	(205817,6982,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Protection of Patents in the pharmaceutical industry under Egyptian Laws | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205818,6982,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Al Tamimi & Company briefly examine the 2002 IP Law and then explore the other legal mechanisms available to contest a patent infringement in absence of an Egyptian granted patent.'),
	(204842,7357,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(204843,7357,'core_values',''),
	(204844,7357,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(204845,7357,'file',''),
	(204846,7357,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(204847,7357,'orderValue4','4'),
	(204848,7357,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(204849,7357,'related_pages_header',''),
	(204850,7357,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(204851,7357,'related_pages',''),
	(204852,7357,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(204853,7357,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(204854,7358,'_edit_lock','1525321267:5'),
	(204855,7358,'_edit_last','5'),
	(204856,7358,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(204857,7358,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(204858,7358,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','537'),
	(204859,7358,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(204860,7358,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(204861,7358,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(204862,7358,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(204863,7358,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(204864,7358,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','527'),
	(204865,7358,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(204866,7358,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(204867,7358,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(204868,7358,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(204869,7358,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(204870,7358,'orderValue1','1'),
	(204871,7358,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(204872,7358,'stats_list',''),
	(204873,7358,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(204874,7358,'orderValue2','2'),
	(204875,7358,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(204876,7358,'timeline_header',''),
	(204877,7358,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(204878,7358,'timeline',''),
	(204879,7358,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(204880,7358,'orderValue3','3'),
	(204881,7358,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(204882,7358,'content_header',''),
	(204883,7358,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(204884,7358,'content_description',''),
	(204885,7358,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(204886,7358,'content','<p class=\"p1\">As governments and developers in the GCC continue to mandate the use of Building Information Modelling (“BIM”) on sophisticated construction projects, a basic understanding of the contractual concepts and alternative procurement models, which deal with the legal issues arising out a BIM-enabled project, is a must.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When Dubai Municipality mandated the use of BIM through Circular No. 196, succeeded by Circular No. 207, on certain categories of building in the Middle East, consultants were generally welcoming, since they understood the advantages that a BIM-enabled project could deliver. This trend has continued and we are now seeing major developers aiming to one day facilitate a working level of BIM similar, or equivalent to, that found in the UK.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the UK, it is generally understood that the government has been pushing for a working standard of BIM that requires each project member to create a virtual 3D model of their work using object-oriented software and to follow a managed approach to information creation and exchange. It is generally understood that this reflects a level 2 working standard. While the benefits of that level of BIM maturity have been well documented, in practice the collaborative approach required for its adoption has not been readily embraced in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Most projects in the region currently only require BIM up to a level where the model is a managed computer aided design (CAD), with some going slightly further requiring a three dimensional aspect of that design. However, the tide is slowly turning and, while the Middle East may be some way off establishing BIM working levels equivalent to that of the UK, it is essential for the further development of BIM within the region that the ideas of collaboration, information creation, and exchange are fully understood so as they can be embraced.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>FIDIC and BIM</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In trying to understand how BIM is to be addressed in construction contracts in the Middle East, we first look to the Federation Internationale Des Ingenieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) Rainbow Suite of contracts. The FIDIC suite of contracts is the pre-eminent standard form of contract governing all manner of construction works within the UAE and the wider Gulf region.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With the recent launch of the Second Editions of the Red, Yellow and Silver Books (the “Second Editions”), we saw some significant changes to these standard forms. Notably, however, FIDIC did not address the use of BIM in the General Conditions and only made reference to BIM through a special Advisory Notice within the Special Provisions.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The Advisory Notice suggests that FIDIC is taking its time in finalising its position in relation to BIM but indicates it is currently preparing two documents to address the use of its form of contract for BIM-enabled projects, namely a “Technology Guideline” and a “Definition of Scope Guideline Specific to BIM”, which are to be released “shortly”. