contractor, as it determined that the Nominated Subcontractors were responsible for the Project’s delay. The Court did not award the Main Contractor its claimed prolongation costs.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Appeal Court</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Employer filed an appeal, and requested the Appeal Court to withhold the judgment issued by the Court of First Instance, based on the Main Contractor’s liability for the Nominated Subcontractors’ delay, as the Main Contractor was the party who contracted with the Nominated Subcontractors, even though the nomination for those Nominated Subcontractors was initiated by the Engineer. The Employer further argued that the Main Contractor was responsible for supervising the Nominated Subcontractors’ work, and there was no contractual relationship between the Employer and those Nominated Subcontractors. Therefore, the Employer asserted to the Appeal Court that the Main Contractor should pay the delay penalty to the Employer.\r\n\r\nThe Main Contractor filed an appeal, and requested the Appeal Court to amend the judgment issued by the Court of First Instance in respect of its rejection of the prolongation costs claim, and thus the Main Contractor requested the Appeal Court to add the prolongation costs to the amount awarded by the Court of First Instance.\r\n\r\nThe Appeal Court issued its judgment, in which it rejected the Employer’s appeal, and accepted the Main Contractor’s appeal, and therefore amended the judgment issued by the Court of First Instance by adding the prolongation costs in an amount of AED 352,142.00 to the amount awarded to the Main Contractor. The Appeal Court determined that the Nominated Subcontractors’ delay was due to the Engineer’s delay in nominating them, although the Main Contractor requested the Engineer several times to nominate those Nominated Subcontractors to avoid any delay in the Project’s completion date.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Cassation Court</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Employer filed a cassation appeal, and requested the Dubai Cassation Court to withhold the judgment issued by the Appeal Court, based on article (890) of the UAE CTC, which stipulates that the Main Contractor is liable towards the Employer, for the subcontractors’ defaults, including the subcontractors’ delay. The Employer asserted to the Cassation Court that the Appeal Court misapplied the law when it relieved the Main Contractor of the Nominated Subcontractors’ delay, and accordingly, awarded the Main Contractor compensation (i.e. prolongation costs) for the delay occurred in the Project. The Employer reiterated its arguments related to the non-existence of any contractual relationship between the Employer and the Nominated Subcontractors, as the Main Contractor is the party who contracted with them, and therefore these subcontractors should be considered as domestic subcontractors, and not Nominated Subcontractors, even though the nomination of those subcontractors came from the Engineer. In addition, the Employer argued again that the Main Contractor was supervising the work of the Nominated Subcontractors, and accordingly should be liable for their delay.\r\n\r\nThe Dubai Cassation Court issued its judgment number (266/2008), in which it held that article (890) of the UAE CTC is applicable to the domestic subcontractors selected by, and contracted with the main contractor. The Cassation Court held that article (890) of the UAE CTC is not applicable to nominated subcontractors, even though the main contractor is the party who contracted with them, as long as the consultant and/or the employer nominated them to the main contractor.\r\n\r\nThe Cassation Court further pointed out that the employers are responsible for any default may occur by their nominated subcontractors, even where they were nominated by the engineer.\r\n\r\nTherefore, the Cassation Court rejected the Employer’s cassation appeal.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Conclusion</strong>\r\n\r\nAlthough article (890) of the UAE CTC does not differentiate between domestic subcontractors and nominated subcontractors (nominated by the consultant and/or the employer), the UAE local courts do differentiate between these two types of subcontractors.\r\n\r\nArticle (890) of the UAE CTC is not applicable to the nominated subcontractors, as long as the consultant and/or the employer nominated them to the main contractors, even though their contracts are with the main contractor.\r\n\r\nThe main contractors should not be responsible for the defaults of the nominated subcontractors, unless the main contractors contributed to these defaults.\r\n\r\n<em>For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/ahmad-ghoneim/\">Ahmad Ghoneim</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.ghoneim@tamimi.com\">a.ghoneim@tamimi.com</a>).</em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7481\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/shutterstock_462975721_Crop-300x79.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"525\" />'),
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	(214348,7451,'content','On 14 February 2018, the Dubai Court of Cassation issued a judgment (Dubai Property Appeal 402 of 2017) in relation to a claim brought by an investor for the return of payments made towards a land purchase after the termination of a sale and purchase agreement (the Agreement).\r\n\r\nIn most cases involving the termination of sale and purchase agreements, the courts typically do not award damages if title to the land is returned to the original owner. This is on the basis that the contracting parties have been reinstated to their former positions with all contractual agreements, obligations and representations between them extinguished. If restoration is impossible, compensation may be ordered pursuant to Article 274 of the Civil Transactions Law.\r\n\r\nThis case is unique as the seller’s land was returned to him and he was awarded damages representing the loss of opportunity and loss of profit in the failed sale. The court held that the seller was deprived of the opportunity to exploit the property and benefit from the price over the term of the contract. The Agreement notably contained an option of conditionality which allowed either party (the buyer or the seller) to elect to confirm or cancel the contract in the event of default by the other party. The Court of Cassation examined this term in its judgment.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>The Dispute</strong>\r\n\r\nThe parties entered into the Agreement for the sale of a parcel of land. The Agreement provided that the seller may, at any time and without notice, terminate the Agreement immediately if any of the buyer’s post-dated cheques were dishonoured, whereupon title in the land would revert back to the seller. The Agreement further provided that the seller would have the right to retain 10% of the amount already paid but was obliged to return the balance of the funds transferred and the advance payment to the buyer after selling the property.\r\n\r\nThe seller terminated the Agreement after the buyer (an investor) breached its payment terms. The buyer was unable to pay the instalments and accordingly, the seller withdrew title and terminated the Agreement. When the buyer requested the return of the amounts paid (less the 10% deduction stipulated in the contract), the seller refused. The buyer argued that the return of AED 7,687,000 plus interest (the balance remaining after the 10% deduction) was conditional upon selling the plot, a matter which the buyer said the seller had disclosed no facts about. The buyer commenced a claim in the Dubai Courts against the seller, demanding repayment. The seller counterclaimed, alleging that it was owed AED 19,613,080.00 as compensation for damages incurred as a result of the buyer’s breach of contract, plus 9% interest from the contractual due date. The figure of AED 19,613,080 was calculated as the damage due to the seller’s loss of opportunity to exploit the property or to benefit from the sale price over the course of more than 6 years\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>The Dubai Court’s findings</strong>\r\n\r\nHaving lost at first instance and in the Dubai Court of Appeal, the seller appealed to the Dubai Court of Cassation.\r\n\r\nThe Court found that it had full discretion to interpret contracts in conformity with the intention of the concerned parties, having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case. However, the Court acknowledged that it must not go beyond the plain meaning of the contract. It followed that the Agreement contained an option of conditionality in favour of the seller.\r\n\r\nPursuant to Articles 218, 219, 221, 222, 224 of the Civil Transactions Law, a contract shall be non-binding on one or both of the parties, despite being otherwise valid and effective, if it included a term that allowed either party to terminate at will, without mutual consent or litigation. Each party may act unilaterally in cancelling the agreement if, by its nature, the contract was non-binding on that party or there was a condition in that party’s favour creating the right to cancel.\r\n\r\nIn binding contracts that are capable of being cancelled, the Court of Cassation found it was permissible for the contracting parties individually or both to make it a condition in the contract or thereafter that the party or parties should enjoy the benefit of the option of conditionality in their individual favour for the period agreed between the parties.\r\n\r\nIf they could not agree on a particular period, it was permissible for the judge to determine that period in accordance with custom. The person having the benefit of the option of conditionality has the right to cancel or to affirm the contract. If he elects to confirm the contract, it becomes binding with retroactive effect on the date on which it was made. If he elects to cancel it, the contract shall be cancelled, without mutual consent or litigation, and deemed void ab initio.\r\n\r\nThe Court further held that:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>If the contracting parties have the advantage of the option of conditionality and one of them elects to cancel the contract, the contract shall be cancelled notwithstanding that the other may have affirmed.</li>\r\n 	<li>On cancellation of a contract, each party has to return to the other what it received under the contract and compensation would be payable to the party affected by the cancellation.</li>\r\n 	<li>In contractual liability, the obligor’s fault is its failure, breach, or delay in performance of its contractual obligations.</li>\r\n 	<li>Three elements are necessary to engage contractual liability: fault, damage, and causation such that the lack of any one element would negate liability entirely.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe Court held that, in this case, the provisions regarding the option of conditionality in the Civil Transactions Law applied as opposed to the provisions regarding dissolution of contracts (also in the Civil Transactions Law). The court also examined whether there was any negligence on the part of the buyer that gave rise to liability in contract.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>The Importance of the Judgment</strong>\r\n\r\nThe judgment is important as it highlights the nature of contracts where one or both parties have the option to resile from a contract during a specified period. A contract subject to the option of conditionality is a non-binding contract with regard to the person who has the option to stop the contract proceeding. For the party who doesn’t have the right to exercise the option of conditionality, the contract is binding on him. Such contracts are effective but non-binding. They are effective because they have been validly concluded and the contract gives rise to all of its effects, but it is a non-binding contract because one of the contracting parties can cancel the contract on his own. Therefore, the seller was able to terminate the contract without paying damages for wrongful termination.\r\n\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company represented the successful claimant before the Dubai courts. Our litigation team regularly advises on real estate and construction disputes related to the For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/mohammad-al-muhtaseb/\">Mohammad Al Muhtaseb </a>(<a href=\"mailto:m.almuhtaseb@tamimi.com\">m.almuhtaseb@tamimi.com</a>).</em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-7482 alignleft\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Screen-Shot-2018-06-03-at-4.27.27-PM-300x67.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"445\" />'),
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	(214408,7452,'content_header',''),
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	(214412,7452,'content','<em><img class=\"wp-image-7487 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_776436838.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"648\" /></em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em>The UAE Cabinet issued Resolution (“Resolution”) no. 4 of 2018 Forming the Financial Restructuring Committee (“FRC”) pursuant to UAE Federal Law No. 9 of 2016 (“Bankruptcy Law”).</em>\r\n\r\nIn this article, we will highlight the important developments brought by the Resolution, especially in respect of Financial Restructuring of Financial Institutions and the introduction of bankruptcy searches to the UAE.\r\n\r\nThe Resolution was published in the UAE Federal Official Gazette 627 dated 28 February 2018 and it came into effect on the following day (the “Effective Date”). Issued pursuant to Chapter 2 of the Bankruptcy Law, the Resolution regulates the governance, authority and functions of the FRC.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Structure of the FRC and Governance</strong>\r\n\r\nThe FRC is composed of 9 members, representing a number of Ministries (Finance, Economy and Justice), Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah) and authorities (the UAE Central Bank and the Securities and Commodities Authority), including the Chairman, the Deputy Minister of Finance. The FRC would meet by invitation of the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman and at least once every 4 months. It will also have its own secretariat and may set up sub-committees to carry out specific tasks or functions.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Main Functions of the FRC</strong>\r\n\r\nA. The Resolution sets out the main functions of the FRC as follows:Supervising financial restructuring (“Financial Restructuring”) procedures of financial institutions\r\n\r\nThis function is perhaps the most important task given to the FRC under the Resolution. According to the Resolution, Banks and financial institutions licensed in the UAE (“Financial Institutions”) that are facing current or projected financial difficulties may submit an application to the FRC, requesting its assistance with the financial restructuring of such institution. The Financial Restructuring is a procedure that comes before the preventative composition and bankruptcy procedures prescribed in the Bankruptcy Law. It is a special procedure to protect Financial Institutions given their size, importance and effect on the national economy.\r\n\r\nIf the application is accepted, the FRC appoints an expert who will:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Assess the economic and financial status of the Financial Institution.</li>\r\n 	<li>Facilitate a consensual agreement between the Financial Institution and its creditors and any of its contractors.</li>\r\n 	<li>Provide the Financial Institution with proposals in order to continue its business and retain its employees.</li>\r\n 	<li>Submit monthly reports to keep the FRC informed of the progress of financial restructuring procedure.</li>\r\n 	<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Any other tasks assigned by the FRC.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAccording to the Resolution, during Financial Restructuring, the obligation of Financial Institutions to file bankruptcy pursuant to Part IV of the Bankruptcy Law shall be suspended.\r\n\r\nThe status of the Financial Institution must not be contrary to any of the following categories, to submit an application for Financial Restructuring:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>The Financial Institution shall not be in breach of the bankruptcy tests set out in the Bankruptcy Law. This is similar to the preconditions of a debtor entering into a preventative composition.</li>\r\n 	<li>The Financial Institution shall not be subject to preventative composition or bankruptcy procedures.</li>\r\n 	<li>The Financial Institution has not been subject to Financial Restructuring during the year preceding the date of application.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nB. Establishing and organizing a registry of the persons who are subject to bankruptcy court rulings pursuant to the provisions of the Bankruptcy Law.\r\n\r\nAnother very important development brought by the Resolution is that the FRC shall create and maintain a registry of individuals and entities that are subject to restrictions or legal incapacity ordered by the court, pursuant to the provisions of the Bankruptcy Law. The FRC will also determine the requirements, form, data, and the persons having the right to access the registry.\r\n\r\nIf the registry becomes publicly available it will introduce bankruptcy searches to the UAE for the first time. This will help lenders and financial institutions to better assess the financial status of their borrowers. However, it is not clear whether the registry will include individuals and entities that are still under financial restructuring, preventative composition or bankruptcy procedures. According to the Resolution, we understand that the registry will only contain those individuals and entities that were declared bankrupt already.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Other functions of the FRC</strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>Registering and approving the list of financial restructuring and bankruptcy experts.\r\nThe FRC will set out the requirements for the registration of experts that will be appointed pursuant to the Bankruptcy Law and the Resolution. The FRC will also supervise the Experts in relation the work assigned to them in accordance with the provisions of Bankruptcy Law, in coordination with the UAE Ministry of Justice or the local authorities in the Emirates having jurisdiction.</li>\r\n 	<li>Setting a schedule of the fees and expenses of the appointed Experts.\r\nAs per the Resolution, the Expert’s fees and expenses are to be borne by the Financial Institution. Those fees and expenses are to be regulated by the FRC.</li>\r\n 	<li>Submitting periodic reports to the Minister of Finance on its work, achievements and proposals.</li>\r\n 	<li>Forming one or more sub-committee(s) from its members to carry out specific duties falling within the FRC’s functions.</li>\r\n 	<li>Organizing and sponsoring initiatives intended to raise public awareness about the Bankruptcy Law and understanding its objectives.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Conclusion</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Bankruptcy Law and the Resolution have introduced substantial and welcome changes in the market for protecting and providing assistance to Financial Institutions that are in financial difficulties and introducing the bankruptcy register, which may provide lenders and other market players with better information on borrowers and financial institutions providing them with greater comfort in their dealings.\r\n\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Banking and Finance team regularly advises on bankruptcy and restructuring matters for financial institutions. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/jody-waugh/\">Jody Waugh</a> (<a href=\"mailto:j.waugh@tamimi.com\">j.waugh@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/mark-brown/\">Mark Brown</a> (<a href=\"mailto:m.brown@tamimi.com\">m.brown@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
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	(214451,7453,'content_header',''),
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	(214455,7453,'content','<img class=\"wp-image-7485 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_621605723_rediced-300x126.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"419\" />\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nE-commerce poses many challenges to legal practitioners and companies alike around the world, and the introduction of Value Added Tax (“VAT”) in the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”) and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (“KSA”) has added an additional layer of complexity that should be borne in mind by all stakeholders.\r\n\r\nIn this article, we will highlight two of the main issues that usually arise, from a VAT perspective, on the supply of goods or services in the e-commerce industry: (1) where is the supply taxable, and (2) who should account for VAT on the supply.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Place of supply</strong>\r\n\r\nVAT is typically imposed on consumption that takes place within the territory of the concerned jurisdiction. However, as e-commerce is by its very nature digital, law-makers are required to define in their respective regulations where such supplies are deemed to take place.\r\n\r\nWe shall distinguish between supplies of goods and supplies of services.\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Supplies of goods – general rule</strong></em>\r\n\r\nThe place of supply for goods depends on whether there is transportation or dispatch thereof:\r\n\r\nThe place of supply for goods which are not transported or dispatched is, as a general rule, where the supply is made under the UAE rules, or where the goods are situated at the time of supply under the KSA rules.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, the place of supply for goods that are transported or dispatched, by the supplier or on account of the customer, is generally the place where the goods are located when the transportation or dispatch commences. However, the UAE and KSA regulations provide special rules for specific scenarios. For example, where the supply includes transportation of the goods to a customer registered for VAT in another GCC State that has implemented VAT the place of supply is the customer’s State.\r\n\r\nFinally, there are requirements to evidence the transportation. Failure to comply with such rules or to submit the transportation documentation as requested by the tax authorities may result in the supplier being accountable for VAT in the supplier’s State.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Supplies of goods – special rule for distance supplies</strong></em>\r\n\r\nAs an exception to the above rules, there is a special regime for intra-GCC supplies of goods to customers that are not registered for VAT. The regime is broadly based on the “distance sales regime” under the European Union Directive 2006/112/EC, as amended.\r\n\r\nUnder the distance sales regime, where a taxable supplier supplies goods with transportation to customers that are not registered for VAT in another GCC State that has implemented VAT, the place of supply is to be considered in the supplier’s State if the supplier does not make taxable supplies in that other State above the mandatory registration threshold (as a general rule, SAR 375,000 or its equivalent in other GCC currencies).\r\n\r\nHowever, if the supplies made by that supplier to persons who are not registered for VAT in that other State which has implemented VAT exceed the mandatory registration threshold in that other State, the place of supply of the sales made to those customers shall be in that other State. Accordingly, the supplier will be required to register and to comply with local VAT obligations in that other State.\r\n\r\nIn short, the distance sales regime allows taxable suppliers to distance-sell goods to customers not registered for VAT in another GCC State which has implemented VAT, without the need to register and account for VAT therein where the taxable supplies do not exceed the mandatory registration threshold in that other State.\r\n\r\nThis red-tape cutting measure may prove beneficial for small and medium businesses operating across the GCC.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Supplies of services – general rule</strong></em>\r\n\r\nThe place of supply of services is generally the place of residence of the supplier. However, the place of supply of services supplied to a customer who is registered for VAT is the place of residence of the customer.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Supplies of services – special rules</strong></em>\r\n\r\nThere are several exceptions to the above general rule on the place of supply of services. However, the key exception for supplies in the e-commerce sector is related to electronic services.\r\n\r\nA supply of electronic services is considered to take place in the State where these services are actually used and enjoyed. The determination of the place of the use and enjoyment may not be straightforward; therefore it is recommended that businesses keep as much evidence as possible to demonstrate where the services are used and enjoyed.\r\n\r\nThe VAT regulations in the UAE and in KSA provide a non-exhaustive list of services that are considered electronic services for VAT purposes, including but not limited to supplies of live streaming via the internet; supplies of music, films and games, and programs on demand; and supplies of software and software updates. Therefore it is important to consider whether the supply of services qualifies as an electronic service.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Accounting for VAT</strong>\r\n\r\nThe person responsible to account for VAT is as a general rule the supplier, except where the goods and services are received from a non-resident supplier and the reverse charge mechanism applies.\r\n\r\nAn e-commerce supply may involve two, three or even more parties. In a typical transaction, A (supplier or merchant) supplies goods or services through the Internet to B (customer). However, in the recent years, new business models have evolved, and it has become common for a third party, C (known as the marketplace) to be involved in the supply.\r\n\r\nIn the case of e-commerce, it is important to accurately define the functions performed and risks undertaken by all the parties to a supply. If the agreements are not carefully drafted or reviewed, or if the agreements do not reflect the facts in practice, unintended VAT consequences may arise. For instance, there is a risk that the operator of the online interface or portal acting as intermediary for the non-resident supplier may be required to account for VAT.\r\n\r\nFinally, with regard to foreign suppliers with no place of residence in any GCC States that have implemented VAT, there is a risk that they are liable to account for VAT if the supply takes place within a GCC State that has implemented VAT and no other person is required to account for and pay VAT on the supply.\r\n\r\nIt may be noted that other countries have introduced specific measures to tackle administrative costs and ease the burden of compliance with the VAT rules in e-commerce, therefore facilitating intra-regional trade. In this regard, the implementation of the mini-one-stop-shop (MOSS) by the European Union, whereby taxable persons in one member State are relieved from registering for VAT in other member States –which was initially restricted to the supply electronic services, but is expected to extend to supplies of goods from 2021- may be considered in the future by lawmakers across the GCC.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Final remarks</strong>\r\n\r\nWhilst the e-commerce industry has expanded significantly over the last decade, after the implementation of VAT in the UAE and in Saudi Arabia, businesses that are involved in e-commerce need to consider the VAT implications of their transactions.\r\n\r\nIn this regard, it is important for businesses to identify the correct VAT treatment of the supplies and to comply with all the obligations. This includes but is not limited to analysing whether the supplies are in the nature of goods or services; the place of supply; the existence of a place of residence; the applicability of any zero rate treatment; the recovery of input VAT; as well as registration and other compliance obligations.\r\n\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s tax team regularly advises on VAT and oth</em><em>er tax matters. For further information, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/shiraz-khan/\">Shiraz Khan</a> (<a href=\"mailto:s.khan@tamimi.com\">s.khan@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/xavier-solanes/\">Xavier Solanes</a> (<a href=\"mailto:x.solanes@tamimi.com\">x.solanes@tamimi.com</a>).</em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignleft wp-image-7486\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_571750648-Converted.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"578\" />'),