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">These documents, at least in title, seem to suggest FIDIC is taking a similar approach to that of some other popular standard form contracts in the UK, namely the Joint Contracts Tribunal (“JCT”) and NEC Engineering and Construction Contract (“NEC3”), by including a protocol document and an execution plan that clearly addresses the contractual issues inherent in implementing BIM.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">FIDIC’s cautious approach allows it to address some of the criticisms aimed at the BIM protocols embraced by other standard form contracts which, as has been discussed in a previous article published by this practice, have arguably failed to provide sufficient detail to be used effectively.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Further, FIDIC has the opportunity to build on the collaborative contractual approach that has been a theme in its amendments to in the Second Editions. For example, the new early warning procedure may be aided by the use of BIM as an early warning tool, identifying potential clashes between design and construction at an earlier stage in the construction cycle.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As FIDIC notes itself, BIM is “founded on a team approach and successful projects utilizing BIM encourage collaboration”. BIM can only be as good as the parties who use it and, with the amendments to the Second Editions encouraging a more collaborative approach, FIDIC has a real chance to distinguish itself as the leader in BIM adoption by ensuring that the Technology Guideline and the Definition of Scope Guideline Specific to BIM address collaborative information sharing in the BIM common data environment and deliver a foundation of trustworthiness, safety, and security over the digitally built assets.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Key Risks for BIM</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">While the benefits of a collaborative approach to BIM are well established, a certain level of caution must be taken and expectations must be managed. In this regard, FIDIC has identified and released its list of key risk areas which it sees as being applicable to any BIM-enabled project, which are as follows:</span></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">misunderstanding of the scope of services;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">use of data for an inappropriate purpose and reliance on inappropriate data;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">ineffective information, document, or data management;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">cyber security and responsibility for “holding” the models or data; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">definition of deliverables, approval, and delivery.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p5\">While we expect the drafting of FIDIC’s Technology Guideline and Definition of Scope Guideline Specific to BIM to address these issues, it is also important to consider these issues at the early stage of any BIM- enabled project that does not use the FIDIC form.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Accordingly, extrapolating the key risks identified by FIDIC, parties who are considering the use of BIM on their next projects should give particular consideration to the following:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Process and Data</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">BIM, at its heart, is a management tool that establishes processes. In order to utilise BIM to its fullest potential, any protocol should include clear and accepted processes, which establish each party’s responsibilities. For example, the parties should establish a mechanism for dealing with changes in design and variations, which also considers how to notify all design team members of that change. This may include the appointment of a BIM manager or risk apportionment to a particular party. The parties should also specify the design information to be included within the building model, which party will host or store that model and data, and what security should be provided to ensure there are back-ups of the data.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Interoperability </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There remains a risk of a loss of data integrity where different systems and software are used. This is especially so on international projects where companies from different countries are often working together. To reduce this risk, parties should specify compatible software programs that may be used on the model and provide a procedure to minimise the risk of errors in the data infecting the design.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Standardisation and Consistency</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Given the collaborative nature of BIM, it is important to have a single dictionary. The parties should agree a dictionary of defined terms, confirm the deliverables, and specify how compliance is demonstrated. As a practical note, contractual conditions should include that the terms and deliverables agreed are to be included in all subcontracts that have a design responsibility.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Copyright and Ownership </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Traditionally, the position has been that each party will own the copyright for each element of the design of the model for which they are responsible.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Where parties are to be working on a part of the model for which another party is responsible for the design, the protocol may grant a non-exclusive license. This may also extend to where the owner is to use the model for maintenance purposes before handing over of the project. The parties should define when ownership of the model will vest in the employer or end user.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Risk Allocation</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Parties should incorporate a provision for the inclusion of a form of warranty for the data provided in the model by the various designers.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Collaboration</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To assist with collaboration, parties should require all designers to attend coordination meetings and to work with any BIM manager who may be appointed.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">By carefully considering the key risks identified by FIDIC and the items listed above, parties are well placed to start the conversation on how they wish to best manage the contractual issues that will inherently arise during a BIM-enabled project.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Construction and Infrastructure team regularly advises on BIM. For further information please contact Euan Lloyd (e.lloyd@tamimi.com).</i></p>'),
	(204887,7358,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(204888,7358,'core_values',''),
	(204889,7358,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(204890,7358,'file',''),
	(204891,7358,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(204892,7358,'orderValue4','4'),
	(204893,7358,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(204894,7358,'related_pages_header',''),
	(204895,7358,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(204896,7358,'related_pages',''),
	(204897,7358,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(204898,7358,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(204899,7359,'_edit_lock','1525321306:5'),
	(204900,7359,'_edit_last','5'),
	(204901,7359,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(204902,7359,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(204903,7359,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','652'),
	(204904,7359,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(204905,7359,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(204906,7359,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(204907,7359,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(204908,7359,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(204909,7359,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','928'),
	(204910,7359,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(204911,7359,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(204912,7359,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(204913,7359,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(204914,7359,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(204915,7359,'orderValue1','1'),
	(204916,7359,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(204917,7359,'stats_list',''),
	(204918,7359,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(204919,7359,'orderValue2','2'),
	(204920,7359,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(204921,7359,'timeline_header',''),
	(204922,7359,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(204923,7359,'timeline',''),
	(204924,7359,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(204925,7359,'orderValue3','3'),
	(204926,7359,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(204927,7359,'content_header',''),
	(204928,7359,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(204929,7359,'content_description',''),
	(204930,7359,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(204931,7359,'content','<p class=\"p1\">It is an incredibly exciting time to be in the Middle East and part of the growing Technology, Media and Telecommunications (TMT) team at Al Tamimi &amp; Company, the region’s leading and largest law firm. A day seldom goes by without a ground-breaking piece of news or a material event relating to TMT in the UAE, or the wider region.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This edition of Law Update will concentrate on eCommerce and Technology, with retail having been revolutionised over the last 20 years by the internet and technological progress, which will only continue to grow and migrate customer’s preferences from offline to online / eCommerce.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">But first some context, some background and some further TMT-related trends before getting back to the matter in hand. Please bear with me.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">“We are at the beginning of a revolution that is fundamentally changing the way we live, work and relate to each other” [<i>Ed: woo-ah, where did that come from?!</i>]. So said Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF) and author of “The Fourth Industrial Revolution” [<i>Ed: Ah, I see, he’s the sort of guy people listen to then</i>].</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">I recall leaving my West London office on a cold November evening in 2007 and being surprised, but not overly concerned, by the number of (mostly young(er)) people snaking around Hanover Square, along Hanover Street, up Regent’s Street and stopping at Apple’s London store. They were, of course, tech-die-hards queuing overnight for the first local release of the 1st Generation iPhone. I thought “perhaps a little chilly” but had forgotten about the whole incident by the time I had disappeared into the warmth of the Oxford Circus underground. What should have been echoing through my mind was that “Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything”, as predicted by Apple’s Creator-in-Chief. And it did. With 20:20 hindsight, this was the beginning*.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Around a year later, in October 2008, again unbeknownst to me at the time and (again) with 20:20 hindsight a pivotal moment, Satoshi Nakamoto published his/her/their (still don’t think anyone knows who him/her/they are) seminal paper on “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” which, in abstract, looked to create a “purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash [which] would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution”. The paper went on to point out that “Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments.” But this was 2008/9 and eCommerce was in its infancy! How prescient. Bitcoin was launched the following year.