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	(214498,7454,'content','The media has been buzzing with speculation and predictions following the UAE Cabinet’s decision to (i) allow 100% foreign ownership by global investors in the UAE mainland; and (ii) grant 10 year residence visas for investors in the fields of medicine and engineering, as well as university students who have excelled in their area of study.\r\n\r\nThe news was communicated in a series of Twitter posts on Sunday 20 May 2018 by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum who had chaired the Cabinet meeting.\r\n\r\nThe decision has been hailed as a reinforcement of the UAE Government’s stance, and desire, to remain a hub for international investors and talent, offering ‘excellent infrastructure and flexible legislation’.\r\n\r\nFurther, the decision appears to culminate previous discussions on relaxing foreign investment rules and assists in steering the UAE further towards becoming an open market. This trend began with Federal Decree Law No. (18) of 2017 amending Article 10 of the Federal Law No. (2) of 2015 on Commercial Companies by allowing the Cabinet to decide on sectors in which 100% foreign ownership would be permissible. Further, the draft proposed investment law gave investors the signal that the UAE was ready to relax its foreign investment rules in certain sectors.\r\n\r\nWhile the decision is a much awaited positive step for the UAE, information regarding the implementation and impact of the cabinet decision remains scarce. We predict the following considerations will be taken into account when implementing the decision with respect to permitting 100% foreign ownership:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li><strong>Agencies</strong>: The impact on distributors and registered commercial agents. If the decision allows for 100% foreign ownership in the area of retail and wholesale there will be a great impact on the current arrangements between large retail companies/ manufacturers and local UAE companies.</li>\r\n 	<li><strong>Free Zones</strong>: The impact on free zones. While the free zones offer other incentives for foreign investors setting up in their respective jurisdictions, the main advantage remains 100% foreign ownership. As such, the decision relaxes the ownership restriction in all sectors and this may affect the operation of the various free zones available within the UAE.</li>\r\n 	<li><strong>Other Laws</strong>: The implications on other laws and regulations. Most likely, the implementation of the decision will require the amendment of some other laws and regulations, e.g. the Commercial Companies Law which should be amended to allow for a foreign sole shareholder company. Also, regulations governing the issuance of immigration cards and application for residency visas.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAs always, the devil is in the detail. While the decision represents a significant step forward in opening the UAE market, the details of its scope and implementation technicalities remain unclear. What is clear, however, is that the UAE is ready to relax its foreign investment rules in certain sectors and for certain categories of global investors particularly now in the period leading up to Expo 2020.');

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	(214541,7455,'content','<img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7490\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_423327040-Converted.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"3509\" height=\"1355\" />\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nClients wishing to resolve claims with and/or to recover debts from Dubai based entities, which have clearly defaulted on their payments, can now breathe a sigh of relief.\r\n\r\nThe Business to Business Dispute Resolution Service (“B2B”) at the Dubai Economic Development Department has facilitated a dispute resolution mechanism for disputes in business to business transactions. This facility allows any complainant, wherever based to file a complaint against trader-licensed entities in Dubai for disputes related to commercial transactions. Specifically, the dispute resolution mechanism accommodates complaints where the defendant/respondent is licensed in Dubai.\r\n\r\nDisputes that do not require technical experts and/or have sophisticated contracts, can be resolved through B2B, whose decision is binding. The B2B aims to reach an amicable settlement between both parties within an average of 10 working days.\r\n\r\nB2B has already addressed last year over 1000 disputes, both local and international. Although there is no exhaustive list that B2B will address in terms of disputes, however, it endeavours to resolve disputes that predominantly relate to commercial transactions. Such transactions would primarily involve either contractual terms or invoices against provision of goods and/or services.\r\n\r\nThe disputes that are not within the domain of B2B specifically include:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Disputes related to bounced cheques</li>\r\n 	<li>Construction and Technical services</li>\r\n 	<li>Electronic Crimes</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nResolving disputes administratively provides clients with an alternative sensible option particularly where:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>the amount of claim does not justify resorting to court; or</li>\r\n 	<li>when the nature of dispute can be addressed fairly quickly; and</li>\r\n 	<li>the contentious issues do not require specific expertise in technical areas or ambiguities requiring court judgment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe B2B mechanism in terms formalities, requirements and procedures are less demanding than those of the courts and traditional disputes settlement forums. Costs as such are much less when raising disputes with the B2B. Moreover, unlike other UAE authorities, the B2B will accept to consider reviewing documents, which are in English.\r\n\r\nFor plaintiffs based outside the UAE and wishing to appoint local representatives, the B2B will accept simply signed authorisation / representation letters from the plaintiffs for that purpose. These added facilities with the B2B constitute another cost saving advantage to plaintiffs in terms of legalisation and translation charges.\r\n\r\nThe B2B services provides assurance to doing business in Dubai and further enables businesses all over the world to avail of a cost effective and time managed dispute resolution mechanism. Al Tamimi &amp; Company are happy to elaborate further and address any questions for this new B2B mechanism to resolve disputes.\r\n\r\n<em>For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/omar-obeidat/\">Omar Obeidat</a> (<a href=\"mailto:o.obeidat@tamimi.com\">o.obeidat@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
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	(214692,7457,'content','As you may well be aware, the European Union (EU) has introduced new legislation on the protection of personal data: the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into effect on May 25, 2018. Businesses in Europe have been frantically trying to get their houses in order so that their processing of personal data relating to identifiable natural persons is compliant with the new legal requirements. Because of the expanded territorial scope of the GDPR, businesses based outside the EU – including businesses in the Middle East - will need to comply with the GDPR in some circumstances.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Which non-EU businesses are caught under the GDPR?</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR applies to non-EU entities that are ‘controllers’ and ‘processors’ processing personal data of individuals who are in the EU, if the processing activities relate to the:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Offering of goods or services to data subjects in the EU (irrespective of whether the goods/services are offered for a fee or for free) (“targeting”); or</li>\r\n 	<li>Monitoring of the behaviour of data subjects, as long as their behaviour takes place in the EU (“monitoring”).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-7495 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_758084194-300x197.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\" />\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>GDPR application by way of targeting</strong>\r\n\r\nThere is no straightforward explanation as to what will be considered as the offering of goods or services to data subjects in the EU. A case-by-case analysis must be made. Generally, for the GDPR to be applicable by way of targeting, it is envisaged that there needs to be an active direction of activities towards individuals within the EU, rather than the mere availability of a website or online advertising to EU individuals.\r\n\r\nThe targeting of individuals in the EU would likely need to include additional factors such as the:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>having contact details that are in the EU;</li>\r\n 	<li>availability of a website in one or more European language;</li>\r\n 	<li>possibility of making payment in the Euro currency;</li>\r\n 	<li>use of any EU domain name (e.g. “.eu”, or “.de” or “.it”, etc.); or</li>\r\n 	<li>displaying of references to/from EU customers.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>GDPR application by way of monitoring</strong>\r\n\r\nIn order for the GDPR to be applicable by way of monitoring, the behaviour and/or movement of individuals within the EU needs to be monitored. Again, this is determined on a case-by-case basis but can be undertaken or deemed to occur by:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>gathering location data;</li>\r\n 	<li>allowing EU individuals to join/use a social network; and</li>\r\n 	<li>tracking online activities of EU individuals to create profiles (for the purposes of analysing or predicting personal preferences, behaviours and attitudes).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nFor example, using website ‘cookies’ (such as targeting advertisement cookies) and social media plug-ins may constitute the monitoring of EU individuals.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>GDPR indirect application to non-EU businesses</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR provisions will also apply indirectly to non-EU businesses that have agreements under which they carry out data processing activities on behalf of an EU business.\r\n\r\nAn EU data controller is expressly required by the GDPR to have a contract with a data processor (whether or not the processor is located in the EU) that stipulates certain prescribed matters, including that the processor:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>processes the personal data only on documented instructions from the controller;</li>\r\n 	<li>ensures that persons authorised to process the personal data are subject to an obligation of confidentiality;</li>\r\n 	<li>does not transfer the data overseas unless in compliance with GDPR requirements for transfers;</li>\r\n 	<li>does not engage another processor without prior written authorisation of the controller; and</li>\r\n 	<li>allows for and contribute to audits, including inspections conducted by the controller.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nConsequently, non-EU businesses will be expected to agree to contracts with EU businesses that contain such terms and conditions concerning any data processing (often known as ‘Data Processing Agreements’).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>What obligations do non-EU businesses have in relation to international transfers of data?</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR limits the transfer of personal data to countries that are outside the European Economic Area (EEA) unless particular conditions are met. The restrictions are intended to prevent the level of protection provided by the GDPR from being ‘watered down’ or avoided when personal data is transferred outside the EEA to other countries whose laws do not offer the same level of protection.\r\n\r\nUnder the GDPR, personal data can only be transferred to country outside of the EEA if:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>there is an ‘adequacy decision’ made by the European Commission regarding that country;</li>\r\n 	<li>there are ‘appropriate safeguards’; or</li>\r\n 	<li>there are ‘derogations’ related to such transfer.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAn adequacy decision is a decision made by the European Commission that determines that there is an adequate level of protection in a specific non-EEA country, and that transfer of personal data to such country can be made without the need for any further authorisation or safeguards. A finding of adequacy means the European Commission is satisfied that appropriate standards of data protection will be met when personal data is transferred to that other country.\r\n\r\nEven where there is not an applicable adequacy decision, the transfer personal data outside the EEA may still legally allowed if appropriate safeguards are used to oblige the recipient of personal data who is located outside the EEA to protect that data to a similar standard to the GDPR. Appropriate safeguards are legal mechanisms such as binding corporate rules, standard contractual clauses (model clauses) approved by the European Commission, approved codes of conduct and international agreements.\r\n\r\nIf neither an adequacy decision nor appropriate safeguards are available, then the only way to legally transfer personal data to recipients in countries outside the EEA is to fall within the scope of a derogation which is set out by the GDPR to allow the transfer of personal data to third countries. A derogation is an exceptional situation such as, for example, reasons relating to the public interest.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Penalties</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR introduces serious penalties for non-compliance. There are two tiers of administrative fines that can be levied:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Up to €10 million, or 2% annual global turnover (whichever is higher).</li>\r\n 	<li>Up to €20 million, or 4% annual global turnover (whichever is higher).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe fines (which are discretionary rather than mandatory) are based on the specific article of the GDPR that has been breached. Infringements of their obligations under the GDPR by ‘controllers’ and ‘processors’, including data security breaches, will be subject to the lower level. Infringement of an individual’s privacy rights will be subject to the higher level.\r\n\r\nIn addition to any administrative fines, the supervisory authorities can also impose a range of corrective measures or sanctions. These include imposing a temporary or permanent ban on data processing; ordering the rectification, restriction or erasure of data; and suspending data transfers to third countries.\r\n\r\nSeparately, the GDPR also gives individuals the right to directly claim compensation from the controller or processor for damages suffered due to an infringement of the GDPR. In certain cases, not-for-profit bodies can bring representative action on behalf of individuals.\r\n\r\nA processor will be liable for the damage caused by processing only where it has not complied with obligations of the GDPR that are specifically directed towards processors, or where it has acted outside or contrary to lawful instructions of the controller (e.g. by failing to delete personal data when requested).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Appointment of an EU representative</strong>\r\n\r\nWhat may be a surprising consequence of the GDPR to many non-EU businesses is that they may need to appoint an EU representative. For the purposes of compliance with the GDPR, controllers and processors that are not resident in the EU, but that are obliged to comply with the GDPR, must appoint representatives within the EU to act as a point of contact for the EU personal data subjects and regulators on all issues relation to processing. The EU representative must be established in one of the EU member states where the affected data subjects are located.\r\n\r\nThis obligation will not apply to a public authority or body; or if the processing is occasional, or does not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data or processing of personal data related to criminal convictions and offences. However, in order for this latter exception to apply, processing must also be unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>What to do?</strong>\r\n\r\nThe GDPR is a complex area of legal compliance, with ramifications for all companies who have activities in the EU, irrespective of whether their operations are actually based within the EU or elsewhere.\r\n\r\nBy 25 May 2018 all non-EU businesses should have determined:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Whether they fall within the scope of the GDPR.</li>\r\n 	<li>Whether any operational and/or technical measures will have to be implemented in the business in order to comply with the GDPR.</li>\r\n 	<li>Whether their cross-border/intra-group personal data transfers are compliant with the GDPR or whether they might wish to adopt binding corporate rules.</li>\r\n 	<li>Whether an EU representative needs to be appointed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nBy the time you are reading this, the deadline will have passed and the GDPR will be in effect. This does not mean it is too late to consider and address data protection compliance, including whether the GDPR applies to your business. If there is any likelihood that GDPR affects your business, we suggest that you address the risk as a matter of priority.\r\n\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications team regularly advises on data protection and privacy issues, including the impact of GDPR on regional entities. For further information about these matters, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/andrew-fawcett/\">Andrew Fawcett</a>, Senior Counsel (<a href=\"mailto:a.fawcett@tamimi.com\">a.fawcett@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/roberto-lusardi/\">Roberto Lusardi</a>, Senior Associate (<a href=\"mailto:r.lusardi@tamimi.com\">r.lusardi@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
	(216672,7541,'relatedArticles',''),
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	(214714,7458,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(214715,7458,'lawUpdateArticleSectors_0_lawUpdateArticleSector','658'),
	(214716,7458,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors_0_lawUpdateArticleSector','field_59ec462a1e204'),
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	(214718,7458,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
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	(214726,7458,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(214727,7458,'stats_list',''),
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	(214729,7458,'orderValue2','2'),
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	(214731,7458,'timeline_header',''),
	(214732,7458,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(214733,7458,'timeline',''),
	(214734,7458,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(214735,7458,'orderValue3','3'),
	(214736,7458,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(214737,7458,'content_header',''),
	(214738,7458,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(214739,7458,'content_description',''),
	(214740,7458,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(214741,7458,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7540 size-full\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_569752408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"5598\" height=\"2470\" /></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It has been a busy year for our growing team of lawyers advising and helping our clients operating in the world of real estate, hotels and leisure.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Regionally, the hotel industry continues to expand, with the continuous opening of new properties, the introduction of new brands and the launch of new on-trend concepts for the ever-changing leisure consumer. Some markets continue to mature and stabilise and some remain in growth phase, but without a doubt, the Middle East hotel and leisure environment continues to spoil its customers and patrons with ever-increasing choice, variety, sophistication and entertainment.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the world of Real Estate, the Middle East region remains home to many very exciting legal, regulatory and physical developments.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Bahrain, we are very proud to have advised on the<a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/laying-the-foundations-for-a-bright-future-in-bahrain-real-estate/\"> drafting and development of new regulations governing the real estate sector in Bahrain</a>, which have been created and adopted in conjunction with the establishment and launch of Bahrain’s new Real Estate Regulatory Authority.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Egypt, a number of <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/egypts-economic-renaissance-mega-projects-and-their-framework/\">upcoming mega-projects</a> have us quite excited, and we have taken a look at these, together with the impact of the new Investment Law in this special Law Update edition.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We have also covered in this edition, an <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/overview-of-saudi-real-estate-laws-and-practice/\">overview of Saudi Arabia’s fast evolving real estate legal and regulatory framework</a>, as the Kingdom works towards implementing Vision 2030.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Back in Dubai, market conditions remain a little challenging, with the retail sector particularly suffering. <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/how-will-you-be-affected-by-the-new-uae-vat-regime-failing-to-prepare-is-preparing-to-fail/\">The introduction of VAT</a> at the beginning of this year has also created some downward pressure in its transitional phase, particularly on commercial landlords needing to keep rents competitive in a soft market. However, Dubai’s outlook remains fundamentally robust as it continues to establish itself as the regional hub for business and a global tourist destination. Both <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/sectors/expo-2020/\">Expo 2020</a>, and the recent approval by the UAE Cabinet to (in certain sectors) grant expat professionals with residency of up to 10 years, and to allow 100% ownership of UAE companies outside of freezones, are likely to provide a boost to the market, with the latter hopefully stimulating demand and encouraging longer-term occupation and investment.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Dubai Land Department (“Department”) remains mindful of the challenges ahead, with talks of a number of initiatives currently in the pipeline. It is hoped that the Department’s initiatives will lead to new policies and regulations designed to boost market growth. We believe that this is particularly the case for real estate funds and REITS where the intervention of the Department and the creation of a new legal framework to accommodate more sophisticated types of investment vehicles would be greatly applauded and well-received. We understand from our discussions with the Department that this is currently at the top of their agenda, and we are expecting the issue of a new REIT law in the short-term.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">I cannot close my thoughts without some commentary on Dubai’s continued desire to position itself at the cutting edge of innovation, particularly in the real estate sector. For example, and as we have looked at more closely in this special edition, the Department is currently exploring the use of <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/bitcoin-cryptocurrencies-blockchain-real-estate-and-the-uae/\">blockchain technology</a> and other <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/virtual-realty-a-reality/\">digital initiatives</a> to radically improve the efficiency of the conveyancing process and land registry practices. Additionally, the practicalities of closing out a real estate transaction has become more transparent and easier to navigate.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Transparency and investor confidence remain a priority and we were honoured last year to have partnered with the Department to produce a guide to real estate laws and practice in Dubai entitled “<a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DLD-Tamimi-Book-English.pdf\">Know Your Rights – For Real Estate Investors in Dubai</a>”. We are working with other governments and land departments within the region on similar initiatives, and look forward to another active and stimulating 12 months ahead.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With a growing team of <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/our-firm/find-a-lawyer/?searchPractice=648\">15 specialist real estate and hotels lawyers</a> advising across the Middle East region, we are fortunate and grateful to remain at the forefront of innovation and development, and to support the region’s continued growth in these key investment areas.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We are well-placed to assist our clients in bringing their goals to fruition and would be delighted to hear from you with your thoughts on the market generally, so don’t hesitate to get in touch!</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We hope you enjoy the article selection that we have prepared in this special edition. If there is anything in particular that we can help you with or upon which you would like more information, please do let us know.</p>'),
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	(214775,7459,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(214776,7459,'stats_list',''),
	(214777,7459,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(214778,7459,'orderValue2','2'),
	(214779,7459,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(214780,7459,'timeline_header',''),
	(214781,7459,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(214782,7459,'timeline',''),
	(214783,7459,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(214784,7459,'orderValue3','3'),
	(214785,7459,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(214786,7459,'content_header',''),
	(214787,7459,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(214788,7459,'content_description',''),
	(214789,7459,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(214790,7459,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\"wp-image-7496 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_682477819-1-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"251\" />During the 2008 financial crisis, we experienced major real estate disputes that helped to test Dubai real estate laws and identify its weaknesses. After almost a decade of implementation, Dubai’s real estate laws and practice are much more robust.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Dubai now has a more mature real estate market after enacting several real estate laws regarding registration (including initial registration), strata, mortgages, escrow accounts and other laws and decrees. These laws clarify the rights and obligations of the real estate market stakeholders (i.e. investors, developers, banks and the land department) and helps them to understand their rights and best practices.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this article we highlight the main real estate dispute resolution options in Dubai.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Amicable Settlement Centre (ASC) at Dubai Land Department (DLD) </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We generally recommend that filing a claim with the Courts is a last resort for solving a real estate dispute given the cost and time involved.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We consider referring real estate disputes to the ASC is an efficient option because the ASC mediators are very experienced and have access to DLD databases, which help them to find facts and information about the properties, projects, developers and other information more efficiently. ASC does not charge fees to the parties and does not impose a judgment on the parties but seeks to mediate and to facilitate an amicable settlement. If successfully resolved, upon signing a settlement agreement, it becomes binding and enforceable against the signing parties. The ASC is located at DLD and managed by an expert legal team.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>DLD Legal Affairs Department (DLD Legal)</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Law No 19 of 2017 granted developers the right to terminate a defaulting purchaser’s sale and purchase agreement without a court order provided specific procedures are followed. The termination process is actioned via a DLD online system. In our experience in assisting developers with this process, it takes around 3 to 4 months to terminate a sale and purchase agreement (including the notification period) in this manner. DLD Legal charges fee of AED 3,000 for this service (i.e. termination and deregistration of purchasers’ contracts). DLD Legal may also mediate a settlement between the developer and the defaulting purchaser. Investors have the right to lodge claims before court if any developer terminates an investor’s purchase agreement wrongfully or in bad faith.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Judicial Committee for Liquidation of stalled projects (JCL)</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The JCL was formed pursuant to Decree No 21 of 2013 in order to liquidate stalled projects. RERA has the authority to cancel stalled real estate projects (i.e. where construction has ceased or did not commence as set out in the Executive Council Resolution No 6 of 2010). JCL has exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute related to stalled projects and no other court or arbitration proceedings are permitted to decide on any stalled projects. The investors have the right to lodge their claims directly to the JCL through a designated website (<a href=\"https://www.dc.gov.ae/PublicServices/CancelledRealEstateProjects.jsf\">https://www.dc.gov.ae/PublicServices/CancelledRealEstateProjects.jsf</a>).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The JCL review the stalled projects (referred to it by RERA) as per its own timetable and we have noted that the liquidation process is a slow one due to complexity involved in such projects. Investors in stalled projects who were not referred to JCL may follow up with RERA and check the status of the project’s liquidation. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The JCL has not published specific rules or procedures about the liquidation process but it has wide authority and its decisions are final.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Judicial Committee for bounced cheques </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This Committee was formed pursuant to Decree No. 56 of 2009 as a result of the increased number of bounced cheques issued by investors to developers during the international financial crisis. The Committee has the jurisdiction to (i) cancel the cheques, (ii) reschedule the payments of the purchase price and instruct purchasers to issue new cheques to developers or (iii) refer the bounced cheques to the competent judicial authority if the developer is entitled to receive the amount of the bounced cheques. The Committee issues its decisions based on the progress of the construction and the developer’s performance (or otherwise) of its obligations. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Arbitration via Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) and other institutions </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism is highly recommended for complex commercial cases. However, some property cases cannot be arbitrated for public policy reasons; therefore parties need to be very careful before referring any property case to arbitration.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">DIAC (<a href=\"http://www.diac.ae/idias/\">http://www.diac.ae/idias/</a>) is the region’s most frequently used arbitral institution. There are many other frequently used arbitration centres in the UAE such as DIFC - LCIA, ADGM and the Sharjah International Arbitration Centre.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In our experience, cases are generally determined between an average period of 6-18 months. However, if enforcement is necessary, recourse to the Court will be required and a further delay, sometimes taking years, can result depending upon whether all appeal avenues are exhausted by an opponent.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A dispute may be heard by a panel of arbitrators, or a sole arbitrator, depending on the agreement of the parties. When a panel is formed, each party is generally entitled to nominate one arbitrator each.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A successful party is likely to have his costs (legal, expert, arbitrator) paid either in full or part by the other side. If the unsuccessful party does not pay the award sum voluntarily, enforcement in the Courts is again required. There are only limited grounds upon which enforcement can be denied.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Rent Disputes Settlement Centre (RDSC) </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The RDSC was established pursuant to decree No 26 of 2013. The RDSC has exclusive jurisdiction over Dubai tenancy disputes in relation to the leasing of immovable assets. The RDSC has no jurisdiction over (i) long term leases (i.e. for a period exceeding 10 years), (ii) tenancy disputes in free zone areas which already have a court or judicial committee such as within the DIFC and (iii) lease to own contracts. RDSC judgments are issued by judges and can be appealed before an RDSC appeal committee subject to certain conditions. In general, the RDSC litigation process is very quick and the average time to obtain a judgment is between 2 to 3 months and it can be executed through the RDSC execution division. The RDSC has a mediation department that aims to resolve settlements between landlords and tenants prior to referring the case to judges. The fee to file a case with the RDSC is between AED 15,000 and AED 35,000 depending upon the nature of the claim. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Dubai Property Court </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Dubai Property Court has jurisdiction over all property disputes except those excluded pursuant to other laws or decrees. There are three levels of Courts being First Instance, Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. If it is necessary to appeal to all levels, it could take up to two years or more before an enforceable judgment is issued. A judge who decides on a property case may appoint an real estate expert to assist him on some technical issues. All documents submitted to court must be in Arabic or translated to Arabic. Once an enforceable judgment is issued, it is referred to the execution judge. The maximum court fee for filling a case before the Court of First Instance is AED 40,000 but it may be more if the case is related to more than one contract. The successful party may recover only a minimal amount of its legal fees in addition to the court and expert’s fee (if any) which are recoverable.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In our experience, referring property disputes to Dubai Property Court is a preferred option as compared to arbitration as most of the Dubai property laws have been tested in court and there is a good prospect of certainty in the decision making.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are lots of excellent forums to resolve a property dispute without recourse to the courts. Depending upon the nature of the dispute, the sums involved and the pressures of time, care should be taken by any litigant to choose the correct forum for their requirements.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s real estate team and litigation team regularly advises on real estate disputes. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/mohammed-kawasmi/\">Mohammad Kawasmi</a> (<a href=\"mailto:m.kawasmi@tamimi.com\">m.kawasmi@tamimi.com</a>). </i></span></p>'),
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	(214837,7460,'content_description',''),
	(214838,7460,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(214839,7460,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\" wp-image-7497 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_455307778-376x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"385\" height=\"1048\" />Dealings with residential and commercial land and properties in Abu Dhabi granted to UAE nationals by the government (“Granted Land”) are subject to certain restrictions. When dealing with a property in Abu Dhabi, it is important that owners, purchasers and lenders first check if the property was registered as the result of a government grant to the current owner or to a previous owner, as this usually results in the property being classified as Granted Land. If a property has been registered as Granted Land, then it is necessary to check if any restrictions apply to the Granted Land. In this article we outline the general restrictions that apply on disposals and dealings with commercial Granted Land and residential Granted Land, and the current exceptions allowed by the laws and regulations in Abu Dhabi.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Prohibition on disposal of commercial Granted Land</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With effect from 20 September 2017, there is a general prohibition on the sale, mortgage or other disposal of commercial Granted Land in Abu Dhabi. Administrative Resolution No. 289 of 2017 on the Ceasing of Real Estate Disposals relating to Granted Land in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (“Resolution”) introduced this change.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The prohibition on disposal of commercial Granted Land in Abu Dhabi prevents sales, purchases and transfers. The Resolution also prohibits the creation of mortgages, musataha rights, usufruct rights, long-term leases (meaning leases with terms in excess of four years) and any other real estate rights, over such properties.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> We understand from our discussions with the regulators in Abu Dhabi that the prohibition introduced by the Resolution does not affect the short term leasing of commercial Granted Land. Abu Dhabi Law No. 20 of 2006 on the Leasing of Spaces and the Tenant-Landlord Relationship defines a short term lease as a lease with a term of up to four years (“Short Term Lease”). </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The prohibition imposed by the Resolution also does not apply to commercial Granted Land located in those areas of Abu Dhabi that have been designated for foreign real estate investment (“Investment Areas”). The Abu Dhabi Executive Council determines these Investment Areas in accordance with Law No. 19 of 2005 on Property Ownership in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, as amended by Law No. 2 of 2007 and implemented by Resolution No. 64 of 2010 issued by the Chairman of Abu Dhabi Executive Council.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">At present, the main Investment Areas in Abu Dhabi include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Al Raha Beach (Executive Council Decision No. 23 of 2005);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Reem Island (Executive Council Decision No. 23 of 2005);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Saadiyat Island (Chairman of the Executive Council Resolution No. 14 of 2008);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Lulu Island (Chairman of the Executive Council Resolution No. 38 of 2008);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Yas Island (Chairman of the Executive Council Resolution No. 15 of 2008);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Al Reef (Chairman of the Executive Council Resolution No. 36 of 2005);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Seih Al Sedira (Chairman of the Executive Council Resolution No. 49 of 2008);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Masdar City (Chairman of the Executive Council Resolution No. 50 of 2008);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Al Maryah Island or Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) (formerly known as Al Sowwah Island) (Chairman of the Executive Council Resolution No. 24 of 2009);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Abu Dhabi Ports Company designated land including part of KIZAD (Executive Council Resolution No. 60 of 2010); and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Nurai Island (Executive Council Resolution No. 37 of 2017).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">We understand that in rare cases the Abu Dhabi Executive Council may consider granting exceptions from the prohibition on the disposal of commercial Granted Land. We also understand that the current prohibition is of a temporary nature and at some stage in the future an alternative regime will be implemented for commercial Granted Land.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Prohibition on disposal and leasing of residential Granted Land </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A similar prohibition on disposals applies to residential Granted Land in Abu Dhabi. UAE nationals are not permitted to sell, mortgage or lease residential Granted Land, whether inside or outside Investment Areas. The prohibition on leasing includes both Short Term Leases registerable on the Tawtheeq Register and long-term leases registerable on the real estate register.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We understand that as an exception, the disposal or lease of residential Granted Land (including any building or villa on the land), will be permitted if all of the following conditions are satisfied:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The construction of the villa or building has been completed and all licences, including the building completion certificate and occupation licence, has been issued;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Any housing loan granted by the government to the owner has been settled in full and a no objection certificate to release the mortgage over the residential Grant Land has been obtained; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The applicant owns another property in Abu Dhabi suitable for the residence of his family.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is important that investors and financiers carry out thorough due diligence checks before entering into any agreement intended to create or transfer a real estate right over a property. Al Tamimi and Company can assist in identifying any restrictions applicable to a property. This process includes checks to determine whether the property is classified as Granted Land, and therefore may be subject to prohibitions on disposals and leasing.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s real estate team regularly advises on matters concerning properties in Abu Dhabi. For further information, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/maha-dahoui/\">Maha Dahoui</a> (<a href=\"mailto:m.dahoui@tamimi.com\">m.dahoui@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/david-bowman/\">David Bowman</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.bowman@tamimi.com\">d.bowman@tamimi.com</a>).</i></p>'),
	(214840,7460,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
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	(214843,7460,'file',''),
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	(214849,7460,'related_pages',''),
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	(214851,7460,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
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	(214861,7461,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_1_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(214862,7461,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','2'),
	(214863,7461,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
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	(214865,7461,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors_0_lawUpdateArticleSector','field_59ec462a1e204'),
	(214866,7461,'lawUpdateArticleSectors','1'),
	(214867,7461,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(214868,7461,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','825'),
	(214869,7461,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(214870,7461,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','908'),
	(214871,7461,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(214872,7461,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','2'),
	(214873,7461,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(214874,7461,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(214875,7461,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(214876,7461,'orderValue1','1'),
	(214877,7461,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(214878,7461,'stats_list',''),
	(214879,7461,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(214880,7461,'orderValue2','2'),
	(214881,7461,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(214882,7461,'timeline_header',''),
	(214883,7461,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(214884,7461,'timeline',''),
	(214885,7461,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(214886,7461,'orderValue3','3'),
	(214887,7461,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(214888,7461,'content_header',''),
	(214889,7461,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(214890,7461,'content_description',''),