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As an aside, Bitcoin in itself is not unique - other forms of currency have been conceived through the millennia - but with the combination of the financial crisis, the growth of the ubiquitous internet, smart phones and the underlying technology, i.e. blockchain (the ledger system that powers bitcoin and is also being used by an increasing number of companies for record keeping, for example), cryptocurrencies and Finance have not been the only industry to be disrupted by digital players (we’ll come onto eCommerce, if you see the tenuous link there). “In the depths of the global financial crisis, the coincidence of technological developments and collapsing confidence in some banking systems sparked the cryptocurrency revolution.” Thanks to Mr. Mark Carney for pointing that out in his speech “The Future of Money” to the inaugural Scottish Economic Conference earlier this year.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Pundits have run hot and cold on the ‘cryptos’, with their wild price swings, but there has been many positive noises on blockchain. Jamie Dimon said he “regrets” calling bitcoin a “fraud”, but that blockchain “is real”. Again referring to Mr. Carney’s speech, he claims cryptos “are failing” and that they exhibit the “classic hallmarks of bubbles” but “[o]n the upside … the underlying technologies are exciting [and that] authorities should be careful not to stifle innovations.” More on cryptos another time.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Going back to Mr. Schwab’s “The Fourth Industrial Revolution”, he points out that emerging technologies such as blockchain, AI, robotics, IoT, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology and quantum computing are revolutionising our world.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">And the UAE is leading the world when it comes to adopting Fourth-Industrial-Revolution technologies, so says Mohammed Abdullah Al Gergawi (Minister of Cabinet Affairs and the Future, Co-Chair of the Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils) prior to the announcement of the establishment of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Council (the first of a six pillared plan to work with the WEF which seeks to transform the Fourth Industrial Revolution into a global movement spearheaded by the UAE).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Connected announcements to this include the launch of the Dubai Blockchain Strategy by Smart Dubai Office and the UAE’s appointment of the first Minister of AI. Exciting times indeed.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With the region following the international trend of investing in and adopting innovative technology, and with Dubai being ahead of that curve regionally, we in TMT have been keeping an eye on, and are fortunate to be advising on, many ground breaking tech projects: working with government agencies, departments and regulators, corporates, investors, investees, startups, founders and entrepreneurs, all along the company ‘growth-curve’. Projects have included advising on matters as diverse as building platforms for ‘blockchain-as-a-service’, digital identity, electronic signatures, cloud platforms and Smart Cities, amongst others.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We have been keeping our eyes on:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Self-driving and flying cars</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">With Smart Cities and Nations high on the regional agenda, technology continues to transform and innovate. In 2013, H. H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum announced a project to transform Dubai into a Smart City. Under the initiative, earlier this year, the Road and Transport Authority (RTA) announced its plans for self-driving public transport over the coming decade. In fact, the RTA recently tested an “un-crewed two-seater drone” called the Autonomous Air Taxi, which Dubai claims to be the world’s first “self-flying taxi service”. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>5G</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Technology enabling self-driving cars would not be possible without the regional telcos investing in AI and IoT, in addition to network expansion. The transition to 5G and resulting implications on machine-to-machine communication is a critical enabler to the adoption of new technology in the region. The implementation of 5G will transform the landscape when it comes to how residents utilise their various connected devices and further strengthen the IoT trend. From press reports, we understand that Etisalat is set to start testing 5G networks in 2018 and launch commercially in 2019 in the UAE.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Data centres </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The region is also seeing growth in other parts of the IT ecosystem. Recently, Amazon Web Services announced a plan to launch cloud data centres in Bahrain and Microsoft recently predicted that, as KSA continues its advance to becoming a regional tech hub, the country sees cloud computing to grow by 25% by 2022 (announced during the second edition of Microsoft’s Transform 2018, together with some other exciting metrics). This is an important development for the entire region and it has the potential to improve performance of cloud applications for local customers, cut data transport costs for customers and cloud providers, and provide a local application hosting option to customers bound by law to host data within country borders.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Further, we are seeing various pervasive global and regional laws and regulatory changes gaining momentum which will continue to permeate TMT, the digital revolution and beyond. These include the soon to be enforceable General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the new media regulations announced by the UAE National Media Council and the new cloud computing regulations in Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">So, what about the next 10 years? I leave you with a quote from Yuval Noah Harari’s book “Homo Deus: A brief History of Tomorrow” who closes with the following question:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">“What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves?”</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">I’d be interested to know your thoughts.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Read our latest Law Update, with articles ranging from AI to Smart Contracts, from our team of regional tech gurus, and get in touch - we would seriously love to hear from you!</p>'),