	(214891,7461,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(214892,7461,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\"wp-image-7509 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_236527597-86x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"138\" height=\"481\" /></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Any expatriates living in the UAE are unaware that in the absence of a formal Will recognised under the UAE legal system, the process of transferring ownership of their local real estate assets after death can prove time consuming, costly and fraught with legal complexity for their family members left behind.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Will Sharia inheritance rules apply to all or part of an Expatriate’s UAE assets? </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Inheritance issues for all Muslims (UAE nationals or expatriates) are dealt with in accordance with Sharia rules as those rules are codified in the Law of Personal Status (Federal Law No. 28 of 2005) which governs UAE inheritance law. However, for expatriates who are non-Muslims, the law of the deceased’s nationality can be applied in most circumstances, provided the right steps are taken. The UAE Civil Code stipulates that the law of the home country of a non-Muslim can be applied to matters of inheritance as defined by Article 17 (1), which states “<i>inheritance shall be governed by the law of the deceased at the time of his death</i>”. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">If there is no formal Will, the division of assets is governed by the mandatory Sharia rules reflected in the Inheritance Law. Typically, the husband or wife, son, daughter, father and mother would inherit a portion of the estate after debts are satisfied. Whilst this default position applies to all Muslims irrespective of their nationality, there is an ‘opt out’ available to individuals who are both expatriates and non-Muslims.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To expand on this, Article 1(2) of the Law of Personal Status allows non-Muslim expatriates, with assets in the UAE to make a Will under the law of the country of their home legal nationality (i.e. the country of their passport), to govern succession to the expatriate’s UAE estate instead of the Sharia-based rules. However, the Will must be proved in the formal legal fashion before the UAE Inheritance Court, a process greatly expedited if the individual making the Will previously had the Will translated into Arabic and notarised in the UAE; or arranged for the Will to be formally registered with the courts in Dubai.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>The DIFC Will Option</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Launched in May 2015, DIFC Resolution No. 4 of 2014 allows non-Muslims to register Wills in respect of their Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah real estate assets with the DIFC Wills Service Centre (“WSC”). The benefit of registration of a Will at the DIFC WSC allows individuals to have testamentary freedom to dispose their assets as they wish by aid of a simple probate process before the DIFC courts. The DIFC WSC currently offers any eligible individual with the options of a (a) guardianship will; (b) property will; (c) full will; or (d) free zone company will. The registration fee for a single DIFC Will is currently set at AED 10,000 plus VAT, with the other Wills carrying differing registration fees. MOU’s have been concluded with the DED and with the Dubai Land Department to facilitate the smooth operation of DIFC probate process, at least so far as Dubai assets are concerned.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Is it possible for a Non-Muslim to register a Will with Dubai Courts?</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Ruler of Dubai recently approved Law No. 15 of 2017, which relates to estate management and execution of Wills of Non-Muslims in Dubai. This new law will permit registration of Wills by Non-Muslims with the local courts. However, this law has not yet been implemented and is currently awaiting a decision of the Chairman of the Executive Council.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>What about the assets of Non-Muslim in Abu Dhabi? </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Abu Dhabi Judicial Department allows for the registration of Non-Muslim Wills. Under an Abu Dhabi Will, a non-Muslim can have full testamentary capacity to leave their Abu Dhabi assets to their heirs and not be subject to Sharia inheritance rules. The process is relatively simple and straightforward and the registration cost of the Will is currently set at AED 5,500.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s award-winning <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/real-estate/\">Real Estate Practice</a> provides a comprehensive range of legal services across the Middle East including Dubai, covering all areas relevant to the property industry including real estate ownership advisory and transactional work assistance.</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>This article has also been submitted for publishing in the <a href=\"https://gulfnews.com/business/property/succession-planning-for-uae-real-estate-1.2229026\">Property Weekly</a>.</i></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-7500 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_161246357-1-1024x279.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1398\" height=\"380\" />'),
	(214893,7461,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
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	(214904,7461,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
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	(214907,7462,'_edit_lock','1533536651:5'),
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	(214909,7462,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7448'),
	(214910,7462,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(214911,7462,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','648'),
	(214912,7462,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(214913,7462,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(214914,7462,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(214915,7462,'lawUpdateArticleSectors_0_lawUpdateArticleSector','658'),
	(214916,7462,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors_0_lawUpdateArticleSector','field_59ec462a1e204'),
	(214917,7462,'lawUpdateArticleSectors','1'),
	(214918,7462,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(214919,7462,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','552'),
	(214920,7462,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
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	(214923,7462,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
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	(214925,7462,'orderValue1','1'),
	(214926,7462,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(214927,7462,'stats_list',''),
	(214928,7462,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(214929,7462,'orderValue2','2'),
	(214930,7462,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(214931,7462,'timeline_header',''),
	(214932,7462,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(214933,7462,'timeline',''),
	(214934,7462,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(214935,7462,'orderValue3','3'),
	(214936,7462,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(214937,7462,'content_header',''),
	(214938,7462,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(214939,7462,'content_description',''),
	(214940,7462,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(214941,7462,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\"wp-image-7503 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_375483451-1024x318.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1422\" height=\"442\" /></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This article provides a snap shot of the latest updates insofar as the Abu Dhabi Real Estate Law is concerned:</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>Merger of the Department of Municipal Affairs and Transport (DMAT) and the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC) into a new authority named the Department of Urban Planning and Municipalities (DPM)</b>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Chairman of Abu Dhabi Executive Council issued Resolution No. 5 of 2018 merging the DMAT and UPC into a new authority named the Department of Urban Planning and Municipalities (DPM).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">DPM’s authority includes the regulation of the real estate market and urban planning in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. All references in the real estate laws, in particular Law No. 3 of 2015 on the Regulation of the Real Estate Sector in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (“Law No. 3”), which defined the regulatory powers of DMAT, should now be considered as references to DPM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Compliance with the requirements of Law No. 3 of 2015 and its Implementing Regulations</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Chairman of DPM has issued Circular No. 2 of 2018 Regulating the Real Estate Sector in Abu Dhabi with Implementation Guidelines and Circular No. 9 of 2018 On the Suspension of Services and Transactions at the Municipalities (“Circulars”). The Circulars are intended to enforce full implementation of Law No. 3 and its Implementing Regulations by setting a final deadline, together with strict penalties against non-compliant parties. The deadline was initially set in the Circulars for 14 March 2018. This deadline was extended to 14 April 2018 pursuant to the Circular No. 3 of 2018 on the Extension of the Effective Date of Circular No. 2 of 2018 and further extended in Circular No. 5 of 2018, issued by the Chairman of DPM, to 1 May 2018 (“Final Deadline”). Unless a further extension of the Final Deadline is granted by the Chairman of DPM, we are now expecting the Municipalities to start taking action to suspend services.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Circulars direct developers to complete the following before the Final Deadline:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">registration and receipt (or renewal) of a developer licence from either Abu Dhabi City Municipality, Al Ain City Municipality and Al Dhafra Region Municipality (“Municipalities”);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">registration of all their real estate development projects; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">registration of all real estate units in the names of their purchasers, whether relating to off-plan or completed projects.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">Following the Final Deadline the Municipalities plan to suspend all services and transactions for any developer that has any outstanding obligation towards any Municipality (“Restrictions”). Accordingly, a non-compliant developer will not be able to process any application or transaction, nor receive any service from any of the Municipalities, whether or not such application, transaction or service relates to a real estate development project.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Restrictions placed against non-compliant developers in the electronic systems of the Municipalities will be lifted if all of the outstanding obligations are fulfilled.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The same Restrictions also apply to brokers, valuers or surveyors who fail by the Final Deadline to register and obtain a licence from the relevant Municipality (or renew their licences as applicable) as required by Law No. 3.</span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p8\"><b>Caps on Developer Administrative Fees </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A cap of AED 5,000 has been imposed on administrative fees which developers may charge on disposals. This cap was introduced by Resolution No. 183 of 2017 of the Chairman of DMAT (now DPM), effective from 15 November 2017. Under Law No. 3, developers cannot collect any fees, whether registration fees or other fees, expenses or remuneration in relation to any disposal of real estate, except for administrative fees within the limit set by DPM (Article 16 of Law No. 3)</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p8\"><b>Caps on Broker Fees </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Following on from Article 7(5) of Law No. 3, Decision No. 183 of 2017 also sets caps on real estate broker commission fees, as follows:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">for sales, a cap of two percent (2%) of the purchase price, subject to a maximum fee of AED 500,000; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">for leases, in the absence of contrary agreement between the parties on brokerage fees, a cap of five percent (5%) of the total rent of the entire lease term.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Standard Form of Brokerage Agreements </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">DPM has issued standard forms of brokerage and sub-brokerage agreements attached to Decision No. 183 of 2017 of the Chairman of DMAT. These are effective from 15 November 2017. Use of these standard agreements is now compulsory, it is however possible to include additional provisions.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Furthermore, as required by Article 7(1) of Law No. 3, brokers must now register brokerage agreement (or sub-brokerage agreements) with the relevant Municipality. Registration must be completed within fifteen days of signing the brokerage agreement and before the broker receives any commission, fees or other amounts from his client.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Joint Initiative between Al Tamimi &amp; Company and DPM to issue a Legal Guide on Real Estate Investment in Abu Dhabi and a Reference Book of all Abu Dhabi Real Estate Law and Regulations</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company in cooperation with DPM will be publishing a “Legal Guide on Real Estate Investment in Abu Dhabi” and an essential reference book that compiles all Abu Dhabi Real Estate Law and Regulations.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Legal Guide will outline the legal framework on real estate investment in Abu Dhabi and will be published in a number of languages, including Arabic, English, Chinese and Russian.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The accompanying reference book will be published in Arabic and English and will contain all the real estate laws and regulations currently in effect in Abu Dhabi, including content of the directives and resolutions which are not currently published in the Official Gazette. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s real estate team regularly advises on matters concerning properties in Abu Dhabi. For further information, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/maha-dahoui/\">Maha Dahoui</a> (<a href=\"mailto:m.dahoui@tamimi.com\">m.dahoui@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/david-bowman/\">David Bowman</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.bowman@tamimi.com\">d.bowman@tamimi.com</a>).</i></p>'),
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	(214973,7463,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
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	(214984,7463,'orderValue2','2'),
	(214985,7463,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(214986,7463,'timeline_header',''),
	(214987,7463,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(214988,7463,'timeline',''),
	(214989,7463,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(214990,7463,'orderValue3','3'),
	(214991,7463,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(214992,7463,'content_header',''),
	(214993,7463,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(214994,7463,'content_description',''),
	(214995,7463,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(214996,7463,'content','<img class=\"size-full wp-image-7542 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_260665868-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"391\" />\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>The Advantages &amp; Challenges of E-Governance</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">With electronic transactions now commonplace across consumer markets, it is appropriate to ask whether now is the time to allow real estate transactions to be completed electronically. Can a completely electronic real estate transaction, including all steps from the listing agreement to notarisation and registration, really be achieved?</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>UAE E-Commerce Law: Scope &amp; Limitations</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">In 2006, the UAE government enacted Federal Law No. 1 of 2006 Concerning E-transactions and E-commerce (“the UAE E-Commerce Law”) in order to foster e-commerce, including the provision of enabling procedure and framework. The objective of the UAE E-Commerce Law is to encourage and facilitate electronic transactions, reduce uncertainties around overwriting and signature requirements, and enable the filing of electronic documents with governmental and non-governmental agencies and departments. The UAE E-Commerce Law is based on the 1996 United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">While the UAE E-Commerce Law is applicable to electronic records and digital signatures generally, its scope is limited by exclusions set out in Article 2(2) which removes from its purview:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>Transactions and issues relating to personal law such as marriage, divorce and wills;</li>\r\n 	<li>Deeds of title to immoveable property;</li>\r\n 	<li>Negotiable instruments;</li>\r\n 	<li>Transactions involving the sale, purchase, lease (for a term of more than 10 years) and other dispositions of immoveable property and the registration of other rights relating to immoveable property;</li>\r\n 	<li>Any document legally required to be attested before a notary public; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Any other documents or transactions exempted by special provision of law.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">The exclusions for transactions concerning immovable property has meant that real estate transactions in the UAE could not be paperless.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">As the UAE E-Commerce Law was enabled in 2006, we now have the benefit of over a decade’s worth of insight and experience in implementing and administering it. It has allowed UAE to develop its technical and organisational ability and bridge any social gaps such as the so-called ‘digital divide’ or inequality in the access and use of digital technology. Further, the UAE has demonstrated a robust performance across a host of economic development indices and has lead the region in developing and implementing e-governance services in the pursuit of greater development and integration of e-governance services.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Accordingly, the UAE is now ideally positioned to widen the scope of e-transactions to include real estate transactions.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Recent Initiatives: Expanding to Real Estate </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">There have been a large number of recent e-governance initiatives in the UAE in respect of the real estate sector. With increased competition in this sector (including from a potential over-supply) and slowing demand, the real estate sector needs to innovate in order to attract investors. With developers focusing on affordability, offering e-transactions could be a valuable differentiator. Both buyers and sellers would welcome initiatives aimed at increasing the ease of dealing in real estate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>(i) E-Mortgage</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The Dubai Land Department (“the DLD”) recently launched an E-Mortgage initiative (‘the E-Mortgage Agreement’) in collaboration with Dubai Islamic Bank (“DIB”). The E- Mortgage Agreement between DLD and DIB establishes a common digital platform allowing DIB’s representatives and customers to register their mortgage contracts with the DLD online, without the need to physically visit the DLD or any of its authorised registration trustees to verify and register such mortgage. This initiative will reduce transaction costs, improve efficiency and bring further development in the real estate sector, thus providing a stimulus to the digital transformation of the emirate. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>(ii) Paperless Government Vision </b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">The DLD is taking the lead in the Dubai Government’s vision of achieving a paperless government by the year 2030. During the Gitex Technology Week in 2017, the DLD announced that it has become the world’s first government entity to adopt the blockchain system. Blockchains maintain growing information on real estate property rights in blocks, and these blocks are secure in a way preventing any tampering or editing. This security is due to the design of the blockchains which prevent any modifications or alternations to any data recorded retrospectively; modifications can only be recoded in real time moving forward.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">The DLD is currently working towards linking its blockchain database with various government authorities under a single database maintained by the Dubai Government. This would enable transactions such as title transfers, mortgage registrations and mortgage releases to be concluded in a paperless manner through an online portal. The DLD has already linked its system with the Dubai Courts, who now have access to view all records related to real property rights registered in favour of any litigating parties anywhere in the Emirate of Dubai.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">The next step is for the DLD to link its blockchain system with the Department of Economic Development (“the DED”). This would mean that customers would no longer be required to bring hard copies of the corporate document of any company that desires to own or to dispose of a real property right. The blockchain would allow the DLD to access the database of the DED and view the relevant, up-to-date corporate documents of the company, thereby replacing paper documentation with digital records and digitally-signed contracts.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">The efficiency of applying the blockchain system and creating a paperless government depends on including further partners participating in the process, such as Dubai Water and Electricity Authority, Dubai Municipality, Roads and Transport Authority, Dubai Police, master developers and sub developers, and free zone authorities such as Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority, Dubai Airport Free Zone Authority and Dubai Multi Commodities Centre. We understand that the DLD will provide access to the private sector, such as law firms and brokers, to access and view the information recorded in system, and that is to confirm the information pertaining to specific real property rights.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">This process is currently at a very early stage. However the vision of the DLD is that title transfers will take place between concerned parties securely on the blockchain system by 2030 through various electronic mediums, including mediums as simple as a mobile phone application.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Singapore’s Real Estate Initiative </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The Dubai Government’s proposed blockchain approach is similar to the approach taken by Singapore, which is poised to go a step further and integrate the digitalisation of property transactions more fully into its e-governance structures. The Singaporean Council of Estate Agencies (‘CEA’) and Building Construction Authority (‘BCA’) are working on an initiative which will provide access to government property data to “<i>to move the industry towards seamless, end-to-end, efficient and secure transactions</i>”. Not only will this comprehensive approach reduce time and costs incurred through due diligence and title checks, but also leverage data integration across agencies (for example, to check whether a foreign tenant has a valid work visa). By 2020, the CEA and BCA intend to develop digitalised contract templates for use by consumers and property agents. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">In the UAE, dealing with real estate often requires having regard to considerations of public policy, which is reflected in the restrictions in the UAE E-Commerce Law. That said, given that we are in changing times, the Dubai Government’s adoption of robust blockchain technology and digitalisation presents an opportune moment to revisit the exclusions in the UAE E-Commerce Law and to include property transactions within the scope of e-transactions. Given that we have a secure digital signature technology, an efficient e-transaction system may actually be more safe and protected than traditional physical signatures and exchange.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/krishna-jhala/\">Krishna Jhala</a> regularly advises on technology and telecommunications related matters and <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/abdulla-khaled/\">Abdulla Khaled</a> regularly advises on real estate transaction and the Dubai Land Department procedures. For further information please contact Krishna Jhala (<a href=\"mailto:k.jhala@tamimi.com\">k.jhala@tamimi.com</a>) and Abdulla Khaled (<a href=\"mailto:a.khaled@tamimi.com\">a.khaled@tamimi.com</a>).</i></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-7504 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_704102812-1024x462.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1411\" height=\"637\" />'),
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	(215024,7464,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
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	(215032,7464,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(215033,7464,'stats_list',''),
	(215034,7464,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(215035,7464,'orderValue2','2'),
	(215036,7464,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(215037,7464,'timeline_header',''),
	(215038,7464,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(215039,7464,'timeline',''),
	(215040,7464,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(215041,7464,'orderValue3','3'),
	(215042,7464,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(215043,7464,'content_header',''),
	(215044,7464,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(215045,7464,'content_description',''),