	(204932,7359,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(204933,7359,'core_values',''),
	(204934,7359,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(204935,7359,'file',''),
	(204936,7359,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(204937,7359,'orderValue4','4'),
	(204938,7359,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(204939,7359,'related_pages_header',''),
	(204940,7359,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(204941,7359,'related_pages',''),
	(204942,7359,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(204943,7359,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(204944,7360,'_edit_lock','1525321302:5'),
	(204945,7360,'_edit_last','5'),
	(204946,7360,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(204947,7360,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(204948,7360,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','652'),
	(204949,7360,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(204950,7360,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(204951,7360,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(204952,7360,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(204953,7360,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(204954,7360,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','928'),
	(204955,7360,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(204956,7360,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(204957,7360,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(204958,7360,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(204959,7360,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(204960,7360,'orderValue1','1'),
	(204961,7360,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(204962,7360,'stats_list',''),
	(204963,7360,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(204964,7360,'orderValue2','2'),
	(204965,7360,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(204966,7360,'timeline_header',''),
	(204967,7360,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(204968,7360,'timeline',''),
	(204969,7360,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(204970,7360,'orderValue3','3'),
	(204971,7360,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(204972,7360,'content_header',''),
	(204973,7360,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(204974,7360,'content_description',''),
	(204975,7360,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(204976,7360,'content','<p class=\"p1\">Global B2C eCommerce sales of products and services are forecasted to reach $3.6 trillion in 2019 ($2.3 trillion in 2017), representing 13% of the share of total retail sales. In the U.S. alone, the eCommerce boom has flattened the profitability of traditional ‘bricks-and-mortar’ retailers, and particularly shopping malls, with eCommerce penetration there representing around 10.5% of retail sales. Comparatively, the percentage of online sales to total retail in the UAE is around 2.9%, which is where the U.S. was in 2005. There is likely to be a more material ‘up-tick’ in the adoption of technology and eCommerce in the UAE and wider region.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the early 1990’s, retailers had local reach, were store-based, there was limited availability to real-time price comparison, cash-and-carry was the only sales option and retailers had limited scalable business models.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Today we see retailers with global reach, having extensive product range, price comparison options and credit card / card on delivery payment options with 0 – 14 days delivery the norm.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the future we will see personalised products, real-time pricing, direct billing with at-home 3D printing and drone delivery.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Shopping malls have increasingly become attractions, where consumers can go to the cinema, the gym, look at an aquarium, etc.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">7 key trends in eCommerce:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">eCommerce to mCommerce. In 2016 mCommerce already represented 40% of total eCommerce sales;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Omnichannel for pure plays and brick &amp; mortar. eBay buyers can now pick up their items at one of Argos’ 750 stores. Amazon opened its first physical Amazon Books in Seattle in late 2015;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Fulfilment and delivery as a key differentiator. Amazon, Google and Zaapos launched ‘same-day-delivery’. Investment in fulfilment centres, click-and-collect retail and drones;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Next generation visualisation techniques. Zappos evolving product visualisation from photo to video to virtual reality, i.e. virtual dressing rooms;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Marketplace consolidates as the dominant model. Profitability and scalability as key drivers for the marketplace;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Experience personalisation through advanced analytics. Siri, Cortana and GoogleNow become more sophisticated, applying the cognitive power of artificial intelligence to eCommerce; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">IoT fuelling the growth of alternative product categories. Verticals such as groceries gaining more relevance with players like Amazon investing in smart homes, i.e. Dash Replenishment Service</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">These are being driven by:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Millenials and Gen Z changing needs: instant access, tech savvy, low brand loyalty, 24/7 attention;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Consolidation of tech advancements: automation, digital collaboration, cloud, analytics; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Proliferation of connected devices: connected things, ‘Smart Everything.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">The success of eCommerce growth depends on both macro changes to the environment and micro changes to the value proposition of eCommerce.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Macro drivers: increase in GDP, population increase and universal internet connectivity; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Micro drivers: user experience, efficiency in fulfilment and analytics and segmentation.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">All of this bodes well for the regional eCommerce market but the eCommerce boom in MENA is still to come, with eCommerce penetration at only 1.2% (calculated as internet retailing divided by total retail)*.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">That said the Middle Eastern eCommerce market is predicted to explode over the next few years with the UAE and KSA continuing to drive the regional market: UAE going from $8.1 billion in sales in 2017 to $14.3 billion in 2020; and KSA from $6.4 to $13.4 billion for the same period. Souk is ‘killing-it’ over the competition when it comes to website rankings and website visits in both UAE and KSA, but eCommerce in the Middle East is becoming increasingly competitive with a growing presence of global players, like Ebay, Amazon and Asos. Further, ME offline retailers are starting to make moves to diversify revenues and to hedge the risk of losing customers migrating online: Emaar Malls acquired a majority stake in Namshi; and Alabbar Enterprises acquired Jadapado.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>eCommerce Laws in the UAE</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Electronic communications and transactions in the UAE are primarily regulated by the following Federal legal instruments:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Federal Law No. 1 of 2006 On Electronic Commerce and Transactions (eCommerce Law);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Federal Law by Decree No. 5 of 2012 regarding Cyber Crimes (Cybercrime Law); and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Federal Law No.3 of 1987 on the Issuance of the Penal Code (Penal Code).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">Federal Law No. 15 of 1980 regarding Publications and Publishing (Publications Law) regulates the publishing of traditional, as well as digital content.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Various provisions of these laws set out obligations on companies that intend to do business online.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Restrictions that apply to online content are included in:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Federal Law No.1 of 1980 on printing and publishing (Publications Law).</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">President of the National Media Content Resolution No. 20/2010 on the criteria for Media Content (Media Content Resolution).</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Federal Decree – Law No. 5/2012 on Combatting Cyber Crimes (Cyber Crime Law).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">All of the above laws create restrictions on the type of content which can be published, including content which is shared online. These restrictions are wide in nature and include any content which insults the UAE State or Islam, drugs or alcohol. Further, the Publications Law does not specifically deal with the ownership of liability of the publication of prohibited content, and as such, the provisions can be interpreted such that liability is owned by both a website owner and the user of a website.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are also laws that deal with defamation in the UAE. Defamation in the UAE is treated differently than in other countries, particularly in the Western world. Any statement which “causes contempt or dishonour” to a person is a defamatory statement under the Penal Code irrespective of whether it is true. This is particularly important for all businesses given how digitalised the world has become and the ease of posting and sharing defamatory statements online.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are also sector specific laws which impact digital businesses. For example, the UAE published the Regulatory Framework for Stored Values and Electronic Payment System (the EPS Regulations) in January 2017 which regulates businesses offering electronic payment services.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The primary regulatory body responsible for regulating electronic transactions and commerce in the UAE is the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). From a content regulation standpoint, the primary regulatory body is the National Media Council (NMC) (see Law Update Article Electronic Media and the New NMC Licensing Regime for the UAE by Fiona Robertson).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is worth mentioning that certain UAE free zone authorities may also pass rules and regulations that impact on the regulation of business conduct that are applicable to entities licensed and operating in the relevant free zone, and which may impact on those businesses in an online context.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The Department of Economic Development (DED) for each Emirate is also a primary regulatory body responsible for regulating electronic transactions in respect of consumer related commerce.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Setting up a business online in the UAE</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Generally speaking, the typical steps that must be taken to set up a company that will conduct business electronically in the UAE are the same as the steps that would need to be taken in the context of any company that conducts business in the UAE.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Firstly, the company must assess and decide on the optimal place of establishment (whether mainland or free zone). Next, the company must decide what type of establishment is appropriate: for certain operations, a registered branch of a foreign company would be sufficient, for some operations, an entity needs to be incorporated.