	(215046,7464,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(215047,7464,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\" wp-image-7505 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_750598612-Converted-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"268\" />The hospitality industry is an economic sector that is in a constant state of flux. To stay competitive both the hotel owner and operator must be willing to respond to changes in the market before change is forced upon them. Hotel operators, for example, have had to adjust to the rapid expansion of online reservation platforms and alternative accommodation service providers, changing requirements of travellers and guests (particularly millennials), and general industry disruptors. The competitive nature of the industry, coupled with ever moving trends and products can provide fertile ground for disputes to develop.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Whist the initial design and development of a hotel will likely be subject to a Technical Services Agreement (‘TSA’), a hotel owner’s relationship with the operator is closest during operation of the hotel, which is governed by a hotel management agreement (‘HMA’). The HMA typically has a duration of 10 – 20 years, thus, ensuring that the HMA is clear and workable in setting out the respective rights and obligations of the hotel owner and the operator is critical to the financial success of the hotel business, the operator’s remuneration, and return of the hotel owner’s investment. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">While an international hotel operating company will have, after years of experience, a sophisticated understanding of the provisions of its standard HMA and, more importantly, the likely consequences of these provisions at both commercial and operational levels, the knowledge of a hotel owner may be more limited. As a result, there can be a gap of understanding between an operator and an owner on the various industry conventions and specific terms and provisions that underpin HMAs. For example, it may be necessary to explain to an owner that, while the operator will be responsible for organising routine maintenance and has a right to procure other capital projects needed for the hotel to remain in keeping with the brand requirements, the latter will typically be paid for by the owner. Thus, authorisation considerations are required to balance the parties’ interests.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This article considers some of the issues that may arise and of which both parties need to be aware so as to ensure a fair and fruitful relationship.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>The Operator’s fees and costs</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In a standard HMA, the operator, through the hotel staff, is tasked with handling the financial operation of the hotel. This includes ensuring that the operator itself is properly remunerated in accordance with the fee structure agreed in the HMA. The operator’s fees are typically paid directly from the operating account by the hotel’s General Manager, who is legally an employee of the owner, but appointed and directed by the operator. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are many different ways in which the operator can be remunerate, however a typical arrangement in an HMA is that the operator’s fees will be calculated as follows:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">A base fee, calculated as a percentage of revenue of the hotel business, to ensure the operator gets paid a certain amount each month regardless of resulting profit ;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">An incentive fee, earned by the operator when the gross operating profit achieves an agreed threshold (or thresholds, which are generally banded). There exists as an incentive for the operator to manage the hotel as effectively, efficiently, and successfully as possible, and because such fees will only be due once a threshold is met, this provides some protection in respect of the owner’s recovery on its investment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">The gross operating profit is calculated by deducting operating costs (not owner’s capital investment) from gross revenue. The HMA should enable the owner to limit the operator’s ability to incur certain types of costs that may result in increased revenues, and therefore a higher base fee, but which may not lead to increased profits.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An Operator will usually also be entitled to additional fees for provision, at a corporate level, of marketing and group/centralised services, together with other services, such as inclusion of the hotel in the operator’s guest loyalty programme. There may also be a separate trademark licence fee (if not included in the base fee) payable for the hotel’s use of the operator’s brand. There are many variations to fee structures from one operator to another.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Therefore, complex formulas for fees and costs may be applied in the HMA that, without sufficient transparency in terms of calculation method (and adoption of a specified accounting method, reporting and audit) may lead to dispute. It is critical, therefore, for an owner to be fully comfortable in respect of fees and costs that will be applied under the HMA, and the operator must ensure that these are accurately calculated.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Owner’s funding obligations </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are usually three key funding obligations on an owner under the HMA: (a) provision of working capital; (b) furniture, fittings and equipment (‘FF&amp;E’) reserve; and (c) capital expenditure.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is important that the HMA clearly addresses these obligations on the owner whilst providing comfort and protection to the owner that these funds will not be unreasonably demanded or spent.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Provision of working capital should be capped to cover forecasted cashflow requirements for a capped period of time, to ensure that the owner is not financing the operation of the hotel where cashflow management is lax.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An owner will need to pay funds into a separate reserve fund to cover the costs of replacing existing or purchasing new FF&amp;E. As the FF&amp;E will inevitably impact the standard of a property, and likely impact the operator’s brand reputation, as well as the hotel’s performance and value, the FF&amp;E will generally need to be maintained at the hotel in accordance with the operator’s brand standards. In a competitive market, it is important to maintain the overall image and positioning of the hotel; however, there must be a balance between the cost impact on the owner of the same, particularly if performance of the hotel is struggling. Clearly documenting the parties’ respective rights and obligations in the HMA will go a long way to limiting tensions that may arise from perceived misuse of the funds in the reserve, and inclusion of the anticipated annual FF&amp;E spend in the annual budget for the owner’s approval is key.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As with the FF&amp;E fund, an owner will be required to pay for work and fitting-out at the hotel that are not ordinarily treated as an operating expense of the hotel (and therefore, not funded from hotel revenue). Again, there will be an obligation on an owner to comply with an operator’s brand standards, to the extent these impact on capital cost items; however, the actual cost of same should be subject to the owner’s approval as part of the annual budget process.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Term of the HMA</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The term of the HMA needs to be clearly specified, along with the renewal provisions. If the hotel is a success, renewal will usually be in both parties’ interest. Typically, an operator will require a long initial term, and renewal periods exercisable by the operator to assure its rights of management of the property and to enhance the value of the operator company itself. However, an owner will often require a no-fault break clause to allow it to exit the HMA and not be committed long-term to a commercial venture that may be failing. The conflicting position of the parties on these items is common, and a no-fault break clause will often only be considered with payment of compensation to the operator for loss of future fee revenues.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A compromise is the inclusion of a performance test, which aims to measure the value of the operator through the performance of the hotel and provide a right to the owner to terminate the HMA in the event that sufficient performance is not achieved. The provisions of the performance test can be complex, however, and subject to various carve-outs and exclusions, and most usually will comprise both a financial and market competitor test. Analysis and agreement on the performance test at the outset is therefore crucial to ensure that its inclusion does actually provide some protection to an owner, as a feasible and workable termination right.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Choice of dispute resolution forum and law </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Whilst commercial disputes are bound to arise from time to time, given the complex nature of the relationship between an owner and an operator, what should never happen is a dispute about how such disputes are resolved. The following must be considered when deciding on the choice of law and method of dispute resolution:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The parties should choose a recognised alternative dispute resolution mechanism, such as arbitration, especially in regions where a country’s national courts are unlikely to have the experience to readily get to grips with HMA disputes.</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The parties should choose a governing law that is sophisticated and well developed. This may not be the law of the jurisdiction in which the hotel is operated.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Define material breach</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The governing law may provide the parties with rights to terminate in the event of a default by the other party, but it may not always be clear when these rights can be used. The parties should therefore agree clear provisions in the HMA that set out specific circumstances where one or either party can terminate the HMA, including inclusion of a definition or list of what a ‘material’ breach(es) may be.</span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Whilst the above is by no means exhaustive, these are all issues that should be taken into account when negotiating an HMA, as this will bind the parties to each other for a long period of time, with the financial risk of the business ultimately resting with the hotel owner.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/dalal-al-houti/\">Dalal Al Houti</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.alhouti@tamimi.com\">d.alhouti@tamimi.com</a>)</i></p>'),
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	(215098,7465,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><img class=\" wp-image-7506 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_189084500-1024x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"267\" /> It is common in the UAE for hotels to utilise a separate owner operator model. The model works well when the interests of each separate party are broadly aligned. However, where the parties fall into dispute, a number of difficulties can arise. In this article we consider the potential employment issues in circumstances where an owner operator relationship breaks down. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Legal Framework – owner/operator model</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In order to regulate the interests and obligations of a hotel owner and operator, a hotel management agreement (“HMA”) is signed by each of the parties. A well drafted HMA contractually regulates the relationship between the parties. However, in relation to employees, there are certain issues which cannot be entirely resolved with a HMA.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With few exceptions, employees who carry out work in the UAE require a residence visa and a work permit. An employee may lawfully work in the UAE for the employer listed on the employee’s visa and only from the employer’s registered premises. Furthermore, an employee may not lawfully work for more than one employer simultaneously except in very limited circumstances.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Often, the owner of a hotel holds the licence for the hotel premises pursuant to which an e-signature card can be obtained; both of which are required to obtain residence visas for employees. Since employees must work for their sponsor at its premises, this ordinarily results in the hotel owner employing all hotel staff, despite the fact that day to day running of the hotel will be the responsibility of the operator. Irrespective of any contractual agreement between the parties in the HMA, the owner is the employer for local law purposes. Employees generally fall within one of two groups, as follows:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">those who are employed by the owner pursuant to contract(s) entered into between the employee and the owner. The selection and hiring process is often managed by the operator through executive level personnel (ultimately employed by the operator, as below). However, the operator has no direct contractual relationship with the employees; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">employees in senior roles (general manager, finance manager, head of HR etc.) who likely have an existing employment relationship with the operator (often, in another jurisdiction) and who enter into a secondary employment relationship with the owner. This arrangement creates a scenario where the legal responsibility for the staff in the UAE remains with the owner, though the real employment relationship is between the operator and the individuals. The rationale for this approach is twofold; firstly, to ensure legal compliance in the UAE and secondly to give contractual recourse to an owner in circumstances in which there is a breach of the operator’s obligations under the HMA caused by the operator’s employees.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Breach or termination of the HMA</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Throughout the duration of the HMA, parties are generally aligned and focusing on the overall feasibility and success of the hotel. Accordingly, there is little regard given to the obligations under the HMA during the initial phases of the hotel operation. Inevitably, there is also little concern at this stage as to which party is responsible for the employees, particularly since day to day operations are managed by the operator and employees readily take instructions from the operator’s senior employees. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Difficulties tend to arise where the HMA is terminated. At that stage, the question of responsibility in relation to the employees inevitably comes to the forefront. Until that point, the employees themselves often do not realise that they are not necessarily employees of the operator but of the owner. This is not helped by the fact that employment contracts are often issued on operator letterhead which is misleading.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As set out, hotel employees who are sponsored and therefore employed by an owner will continue to be employed by the owner even in the event of a change in operator. The employees may then be retained to continue working for any new operator (of course, then branded as employees of the new operator). Alternatively, an owner could decide to dismiss the employees, particularly if a new operator is not quickly identified.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Where employees are retained by the owner, it continues to be responsible for the payment of salaries and the provision of benefits. Employees who will be dismissed as a result of termination of the HMA (in all likelihood including the operator’s executive staff), are also entitled to termination benefits payable by the owner. The scope and quantum of those benefits will depend upon the employment contract executed by the owner and the employees.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">At this stage, questions are likely to arise in relation to which party is responsible for termination benefits owing to the operator’s staff (sponsored by the owner) who are dismissed on termination of the HMA. Strictly speaking, in the event of a dispute, the owner will be responsible for all amounts since it is the sponsor and employer at local law level. However, the HMA will often detail the costs which will ultimately be borne by the operator, which is likely to include termination payments which arise in relation to the operator’s staff, paid in the first instance by the owner and reimbursed by the operator.</p>\r\nIn some scenarios, it is conceivable that the HMA could be terminated as a result of the owner’s breach of key terms or, although not lawfully terminated, the provisions of the HMA are no longer being applied. Clearly, this situation is most likely to arise where the parties are in dispute, most controversially where the owner seeks to eject the operator unilaterally and assume control of the hotel’s operation. In those circumstances, confusion is likely to be rife amongst the employees who often see themselves as being employed by the operator particularly where the operator has previously been in control of the hotel for a lengthy period and the recruitment and employment of the individuals included references to the operator’s brand.\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Further difficulties could also stem from employees who would rather remain employed by the operator than the owner, particularly where the operator’s brand is well recognised. Clearly, this may not be feasible where the operator does not operate a number of hotels in the UAE and the employee is unwilling or unable to relocate. Even if the employees are able to remain with the operator, the dissolution of the relationship between the owner and operator is unlikely to be quickly resolved and employees will inevitably be impacted by any changes to hotel operation.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Due to local law considerations, the owner of a hotel is in most cases likely to be the legal employer of a hotel’s personnel in the UAE and is therefore legally responsible for the hotel’s employees irrespective of the contractual relationship between the owner and operator.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\"wp-image-7507 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_654521452-1024x634.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"192\" /></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> In order to limit difficulties on termination of a HMA, it is important for the HMA to clearly document which party is responsible for employees in the event of certain scenarios, including where there are breaches to the agreement and where the HMA is fully terminated. It is also imperative that employees are aware of which entity they are engaged by in order to avoid confusion in the event of difficulties between the owner and operator. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Ultimately, owners should be conscious of their legal obligations in relation to their employees and ensure that adequate provisions are included in the HMA to deal with those obligations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/employment-incentives/\">Employment &amp; Incentives</a> team regularly advises on employment matters, particularly in the <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/sectors/hotels-leisure/\">hospitality</a> sector. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/natalie-jones/\">Natalie Jones</a> (<a href=\"mailto:n.jones@tamimi.com\">n.jones@tamimi.com</a>). </i></p>'),
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	(215128,7466,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
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	(215130,7466,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(215131,7466,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorName','Kareem Bessisso'),
	(215132,7466,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorName','field_59e59ad5d15dd'),
	(215133,7466,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorEmail','k.bessisso@tamimi.com'),
	(215134,7466,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorEmail','field_59e59afcd15de'),
	(215135,7466,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorLocation','Dubai, UAE'),
	(215136,7466,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorLocation','field_59e59b05d15df'),
	(215137,7466,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','1'),
	(215138,7466,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(215139,7466,'orderValue1','1'),
	(215140,7466,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(215141,7466,'stats_list',''),
	(215142,7466,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(215143,7466,'orderValue2','2'),
	(215144,7466,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(215145,7466,'timeline_header',''),
	(215146,7466,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(215147,7466,'timeline',''),
	(215148,7466,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(215149,7466,'orderValue3','3'),
	(215150,7466,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(215151,7466,'content_header',''),
	(215152,7466,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(215153,7466,'content_description',''),
	(215154,7466,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(215155,7466,'content','<img class=\" wp-image-7508 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_415277212-Converted-1024x854.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"357\" height=\"297\" />\r\n<p class=\"p1\">By the Dubai Expo in 2020, the UAE plans to have more than 170,000 hotel rooms according to news reports. Dubai currently boasts 100,000 hotel rooms, surpassing other major touristic cities such as London, which has 90,000 hotel rooms. Dubai is now tied with Bangkok and New York, each of which also have 100,000 hotel rooms. According to recent news reports, over 150 five-star hospitality projects, 80 four-star projects and 35 three-star projects are currently underway in Dubai. The expected completion date for 40 of those projects is the end of this year.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Given these numbers, from an intellectual property perspective, hospitality market entrants to a vibrant market, such the UAE, now need to take a more circumspect approach to leveraging their available resources. The question that poses itself to such entrants is what would be the most suitable approach to capitalising on intellectual property rights with the aim of increasing competitiveness?</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The reality is that intellectual property is very important in the context of the hospitality industry, especially when considering trademarks and branding. A trademark communicates the source of the service to consumers. This allows consumers to associate the quality of the service with the specific service provider. In short, the trademark signifies the brand on offer and provides indications as to the origin and quality of the service on offer. In this article, we shall highlight some trademark issues that arise under UAE law, which hospitality industry experts ought to consider.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Trademark registration</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Trademark registration is the very first step that market entrants, who wish to enter into the UAE market, must consider and prioritise. The UAE Federal Law No. 37 of 1992 and its amendments (the “Trademarks Law”), which govern trademarks in the UAE, provides for the registration of trademarks with the Ministry of Economy. The Trademarks Law and judicial precedent recognises the prior use concept with respect to trademark rights protection, where seniority in use of a mark is the basis for the accrual of trademark rights. Nevertheless, lack of registration allows third parties to easily infringe trademarks. Enforcing unregistered trademark rights in the UAE is challenging, especially with the administrative authorities or the police.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When registering a trademark in the UAE, the classes and specifications of goods and services covered by the registration are of equal importance. The UAE adopts the Nice Classification 10th edition for trademark registration. In this regard, while all 45 classes are recognised in the UAE, due regard to certain cultural and religious nuances is necessary when drafting the specifications. For example, Class 43, is the classification of services relevant to the hospitality sector generally (it covers temporary accommodation, hotel, and food and drink services). While the Nice Classification recognises bars, clubs, casinos, and related services, a hospitality brand owner must take care to exclude such services from their application for the registration of their mark under Class 43 in the UAE. A failure to do so may well result in the rejection of their application. The UAE Trademarks Office considers that bars, clubs, casinos, and related services are contrary to public order and therefore are not registrable as a matter of law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Trade names</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Each company with a business presence in the UAE must have a trade name that is registered with the Department of Economic Development in the relevant Emirate. Trade name and trademarks systems in the UAE have for many years allowed for conflicting names and trademarks to co-exist. The systems remain unsynchronized and no crosschecking between the trade name registry (which is held with the Department of Economic Development) and the Trademark Registry (which is held with the Ministry of Economy/ Trademarks Office) exists to clear conflicts between trade name rights and trademark rights before these are registered. As a result, it was not a surprise for an owner of a five-star plus hotel brand to find their UAE-registered trademark rights effectively misappropriated by a two-star hotel in Dubai enjoying a trade name registration for the same name. This had an impact on their plans to enter into the UAE market and it was only until the trade name was amended, that the brand owner was able to operate their hotel in the UAE.