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Factors that would need to be taken into account in the above assessments include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p1\">The industry or sector in which the company operates;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p1\">The scope of activities the company wishes to conduct in the UAE (for example, whether the operations involve the import of goods);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p1\">Where the entities it intends to conduct business with are based;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p1\">Whether it will be intending to conduct business with both private and public entities. (For example, contracting with entities in certain regulated sectors or with public bodies may not be available as an option to free zone companies, and may instead require a mainland presence.)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Other factors that many digital businesses take into account is whether they will seek investment from angel investors, venture capital firms or other investors (see Law Update Article Know your terms - the key terms of a venture capital deal by Kareem Zureikat).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Once a presence has been established in the applicable UAE jurisdiction and the relevant licences have been obtained, establishing an online presence will require the acquisition of a domain name (if the company does not already have one as part of its existing wider international operations) (see Law Update Article Domain name strategies by Stephen Jiew).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An online business in the UAE will typically then enter into such contracts with third parties as it may deem necessary to help establish its online presence, such as web developers or designers, hosting companies, search engine optimisation service providers, etc.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With regards ‘app’ development and distribution, the UAE does not currently address or set out any specific procedures or rules. The preliminary steps that a company would undertake to do so would initially be driven by internal objectives and any potentially wider-reaching legal concerns that may need to be taken into account if the app is also going to be distributed outside of the UAE.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some local legal and regulatory concerns that a company must consider:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\"><b>IP rights and ownership.</b> The company must ensure that rights in the app (and its entire constituent works) have been properly assigned under the development agreement.</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\"><b>Restricted/regulated products and services </b>in the UAE.</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\"><b>Content restrictions.</b> In general, the distribution of any content which is contrary to public order or national security or is offensive to morality, rulers or religion (or otherwise prohibited under UAE law) is not permitted in the UAE.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p8\"><b>Electronic contracts</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Federal Law No. 1 of 2006 Concerning Electronic Transactions &amp; Commerce (eCommerce Law):</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">recognises electronic contracts and, amongst other things, provides that if the law requires a signature on a document, this requirement is satisfied if a reliable electronic signature is used;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">is the primary law in the UAE governing contracting on the internet;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p2\">Generally, the law does not set out any specific remedies unique to the breach of an electronic contract, therefore, remedial action sought in the event of a breach of an electronic contract would generally follow the same course as remedies that may be sought for breach of a non-electronic contract in the UAE.</li>\r\n</ul>'),
	(204977,7360,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(204978,7360,'core_values',''),
	(204979,7360,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(204980,7360,'file',''),
	(204981,7360,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(204982,7360,'orderValue4','4'),
	(204983,7360,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(204984,7360,'related_pages_header',''),
	(204985,7360,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(204986,7360,'related_pages',''),
	(204987,7360,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(204988,7360,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(204989,7361,'_edit_lock','1525321326:5'),
	(204990,7361,'_edit_last','5'),
	(204991,7361,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(204992,7361,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(204993,7361,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','652'),
	(204994,7361,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(204995,7361,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_1_lawUpdateArticlePractice','645'),
	(204996,7361,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_1_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(204997,7361,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','2'),
	(204998,7361,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(204999,7361,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205000,7361,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205001,7361,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','893'),
	(205002,7361,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205003,7361,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','765'),
	(205004,7361,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205005,7361,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','2'),
	(205006,7361,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205007,7361,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205008,7361,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205009,7361,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205010,7361,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205011,7361,'stats_list',''),