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To challenge a trade name registration, brand owners must bring a Court action for cancellation of the trade name on the grounds of their UAE-registered trademark. However, the risk with trade name cancellation cases is that courts assess the ownership based on the date of first registration in the country where the dispute arose. That is, if the trade name owner in the UAE holds a trade name registration that predates that of the trademark registration, then the court may rule in favor of the trade name owner, based on the prior use argument.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As such, when registering a trademark in the UAE, hospitality brand owners ought to consider conducting proper clearance searches both at the federal level (with the Trademark Registry) and the Emirates level (with trade names registries).</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Non-traditional trademarks</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A hotel guest who spends a memorable holiday in a resort may also attach positive memories and emotions to the melody he heard multiple times a day. He may also recall the specific aroma he smelled as he ventured through the hotel lobby, on his way to the pool, spa or restaurant. Hospitality industry experts can capitalise on such touristic experiences of sound and smell, which a guest often associates with the hospitality service. Such sounds and smells are increasingly recognised as a new non-traditional form of trademark protection in major jurisdictions. To this end, brand owners in the hospitality industry are advised to better consider these non-traditional aspects when devising and implementing their branding strategy.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Trademarks have been historically limited to the traditional insignias such as words, slogans, and logos. However, many companies are now increasingly turning to non-traditional trademarks to gain competitive advantages. One such example of a non-traditional trademark is Verizon Wireless’s “flower blossom scent”. Verizon Wireless in the USA successfully managed to register the “flower blossom scent” as a trademark. Verizon uses this scent at all their stores. With this use, the scent became very distinctive and source identifier of Verizon’s stores. Another famous example of a non-traditional trademark is Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s roaring lion. MGM managed to register the roaring lion as a sound trademark to distinguish its services in the entertainment industry.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the UAE, the Trademarks Law provides a broad definition of what constitutes a trademark. Article (2) of the same reads:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i> “A trademark is anything which takes a distinctive form whether names, words, signatures, letters, figures, drawings, symbols, titles, tax stamps, seals, pictures, inscriptions, advertisements or packs or any other mark or a combination thereof, used or is intended to be used, either in distinguishing goods, products or services whatever their origin is, or to show that goods or products are owned by the mark owner by virtue of their manufacture, selection or dealing in, or to indicate the performance of a service. Sound is considered a part of the trademark if it accompanies thereto.”</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It follows from the above definition that the list therein is non-exhaustive in terms of what can be capable of trademark registration, as long as the distinctiveness requirements are satisfied. The Trademarks Law also provides specifically for sound as a trademark. However, to date there have not been any sound or smell trademarks registered in the UAE due to the lack of guidelines for such protection and registration. Nevertheless, brand owners in the hospitality industry are encouraged to take advantage of this aspect of the Trademarks Law by seeking the protection of such non-traditional marks in the UAE.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Other IP aspects to consider</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In 2010, Apple succeeded in registering their standard retail store appearance and layout as a trademark with the US Trademark Office and the European Trademarks Office. On the face of it, the Apple case demonstrates that it may be possible to protect a hotel room, lobby, spa and restaurant provided they are distinctive enough in their overall appearance, colour, shape and arrangement of furniture allowing consumers to distinguish them from other hotel rooms, lobbies, spas and restaurants. Under the UAE Trademarks Law, it could be very difficult to obtain registration for a hotel room’s, or lobby’s, design. However, other options for protection may be sought, such as copyright and design protection.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Intellectual property assets are increasingly more important given the increasing competition in the hospitality sector in the UAE. Accordingly, business owners in this sector should secure the right protection as early as possible.</p>'),
	(215156,7466,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
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	(215166,7466,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
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	(215175,7467,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
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	(215177,7467,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(215178,7467,'lawUpdateArticleSectors_0_lawUpdateArticleSector','658'),
	(215179,7467,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors_0_lawUpdateArticleSector','field_59ec462a1e204'),
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	(215181,7467,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
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	(215188,7467,'orderValue1','1'),
	(215189,7467,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(215190,7467,'stats_list',''),
	(215191,7467,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(215192,7467,'orderValue2','2'),
	(215193,7467,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(215194,7467,'timeline_header',''),
	(215195,7467,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(215196,7467,'timeline',''),
	(215197,7467,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(215198,7467,'orderValue3','3'),
	(215199,7467,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(215200,7467,'content_header',''),
	(215201,7467,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(215202,7467,'content_description',''),
	(215203,7467,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(215204,7467,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\" wp-image-7703 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_765576487-666x1024-1.jpg\" alt=\"Trademark Hospitality \" width=\"448\" height=\"707\" />New resolutions have been introduced to boost investor confidence and fulfil an efficient and sustainable real estate market in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Decision No. 1 of 2018 Concerning Licenses of Developers, Brokers and Sales Agents (‘Decision No. 1’) and Decision No. 2 of 2018 Concerning Licenses for Real Estate Developments Projects (“Decision No. 2”) were issued in the Official Gazette and came into force on 2 March 2018.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> After the successful launch and operation of the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (‘RERA’), a regulatory body now oversees the real estate sector in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Decision No. 1 and Decision No. 2 are the first of a number of regulations, to be issued by RERA over the coming months in line with Law 27 of 2017 Concerning the Promulgation of the Real Estate Sector Regulation Law (‘Real Estate Law’).</span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Decision No. 1</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Pursuant to Decision No. 1, the activities of developers, brokers and sales agents (‘Applicant’) cannot be undertaken within the Kingdom of Bahrain without obtaining an authorization issued by RERA (‘License’), which can be obtained online at http://www.rera.gov.bh/en. Decision No. 1, also prohibits an Applicant who has been convicted of a crime or declared bankrupt (or if a corporate entity, where its directors have been declared bankrupt) without rehabilitation from obtaining a License.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Decision No. 1, lists the information required from an Applicant. Notable requirements include 3 years audited accounts and the previous history of a developer (excluding new developers). In relation to a broker, evidence of 3 years’ experience together with the successful completion of examinations and training courses set by RERA are required.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> RERA will reject or approve an application to obtain a License within 5 days of receipt and if a decision has not been reached by RERA with the 5-day time limit, the application will be deemed to have been unsuccessful. A License shall be valid for 1 year and is required to be displayed in a visible place at an Applicant’s place of work and any application to renew the License must be made not less than 60 days of its expiry. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">RERA have the authority to revoke a License if:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">an Applicant has provided false information;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a condition of the License has been breached;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the License has been passed onto a third party;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">an Applicant’s Company Registration is revoked; or</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the legal personality of an Applicant has changed without RERA”s consent.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">RERA has provided some leeway for existing developers, brokers and sales agents in that they have until 1 September 2018 to rectify their status and obtain a License.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Decision No. 2</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Development License</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Decision No. 2 applies to projects where a developer intends to sell units off plan and any other project as determined by the Cabinet (‘Project’). Decision No. 2 requires a developer to obtain a licence for each individual Project (‘Development License’).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When applying for a Development License, a developer must supply RERA with a number of documents including:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the title deed or anything equivalent in lieu of the deed;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the approved structural and architectural drawings;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a copy of the main plan, the building permit;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a specimen sales contract;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">evidence of annotation of the Project in the Land Journal at the Survey &amp; Land Registration Bureau (“SLRB”); and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">an estimate of the value of the Project, which has been signed by an engineer licensed by the Engineering Practical Organisation Council.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">An application for a Development License is to be reviewed within 40 days and if a response is not received from RERA within that time period the application should be deemed rejected.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In view of providing greater transparency in the market, RERA shall create a publicly accessible register known as “Register of the Works of Real Estate Development Projects” which shall include details of all Projects.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Restrictions</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The new measures in Decision No. 2 include various restrictions placed on developers, with a view to avoiding non-compliance. There is a restriction from mortgaging the Project except from a financial institution licenced by the Central Bank of Bahrain and depositing the entire financing amount in the escrow account. Additionally, developers cannot sell the entire development as a whole to another developer without the written approval of the Chief Executive of RERA.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Marketing License</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Developers must obtain a marketing license (‘Marketing License’) prior to marketing a Project. A Marketing License can be obtained upon application to RERA and submitting amongst other documents;</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the details of Project;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the advertising plan; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">confirmation that an escrow account has been opened.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">Moreover, RERA permits a developer to obtain a market research advertising license prior to obtaining a Development License. Such market research advertising license will be valid for 9 months which may be extended on application at least one month of its expiry, and can be obtained by making an application to RERA and providing;</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the approved plan; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the description of the Project and the media to be used.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Letter of Interest </b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With the interests of the stakeholders in mind, RERA has introduced the concept of a Letter of Interest (‘LoI’). The LoI allows a prospective buyer to reserve a unit where the developer does not have a Development License. Upon signing, a LoI a prospective buyer is required to pay a BHD 1,000 to the developer, which is fully refundable, should the prospective buyer withdraw from the transaction. The duration of the LoI will be left to the agreement of the parties; however, a sale contract will not be permitted to be concluded within the duration of the LoI.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Reservation Agreement </b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When reserving a unit, a prospective buyer is required to enter into a Reservation Agreement (‘RA’) and to pay a reservation fee of 1% of the purchase price to the developer upon signing a RA, which shall be non-binding. The duration of the RA is to be determined by the parties, however it cannot be less than 7 days and if a buyer withdraws from the RA, the developer will be entitled to withhold up to BHD 200 from the reservation fee to cover its administrative expenses.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Sale and Purchase Agreement </b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">RERA has provided measures within Decision 2 for the minimum requirements of Sale and Purchase Agreements (‘SPA’). For example, a prospective buyer is required to pay a deposit of 10% (less any sums paid pursuant to the LoI and RA) on the signing of the SPA. SPAs will be required to be registered at the SLRB by the developer subject to the payment of a fee, which can be passed down to the buyer.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Decision No. 2 places further requirements on the contents of a SPA, which must include details of the:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">parties (including the license number of the developer);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">project including the Development License number;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">completion and handover;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">unit including its dimensions; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">common areas.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">Any SPA not including the above information will be null and will not be capable of registration at the SLRB.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A developer is also required to issue a Disclosure Statement, which shall form part of the SPA. The Disclosure Statement shall include details of the:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">the buyer’s percentage of the common property;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">articles of association of the Owners Association;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">indicative budget for maintenance for 2 years following handover;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">details of restrictions on the use of the unit; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">any other data required by RERA or any other Government Authority.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">In addition, restrictions have been placed on the payment plan within the SPA, where the amounts cannot exceed the payment certain construction thresholds.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Various other restrictions have been placed on the developer in relation to payments, which include an obligation of providing a buyer and RERA with progress reports and obtaining RERA’s approval prior to requesting an interim payment pursuant to the SPA.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> If a buyer breaches its obligations within a SPA the developer is required to notify the buyer of such breach and permit the buyer 90 days to rectify such breach prior to terminating the SPA. On termination of the SPA, a developer can retain 10% of the amount paid. A buyer may terminate the SPA, if the unit has not been handed over within 6 months of the expected handover date after notifying the developer and the escrow agent and after the lapse of 90 days. Upon termination, a buyer can recover all sums paid to the developer without prejudice to any right for compensation.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A developer is entitled to 1% of the purchase price not exceeding BHD 500 to covers its administrative costs should a buyer sell its unit prior to handover.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Transitional Provisions</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">RERA has allocated a transitional time limit for developers who obtained a license pursuant to Law 28 of 2014, on the basis of encouraging investment and compliance. Such developers shall have 6 months to rectify its status and shall not be required a pay a fee for a Development License. Upon the application for a Development License, a developer will need to provide a certificate from an escrow agent stating the opening of the account and level of financing together with a sales schedule listing the units and status of payments. The developer will also be required to register all SPA’s of sold units at the SLRB.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Transitional License &amp; Transitional Advertising License</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In order to promote consistency, RERA has included provisions to regulate non-compliance of the previous laws. A developer who is undertaking an existing project and which does not have a license pursuant to Law 28 of 2014 has the option of obtaining a Transitional License from RERA for the Project and may also obtain a Transitional Advertising License. The documents to be supplied to RERA with an application for a Transitional License include similar documents required with an application for a Development License; however also include documentary evidence of the developer’s experience &amp; financial ability and a sales schedule. As the rectification period is 6 months all Transitional Advertising Licenses shall automatically expire on 1st September 2018.</span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Overall, we believe the Real Estate Law provide a clear framework for the real estate market in Bahrain. The requirements to undertake activities in relation to off plan developments are a positive step towards an internationally competitive real estate market. As a result of promoting investment and boosting stakeholders’ confidence, RERA is building a stronger, more transparent and more efficient real estate ecosystem in the Kingdom of Bahrain.</span></p>'),
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	(215257,7468,'content_header',''),
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	(215261,7468,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><img class=\"wp-image-7512 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_1047253930-1024x258.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1252\" height=\"315\" /></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For the last four years, Egypt has made significant and multifaceted efforts to grow its economy by both attracting foreign investments for a wide range of economic activities as well as developing its export capabilities. This has made Egypt a prime emerging market location for regional as well as global investors, especially given recent developments in the Suez Canal that has expanded Egypt’s ability to become a transit hub for transportation. An area making significant strides, due to the rush of foreign investments, is real estate and hospitality and this article considers the plans for expansion and legal framework in further detail. In recent years, Egypt has made continuous efforts to expand its economy and population beyond the established cities and hubs. This effort has included trying to dilute the effect of overpopulation by building independent urban centres and establishing industrial and economic zones that spur growth and increase productivity.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Not only is the creation of new cities allowing for more investments, it also creates new destinations for tourists. Given the fact that tourism is a major source of revenue for Egypt and, indeed, a great source of pride for Egyptians, the development of the tourism industry beyond the traditional destinations is an extremely effective way to attract tourists with different preferences. In addition, the creation of new cities including the new administrative capital, aims to relieve Cairo’s congestion and bureaucracy. In our view, the most important real estate projects currently in construction are the new administrative capital, New Alamein City and El Galala City, both of which we consider below.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>The New Administrative Capital</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In early 2016, the first phase of construction on the ambitious new capital began on over 700 square kilometres of land. The new capital is located between Cairo and Suez, where it will house parliament, ministries, governmental bodies, the presidential offices and embassies. Moreover, it will enjoy a plethora of facilities including schools, universities, parks, hospitals, clinics, an international airport, a theme park larger than Disneyland, an electric railway that connects to Cairo, solar farms and over 40,000 hotel rooms. Once completed, the new capital is expected to attract over five million residents.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The new capital will also house a 0.5 square kilometre central business district, which will be financed and built by the China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC) creating investments expected to be valued at over US$ 3 billion. The central business district will include a 345-meter high skyscraper, the would-be highest building in Africa, twelve business complexes, five residential buildings and two hotels.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The CSCEC construction of the new business district is run by a private special purpose vehicle with shareholders including the Egyptian New Urban Communities Authority and the Armed Forces.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>New Alamein City</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Land for constructing the New Alamein City was allocated earlier this year. This new city is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea where many tourist resorts and gated communities already exist. It is a popular destination for local tourism but this new project aims at internationalising its appeal and making it accessible for all sectors of Egyptian society.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The New Alamein City is not only going to be a tourist hub but a complete urban centre that stretches over 200 square kilometres and can house over 400,000 inhabitants. From a tourism perspective, once complete there is expected to be 25,000 hotel rooms which includes three new hotels being operated by Marriott International.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>El Galala City in El Ain El Sokhna</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">El Galala City is part of the government’s plans to expand its tourist attractions as well as its urban living spaces to presently unpopulated areas. El Galala Mountain is located on the Red Sea between El Ain El Sokhna and El Zaafarana and construction has already begun on the project, which is planned to extend to approximately 70 square kilometres. It is expected to be a prime tourist destination with many resorts and tourist villages and a city, which links the New Administrative Capital to the Red Sea governorates.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We now consider the legal framework that regularises these important real estate developments.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Legal Framework</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The primary legislation is the Investment Law No.72 of 2017 (the “Investment Law”) (and specifically Article 37 and 58 and as further stipulated in Article 47 of the accompanying Executive Regulations),which provides that the properties required for investment projects shall be disposed through one of the following means:</span></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Sale;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Rent;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Rent to own; or</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">License to use, where the license to use or lease is only valid for a period that does not exceed 50 years.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">The Investment Law requires that the transfer of ownership, in case of sale or rent of properties, be conditional upon the full price payment. Moreover, the competent administrative authority, may participate in the investment projects conducted, with the property being an in-kind share or through a partnership in the cases determined by a decree issued by the Cabinet of Ministers (under Article 58).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Executive Regulations (Article 48) details that this participation could take the form of either:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a Public-Private Partnership (PPP);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a Long-Term Partnership;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a Build, Operate, Transfer (“BOT”);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a Build, Own, Operate, Transfer (“BOOT”); or</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a Revenue Sharing Partnership</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">Pursuant to the Investment Law and its Executive Regulations, a database shall be created (and updated every 6 months) in order to comprise a list of these properties, their sizes, established heights as well as estimated price, and the method of disposal. The process of land allocation is conditional upon the approval of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers and the President of the Republic issuing a decree. This decree shall transfer the title and jurisdiction of the property from the administrative body which has jurisdiction, to the General Authority of Free Zones and Investment (GAFI) for the purpose of executing the investment plan and disposing of the property according to the provisions of the Investment Law.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is noteworthy that the provisions of the Investment Law currently allow for a dual route to obtaining property from the government. One way is to obtain property directly from the competent administrative authorities and the other is to deal with GAFI, whereby the property would initially be transferred to GAFI and then onto the investor. This serves to allow more flexibility to the investor in terms of deciding which path would be more convenient. This flexibility was not available prior to the introduction of the Investment Law. Previously, the only path for the investor was to seek land allocation through the competent authorities, which often led to additional bureaucracy dealing with several authorities and their respective requirements. The new arrangements also ensure that GAFI, a national body for investments, allocate disposition of land and property according to a wider vision for the economy.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Requirements and Conditions</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In cases where the investor requires a privately state-owned property (purchased by the state but not deemed to be public land) the Investment Law requires the investor to indicate such requirements in its application, by specifying the purpose, size and location of the desired property. Moreover, for purposes of development, in certain circumstances, the Investment Law allows for the free disposal of private state-owned properties to investors in areas specified by Presidential Decree. In order to qualify , the investment projects must meet technical and financial criteria,which are set by virtue of a decree issued by the Cabinet of Ministers (as distinct from the above mentioned Presidential Decree). This free disposal of properties is conditional upon the investor providing a cash guarantee not exceeding 5% of the overall cost of the investment project.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In particular, according to the Executive Regulations, where it concerns an activity involving production, the investor shall provide a cash guarantee representing 1% of the overall cost of the investment project. Where the activity concerned involves services, the investor shall provide a cash guarantee representing 3% of the overall cost of the investment project. Finally, where the activity concerned involves storage, the investor shall provide a cash guarantee representing 5% of the overall cost of the investment project. This guarantee shall be refunded after three years from the actual commencement date of activities, provided that the investor complies with the conditions of disposal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Pricing and Selection Criteria</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Investment Law stipulates that investors or investment projects are chosen according to a points-based system, ranking projects based on preference principles according to technical or financial specifications, or based on the value of the bid. In particular, the Executive Regulations (Article 51) stipulates that these points be calculated according to:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The investor’s previous experience;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The investor’s international standing;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The project’s ability to generate foreign currency, either by exporting products or by providing a local substitute for imported products;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Projected investment costs;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The value of the bid and payment method</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">In the event that the bid process is close (with little to chose between tenderers), the value of the bid takes precedence during the decision-making process. Furthermore, the Investment Law (Article 64) requires that any price estimation for the value of the properties, be it for sale, rent, or for other uses, shall be conducted by one of the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The General Authority for Governmental Services;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The Higher Committee of State Land Pricing in the Ministry of Agriculture;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The New Urban Communities Authority;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The General Authority for Tourism Development; or</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The General Authority for Industrial Development</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">The enumeration of high standards in pricing and decision-making raises confidence in the transparency of the process and prevents potential legal battles concerning misallocation, bribery or profiteering. When the process is fair and transparent, investors are more confident and willing to enter a bid knowing that there will not be any foul play.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The involvement of the abovementioned authorities shall vary according to the nature of the project. Following the decision of the relevant authority’s Executive Officer, in addition to the approval of the competent Minister, the Investment Law and the Executive Regulations prescribe for the creation of one or more committees. The committee(s) include technical, financial, and legal teams. The seniority and expertise of the committee(s) correspond with the significance and nature of the projects under consideration.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The number of projects currently in the pipeline should spur Egyptian economic growth in a sustainable way and put the government’s resources to efficient use. These projects are accompanied by a set of laws that make it significantly easier for investors to do business and participate in the national projects. One of the more important reasons the government has established these mega projects is not simply to expand foreign investment but also allow for the creation of living space outside the confines of Greater Cairo, which is becoming increasingly dense.</p>'),
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	(215298,7469,'orderValue1','1'),
	(215299,7469,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(215300,7469,'stats_list',''),
	(215301,7469,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(215302,7469,'orderValue2','2'),
	(215303,7469,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(215304,7469,'timeline_header',''),
	(215305,7469,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(215306,7469,'timeline',''),
	(215307,7469,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(215308,7469,'orderValue3','3'),
	(215309,7469,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(215310,7469,'content_header',''),
	(215311,7469,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(215312,7469,'content_description',''),
	(215313,7469,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(215314,7469,'content','<img class=\"size-full wp-image-7696 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_656669977-1-799x1024-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"291\" height=\"373\" />\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The purpose of this article is to provide developers, investors and other stakeholders with an overview of the main laws and regulations affecting the real estate practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as the practical issues to consider.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Who can Own Property in Saudi Arabia?</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Gulf Cooperation Council (‘GCC’) nationals and GCC companies (with shareholders who are all GCC nationals) have certain rights to own land, subject to a number of restrictions. A GCC company or a GCC national may lease or purchase land to use it to conduct any licensed business activity from the land, and may own residential properties in Saudi Arabia, except for properties within the vicinity of Mecca and Medina.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Foreigners (being non-GCC nationals or companies who are not 100 percent owned by GCC nationals) have certain rights to own land and property in Saudi Arabia. The Foreign Ownership of Real Estate Regulation (enacted by Royal Decree No. M/15 dated 17/04/1421H, corresponding to 19 July 2000) regulates the acquisition by foreign, non-GCC nationals, of real estate in Saudi Arabia. Under this regulation, the ownership and investment in real estate by a foreign investor is permitted, subject to obtaining a foreign investment licence from the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (‘SAGIA’).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A non-GCC development company may, subject to certain licencing conditions by SAGIA, own real estate in connection with a particular project for property development provided that the construction of buildings is for investment purposes (whether through sale or lease), and is carried out by a Saudi Arabia licensed contractor.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A non-GCC entity may own Saudi Arabian real estate that is reasonably required for (i) the conduct of its professional, technical or economic activities, including for its headquarters and warehouses, or (ii) private residences for housing employees of licensed projects, or (iii) residential use by individuals with normal legal residency status.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Foreign owned entities are restricted from acquiring any right of property in real estate within the borders of the cities of Mecca and Madina. There are also ownership restrictions whereby other resolutions of the Saudi Council of Ministers, and royal decisions expressly prohibit the acquisition of real estate in specified locations.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are other rules whereby a foreign individual may own property in Saudi Arabia if he has normal legal residency status and has a permit from the Ministry of the Interior.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It must be pointed out that Saudi Arabia has a strict anti-fronting law, which must be carefully considered when structuring investments through an entity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Titling and the Registration System</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Realty in Kind Registration Law, issued by Royal Decree No. 6 on 9/21423H, creates an efficient and transparent land identification, ownership and registration system which will ultimately cover all real estate in the Kingdom. This law is also supported by the following laws relating to surveying of land and the sale of units in a building:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The Law of General Survey Authority; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">The System of Ownership of Units, Estates, units, apartments and their Sorting, issued by Royal Decree No. 5 on 11/2/1423H, corresponding to 24/4/2002.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">In practice, however, the system remains less structured than as set out in the above laws and the practice could be compared with a “deeds system” whereby ownership was traced through the various contractual agreements between buyer and seller, with the “First Notary Public” completing a change in ownership and recording such details in a register retained by the Ministry of Justice. The practice may vary in different regions and separate rules may apply in the Economic Cities. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Economic Cities</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are a number of economic cities which are at development stage in Saudi Arabia, namely the King Abdullah Economic City, the Knowledge Economic City, the Prince Abdulaziz bin Mousaed Economic City and the Jazan Economic City.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Regulations have been issued by the Economic Cities Authority for the registration of all foreign companies established in the economic cities, the registration of all land title deeds in the name of foreign entities established in the economic cities and the issuance of licences and other approvals to service providers such as district cooling, warehousing, logistics, etc in the economic cities.</span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>REITs</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In 2016, the Capital Market Authority introduced new rules allowing the formation of Real Estate Investment Traded Funds (‘REITs’) on the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul), in an effort to open the real estate market to investment by a wider range of investors. The rules cover the management, operation, and ownership of the REITs.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Subscription in a REIT is open not only to Saudis, but also GCC citizens and non-Saudi residents in Saudi Arabia. Non-resident foreign investors are also allowed to trade in the units of the REITs on the Tadawul.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Off Plan Sales </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">On 6 September 2016, Resolution No. 56 concerning the Regulations on the Sale of Off Plan Real Property was passed to provide added consumer protection in relation to off-plan sales.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Prior to making any off-plan sales, a developer will have to register the project with the Off-plan Sale Committee at the Ministry of Housing. The developer will have to show that it has the financial ability to carry out the project and that it has put sufficient guarantees in place, in particular, opening an escrow account to ensure that collections from unit purchasers for a particular project are properly channelled towards that project in question and not spent on other unrelated projects.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The regulation also provides for the supervision of the construction progress by a consultation office (accredited by the Organisation of Saudi Engineers), which will provide quarterly technical reports on the project status until completion.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Mortgage of Real Estates</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Registered Real Estate Mortgage Law was issued in 2012.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This new law is to create certainty over the priority of a debt secured by a registered mortgage and to do away with the practice whereby banks would cause the borrower to make an outright transfer of title to the real estate to a nominee named by the banks for the duration of the financing, with title reverting back to borrower once the financing is repaid.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An important aspect of the law is that the debt being secured by the mortgage must not relate to a conventional finance whereby interest in payable, but must be pursuant to a Sharia’ compliant financing transaction under KSA laws.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Jointly Owned Property</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Law of Proprietorship and Sorting of Real Estate Units promulgated under the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 40 dated 09/02/1423 AH and endorsed by Royal Decree No. M/5 dated 11/2/1423 AH, as amended, and the Executive Regulations promulgated under Ministerial Resolution No. (11985) dated 21/2/1424 (the “Jointly Owned Property Laws”) governs the formation of homeowner’s associations and the management of jointly owned property.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The Jointly Owned Property Laws lay down the foundation to ensure that the jointly owned property is managed in accordance with good industry practice, including maintenance of the common areas and management of the homeowner’s association funds and shared assets. The level of implementation of such homeowner’s association laws is variable and often developers retain a management role in such buildings. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As the popularity of ownership of apartments is likely to grow, the Ministry of Housing has taken a greater role in supporting and regulating homeowners associations and has recently published a “Bylaw” setting out best practices in relation to the internal operations of homeowners associations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Value Added Tax</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia along with the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”) were the first countries in the GCC to introduce Value Added Tax (“VAT”). VAT has been implemented and is payable from 1 January 2018.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As with the UAE, supplies of commercial real estate will be standard rated at five percent (5%) per annum. Unlike the UAE, however, where the first supply is zero-rated, supplies of residential real estate will also be standard rated, except for supplies by way of lease which shall be exempt.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Sales of occupied commercial buildings may also constitute sales of a business and therefore fall outside the scope of the VAT law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Etmam</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Etmam (Developers Services Centre) is a government initiative aimed at facilitating real estate developers through various stages of their development projects.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Etmam has, as its permanent members, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Justice and others. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> In essence, Etmam acts as liaison centre by following up with the relevant authorities to avoid inordinate delays in the licencing and approval process for real estate developments, in particular, residential and commercial projects comprising more than 50,000 square metres.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Among other things, Etmam facilitates the developer in respect of the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Approval for subdivision of land;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Approval for comprehensive development schemes;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Issuance of building permits;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Issuance of building completion certificates;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Issuance of off-plan sales licences; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">Issuance of off-plan marketing licences within Saudi Arabia for off-plan projects outside Saudi Arabia.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">Etmam also welcomes communications from developers and holds periodic meetings in an attempt to overcome unnecessary project obstacles and ensure continuous improvement of Etmam’s services.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Ejar</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Ministry of Housing in Saudi Arabia recently launched its Ejar rental service e-network. Landlords and tenants (including expatriates) can now download an app, which allows the user to:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">search for licensed real estate agents for renting property;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">check the landlord’s or tenant’s identity prior to the conclusion of the tenancy agreement;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">check the unit ownership and authority of the landlord’s representative;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">report violations to the supervisory team at Ejar, including brokers charging excessive commissions, brokers charging commissions on renewal of tenancy agreements, brokers colluding with the aim of manipulating the rent, and landlords failing to register the tenancy agreements on the Ejar network.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Real Estate General Authority</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Real Estate General Authority was established by the Council of Ministers Decision No. 239 of 25/4/1438. The purpose of the Authority is to enhance transparency, stimulate investment and provide consumer protection in the real estate industry.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Authority has already started working on enhancing transparency by developing price indicators (selling and rental) and other indicators pertaining to construction progress.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To incentivise investments, the Authority has conducted several local and international comparisons with the aim of implementing the best practices based on the global experiences from reputable real estate regulators in Australia, the United States, Hong Kong, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. It is understood that the Authority will also be coming up with proposed changes in the regulations in order to reduce the number of property disputes and their processing time.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Further, the Authority aims at organising various training programs and accredited courses in an endeavour to increase skills and quality among the various stakeholders in the real estate market.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Idle/ White Land Tax Law</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The government of Saudi Arabia has introduced a tax on undeveloped urban land, the so-called “white lands”.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Tax Law on vacant lands is purported to achieve the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">increase the availability of land for development in order to achieve a balance between supply and demand;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">provide residential land at a reasonable cost; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">encourage fair competition and combat monopolistic practices.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">The tax rate levied on vacant lands owned by non-government persons is at the rate of 2.5% of the value of the land, payable per annum.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Though not an unreasonably high amount in itself (when compared to other similar land taxes in other jurisdictions), when vacant land remains non-income producing, there is less incentive on the land owner to hold the undeveloped land.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This new tax is consistent with the Saudi Arabian Government’s policies for stimulating development and increasing affordable housing across the Kingdom.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is clear that Vision 2030 will create many opportunities in the real estate sector and will be an impetus for the issuance of additional regulations and guidelines to adopt best international practices and make the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia a leading real estate jurisdiction of choice.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-7513 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_679218187-1024x298.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1345\" height=\"391\" />'),
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	(215365,7470,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><b>Oman’s tourism drive</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Oman recently implemented a definitive strategy to push forward with its economic diversification strategy and one of the key beneficiaries of this strategy is the tourism and leisure sector, which aims to capitalise on Oman’s unique topography and outstanding natural beauty. As a tourism destination, Oman has often been overlooked by travelers for countries either further afield or in favour of other more obvious destinations in the Middle East. The Government is determined to change the status quo and increase the number of visitors to Oman by five times the current level by 2040. It proposes to do this by showcasing a variety of natural and manmade attractions and provide incentives to leisure companies and hotel operators to introduce their brands to the Sultanate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Increasing Capacity</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Figures provided by the Ministry of Tourism highlight that the number of licenced hotels increased by seven percent from 2014 to 2015. More recent statistical information highlights that the number of hotels in operation in Oman stands at over 352, with 81 alone opening in the period 2017 – 2018. Increasing hotel capacity is one way to stay ahead of the expected growth in tourism numbers, which are anticipated to hit five million visitors per annum by 2020. Numbers of temporary leisure accommodation, including hotel apartments, lodgings, and boutique hotels, is also increasing as the Sultanate prepares to cater for visitors from around the world with different budgets.</p>\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-7519 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Screen-Shot-2018-06-04-at-12.02.38-PM-300x181.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"214\" />\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Room for Growth</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">The vast majority of visitors to Oman are from the GCC region, followed by the Far East and Europe. As the category and background of visitor coming to Oman changes over the coming years, the leisure accommodation market will need to diversify to cater to these different needs and expectations demanded by the modern international tourist. Locations of hotels, facilities offered, and proximity to key attractions will all play a part in the decision making of operators looking to establish a footprint in the Sultanate. Based on studies put together by the National Centre for Statistics and Information, conservative growth of the tourist economic activity is placed at eight times current levels, with a more optimistic view being at 12 times current levels. Growth in the sector is expected to create over half a million employment opportunities by 2040 and add further number to the burgeoning small and medium enterprise sector. The contribution to GDP is expected to grow from the current sub two percent level to around six to ten percent during the next 25 years.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Clusters</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The Government is aware that increasing hotel stock by itself will not create a tourism drive. The Government plans to develop and market a range of cluster destinations to offer visitors a wider variety of experiences, the aim being to encourage longer stays and returning visitors. The clusters will seek to capitalise on the natural and cultural resources in fourteen locations across Oman, many of which are already well known to tourists visiting from the GCC region. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Training institutes</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Tourism cannot occur without structural change. The Government plans to work with existing colleges and other educational centres to provide the requisite top quality training to those intending to work in the tourism sector in Oman. The Oman tourism strategy contains a detailed plan on training and educational needs that will take place to prepare the workforce in this sector. Formal training programmes in Oman and in specalisied institutes abroad will be offered, in addition to on-the-job training in Oman.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Costs</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">The estimated cost of implementing the strategy is in the region of USD 35 bn, most of which is expected to come from the private sector. This estimate includes upgrading existing transport and urban infrastructure and developing the clusters around the country.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Conducting Business in Oman</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">The current international model of conducting business involves operators licensing the right to use their brand to a land owner who will construct a hotel and obtain all licences in connection with conducting business in Oman. Land owners will be advised to clarify that the land is permitted for tourism purposes and that any restrictions on the leisure facility, for example obtaining an alcohol licence, are limited to enable the business model to flourish. Maintaining all business licences is obviously key to ensuring that there is no business interruption. The current model also provides that the vast majority of the business risk remains with the owner of the land and issues, such as compliance with labour, environmental, and taxation laws rests solely with the land owner, meaning that that the operator can administer the business relationship predominantly through the contractual arrangements entered into with the land owner, without having to become an expert in and ascertain the risks of entering a new legal jurisdiction.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">One of the key advantages afforded to the tourism sector is that when incorporating a legal entity through which to run the business, establishing the commercial registration licence and tourism licence (two of the key licences that are required to validly conduct business in Oman) have become easier and more efficient to obtain. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the body responsible for authorising the business licence, has taken a more pragmatic view to new company registrations and documentary requirements. The requirement to provide evidence of paid up share capital has been relaxed somewhat over the last 12 months. This, in part, has enhanced the incorporation application procedure and promoted Oman several places higher in the World Bank’s “Doing Business” publication. In the Middle East economy rankings, Oman was recently elevated to position number one for ease of starting a business.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-7517 aligncenter\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_707001616-1024x227.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1447\" height=\"321\" />'),
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	(215424,7472,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\" wp-image-7521 alignright\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_438843064.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"430\" height=\"516\" />In December 2017, the Qatar Financial Center (‘QFC’) introduced legislative changes to the existing QFC Trust Regulations.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some of the key changes introduced were:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">A registration requirement – no trust is established, valid, and binding unless first registered with the Qatar Financial Centre Authority (‘QFCA’);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">A professional trustee company requirement - a trustee must be a licensed firm, authorised firm, or a QFCA approved foreign person;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Charitable trusts are no longer permissible under the QFC;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Disclosure requirements have been imposed on trustees to disclose the trustee’s status in all business relationships, contracts, and transactions;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">A retention obligation is imposed upon the trustee - to maintain certain information regarding the identity and beneficial ownership of a settlor, trustee, beneficiary, protector, or any other person with effective control over the trust;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">A trustee may now seek directions from the QFC Court regarding the management of the trust;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Powers have been granted to the QFC court to amend the terms of a trust;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">The settlor may now reserve certain rights and powers, as are normally performed by the settlor; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">The QFCA has been granted powers to impose penalties for contravention of the QFC Trust Regulations.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p5\"><b>Mandatory use of Professional Trustee Company </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">One of the central amendments introduced, namely the requirement for the trustee of a QFC Trust to be a professional trustee company, may impact the use and effectiveness of QFC Trusts as a vehicle for holding Qatar real estate.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The QFC Trust Regulations (as amended) stipulate in Part 9, Chapter 1, Article 38(3) of the amended QFC Trust regulations that:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p7\">‘Subject to such further requirements as may be prescribed by the Rules, a Trustee must be:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Licensed Firm that is a DNFBP*;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">an Authorised Firm; or</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">a Person approved by the QFC Authority that is duly licensed or authorised in a jurisdiction outside of the QFC and is subject to adequate requirements in respect of anti-money laundering and counter terrorism financing, by the laws applicable to the Person.’</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p8\">*Designated non-financial business or profession under the AML/CFT Rules</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Article 38 of the amended QFC Trust regulations further states, by way of a guidance note, that a ‘Licensed Firm’ or an ‘Authorised Firm’ that wishes to carry on the provision of the administration of trusts by way of business, must be licensed or authorised to do so. Currently, there are only two active QFC entities listed on the QFC public register as licensed to carry out the business of administration of trusts.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Whilst Article 16(2)(B) of the amended QFC Trust regulations does recognise that a trust may be created by title to the trust property being ‘held in the name of the Trustee or is held in the name of another Person on behalf of the Trustee’ it is not clear as to how that other person holding title effectively creates a second trust that also has to comply with the foregoing rules. Until a court has determined what this rather vague statement actually means, one cannot be sure that having a property in the name of a person holding the same for a trustee does not in fact create a separate trust relationship.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p5\"><b>Limitations of QFC trusts as a vehicle for holding Qatar Real Estate</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The new mandatory requirement to have a QFC professional trustee company as trustee, rather than individual trustees at the discretion of the settlor/protector, has three major potential disadvantages for the use of QFC trusts as a vehicle for holding Qatar real estate. </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>1. Foreign Ownership Restrictions</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As set out in Law No. 5 of 1963, the general rule for real estate ownership in Qatar is that only Qataris (that is, Qatari nationals or entities 100 percent owned by Qatari nationals) are permitted to own freehold real estate in Qatar. However, in 2004, the government opened the country’s real estate market to foreign investors, permitting foreigners to own freehold real estate in three particular zones, with three additional zones for GCC nationals. Foreigners were also permitted to hold usufruct rights for 99 years in 18 particular zones. As such, freehold ownership for foreigners is still particularly restricted.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The foreign ownership restrictions limit the ability to transfer legal title of Qatar real estate to the trustee.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In line with such real estate foreign ownership restrictions, any professional trustee company would have to be 100 percent Qatari owned, in order to hold legal title to any real estate in Qatar, for the exempt zones. Whereas the use of a QFC trust for holding real estate had been particularly useful for asset protection and succession purposes for Qatari nationals, it is envisaged that any professional trustee companies looking to license and register with the QFC would naturally originate from jurisdictions experienced and adept at administration of trusts. As a civil law jurisdiction, which does not recognise the concept of trusts, there would be limited experience for 100 percent Qatari-owned businesses in this field. Therefore, the inability of professional trustee companies with any foreign ownership to hold legal title to most real estate in Qatar restricts the usefulness of a QFC trust holding land.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>2. Perceived Loss of Control/Transparency in Family Trusts</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As the intended purpose of many trusts is for asset protection and succession in family arrangements, many potential settlors may not feel comfortable to transfer family property, or indeed any property, to an unknown foreign professional trustee company with no retained control other than in the role of protector, appointer, etc. By vesting a family real property in a corporate trustee, families may feel that there is loss of control over such property. A settlor may prefer the security of selecting their own individual trustee, such as a trusted friend, relative, or professional advisor, with whom they have an established and trusted relationship, or having some level of management control over any such trustee company by family members, or indeed fulfilling the role of trustee themselves. In addition, individual trustees or corporate trustees with management control by family members may be more visible to settlors, and the handing and administration of the trust by a unknown corporate trustee could be seen as a loss of transparency in the affairs of the trust.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Whilst the QFC has launched a new regime under the QFC Foundations Regulations, the same requires the board of a foundation to contain a ‘Registered Representative’ who must also be a DNFBP, and the Registered Representative has certain powers that might not be acceptable to a family arrangement. Furthermore, whilst a trustee that is a Qatari-owned incorporated trustee or a Qatari individual would be acceptable to the Real Estate Registration Department of the Ministry of Justice as the owner of land on a land title, it is not clear how a QFC foundation would be treated by that Department.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>3. Costs</b></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Even where it is possible that someone can hold real property for the trustee (pursuant to Article 16 of the amended QFC Trust Regulations), there will be a concern by potential settlors as to the costs involved in the mandatory appointment of a QFC professional trustee company, which cannot be avoided even if it is not the person on title. Corporate trustees will usually be more expensive than individual trustees and, due to the limited number of QFC licensed entities able to carry out such function, there will be limited competition in order to promote competitive pricing between QFC professional trustee companies, even where such professional trustees were permitted to hold real estate.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As the amendments to the QFC Trust Regulations are fairly recent, we have yet to see how the legislative changes will impact the use of trusts in the QFC. Yet, the requirement for a professional trustee company will certainly impact on the ability and likelihood of families to adopt trust structures for estate planning or asset protection with regard to Qatar real estate.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Qatar Corporate Commercial team regularly advises on trusts and their uses for holding all nature of assets including real estate. For further information please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/frank-lucente/\">Frank Lucente</a> (<a href=\"mailto:f.lucente@tamimi.com\">f.lucente@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/nicola-de-sylva/\">Nicola de Sylva</a> (<a href=\"mailto:n.desylva@tamimi.com\">n.desylva@tamimi.com</a>).</i></p>'),
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	(215465,7473,'orderValue2','2'),
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	(215468,7473,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
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	(215470,7473,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
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	(215473,7473,'content_header',''),
	(215474,7473,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
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	(215477,7473,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7702\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/shutterstock_1063610945-Converted-1024x269.jpg\" alt=\"Technology and Innovation \" width=\"1024\" height=\"269\" /></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Hollywood icon John Travolta is probably not the first person to spring to mind when one is thinking of entertainment options in Riyadh. Despite this, late last year, as a guest of Saudi Arabia’s General Entertainment Authority (GEA), Mr. Travolta visited Saudi Arabia to participate in <i>An Evening with John Travolta</i>, a public Q&amp;A session about his life as a film star. The event tied-in with a major announcement: the opening of public cinemas after an absence of about 35 years. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this article, we look at the context in which this development has arisen, and touch on the licensing regime for cinemas and film content.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>What’s going on?</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For people in many other parts of the world, it is difficult to imagine just how significant the re-opening of cinemas is to residents of the Kingdom. It is just one example of how the reformist steps progressed by King Salman bin Abdul Aziz, and his son, Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman, are affecting various aspects of people’s lives. Amongst the reforms taking place as part of Saudi Vision 2030 and the associated National Transformation Plan, there is a real push towards developing the sports, events and recreation sectors of the economy, and providing various opportunities for citizens and residents to enjoy their free time, spending money in the domestic economy in order to do so. Vision 2030 has set a target of raising Saudi Arabia’s annual spending on cultural and entertainment activities from 2.9% to 6% of total household spending by 2030.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">So far this year, there have been several diverse entertainment events in the Kingdom. Saudi Professional League football matches, permitting women spectators, received international media coverage. Other events, including an avant-garde circus, a World Wrestling Entertainment event, and the rumour (untrue, it seems) of a performance by a famous Dutch DJ, have all contributed to the feeling that Saudi Arabia is changing.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this context, there are many opportunities for businesses operating in the broader recreation and entertainment space.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Cinemas in Saudi Arabia</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Historically, cinemas could be found in the Kingdom in residential compounds and expat neighbourhoods. Riyadh had its own ‘cinema neighbourhood’, where movies were shown in informal movie theatres as no formal cinema licensing regime applied in the Kingdom at the time. Saudi Arabia even had its own golden age of film production, from about 1966 to the late 1970s.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> In the late 1970s, various social and political changes resulted in the disruption of the film industry and cinemas in the Kingdom. The entire movie sector was seen to be promoting religious violations and culture contrary to the norms and traditions of Saudi Arabia. This eventually led to the closure of cinemas in the 1980s.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Despite this, there have actually been some green shoots of local film production over the last few years. In 2013, <i>Wadjda</i> picked up a BAFTA nomination for best foreign-language film. In 2016, <i>Barakah Meets Barakah</i>, a Saudi ‘rom com’, was chosen as the Kingdom’s official entry for the Academy Awards’ best foreign-language film. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Now, cinema is well and truly back in the Kingdom. At the time of writing, the first public cinema event (featuring the recent world-wide hit, <i>Black Panther</i>) has just been held by US company, AMC, in a converted classical music concert hall in Riyadh. Separately, Vox Cinemas, a major cinema operator in the region, announced the opening of its first multiplex cinema in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Cinema licensing regime</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The move to allow cinemas to be licensed in the local market, with projected annual ticket sales of up to around USD 1 billion, makes Saudi Arabia a very attractive market for international cinema industry participants. It is expected that 350 cinemas, with more than 2,500 screens, will be opened by 2030.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The General Commission for Audiovisual Media (GCAM) was established in 2012 to organise the audiovisual sector in Saudi Arabia. It is responsible for all aspects of media production, distribution and broadcasting. It regulates, audio and visual media content and provides, for example, regulations for the establishment of television and radio studios, the licensing of audiovisual production companies, the provision of satellite television, and procedures for television and radio competitions. It is also responsible for content approval and age classifications for movies and video games.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In contrast, the GEA was established in 2016 to provide all kinds of entertainment to Saudi nationals and expats of all income levels and interests. According to its website:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><i>In line with one of the pillars of the Kingdom’s vision 2030 in creating a vibrant society, the General Entertainment Authority has been established to organize, develop, and lead the entertainment sector to provide exciting entertainment options, and tailored experiences to the needs of people from all walks of life around Saudi Arabia. Also, to contribute in improving and enriching the lifestyle and social cohesion among the community.</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Broadly speaking, the GEA focuses on the licensing of events and liaising with relevant government departments to help to streamline the approvals process, while GCAM regulates media content, and licenses, (amongst other things), cinemas.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> GCAM is responsible for issuing licences for the establishment and operation of cinemas. Three-year licences are available for permanent cinemas; one-month licences are available for temporary cinemas. Both licence types are renewable. An applicant for a cinema licence must hold a relevant commercial licence. Along with the official application form, the applicant must also submit an economic feasibility study, with evidence of its experience in operating cinemas. Besides the fixed official fees for operating a cinema, it is generally necessary for the operator to pay GCAM an equivalent of 25% of the value of tickets sold. Operators also need to respect intellectual property rights and to comply with Saudi law with regard to media content and age classifications.</span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For overseas investors, particularly in the entertainment and events sectors, the investment climate in Saudi Arabia has never been better. The social and economic reforms that underpin Saudi Vision 2030 are having a positive impact on the investment in the Kingdom; increasing access to cinemas is just one part of this.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/corporate-structuring/\">Corporate Structuring</a> team regularly advises on issues relating to business licensing in Saudi Arabia, and works closely with our <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/technology-media-telecommunications/\">Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications</a> team on matters relating to media and content licensing. For further information, please contact <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/nick-oconnell/\">Nick O’Connell</a> (Partner - Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications; <a href=\"mailto:n.oconnell@tamimi.com\">n.oconnell@tamimi.com</a>) or <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/lawyer/shaden-alrabiah/\">Shaden AlRabiah</a> (Associate - Corporate Structuring; <a href=\"mailto:s.alrabiah@tamimi.com\">s.alrabiah@tamimi.com</a>).</i></p>'),
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