	(205012,7361,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205013,7361,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205014,7361,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205015,7361,'timeline_header',''),
	(205016,7361,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205017,7361,'timeline',''),
	(205018,7361,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205019,7361,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205020,7361,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205021,7361,'content_header',''),
	(205022,7361,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205023,7361,'content_description',''),
	(205024,7361,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205025,7361,'content','<p class=\"p1\">With a population in excess of 30 million people, many of whom are young, rich and tech-savvy consumers, it is no surprise that experts hold high hopes for the development of the e-commerce market in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian consumers are ranked highly in terms of purchasing power. The population is highly urbanized. Internet penetration is high, at about 75%, with mobile devices being most popular for online purchases. There is high social media use. Sectors such as electronics and fashion are popular.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The market is not without its challenges, despite looking like it is ripe for an explosion in e-commerce offerings. Lack of clarity around issues such as the security of personal data, the application of local discount regulations to online sales, and the lack of any cohesive consumer protection rules, also create some degree of unease for would-be on-line shoppers and e-commerce platform operators alike. Logistics and distribution hassle are compounded by inaccurate postal addresses and a preference to pay by cash on delivery. With these types of issues in mind, the Ministry of Commerce &amp; Investment (previously the Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry) has issued draft regulations on electronic commerce (“Draft Regulations”) in order to promote confidence in e-commerce transactions and provide protection to consumers. The Draft Regulations are pending, and have not yet come into effect.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The Draft Regulations are intended to enhance confidence in the validity and integrity of e-commerce transactions, protect consumers from fraud, deception and disinformation, and support the development of e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. They are intended to apply to all those who engage in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia, or who offer goods or services, or make them available, in the Kingdom. Other laws, such as the Electronic Transactions Law and the Anti-Cyber Crimes Law, will continue to have relevance in the context of e-commerce.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> E-commerce operators are, at a minimum, required to provide consumers with certain details, including the e-commerce operator’s name and registration details. In determining the place of business of an e-commerce operator, the Draft Regulations make clear that the place of business shall not be determined solely due to the location of supporting technology (e.g. servers), or due to the use of a domain name with a particular country code extension.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> There is an obligation for the e-commerce operator to provide the consumer with terms and conditions of contract. As well as information about the e-commerce operator, such information should include the steps required to conclude the contract, a description of the goods or services, details of the price and any fees or additional amounts, arrangements for payment, delivery and implementation, and any warranty information. The e-commerce operator’s invoice must set out the cost of each item or service, as well as the total cost including all fees and the delivery date. Now that VAT applies in Saudi Arabia, this will also need to be reflected.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> When a consumer makes a mistake in an electronic contracting situation, and there is no mechanism for correcting the error, the Draft Regulations provide the right to withdraw, subject to notifying the e-commerce operator promptly upon becoming aware of the mistake, and provided the consumer has not used or obtained any benefit from the goods or services. The parties may agree additional terms in respect of the effects of errors. Consumers have right to terminate a contract concluded electronically within fifteen days following the date of receipt of the goods or the date of contracting for services, subject to certain limitations set out in the Draft Regulations. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The Draft Regulations consider that advertisements constitute contractual representations, complementary to the other contractual terms and conditions agreed between the parties. There is a specific prohibition on advertisements that contain false representations, or that are expressed in terms that would deceive or mislead the consumer, as well as advertisements infringing third party trade marks. Failure to withdraw an offending advertisement within one day of receiving notice is an offence. Where an advertisement is not withdrawn upon being notified the Ministry is able to liaise with the Communications and Information Technology Commission (the communications authority in Saudi Arabia) to have the e-commerce platform blocked in the Kingdom.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> There are provisions addressing responsibility for personal data, requiring it to be retained only for as long as it necessary for the transaction, and using it only for permitted purposes, or otherwise with the consent of the consumer. There is an obligation on e-commerce operators to take responsibility for the security of personal information in their custody or control.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> It is important to note that the Draft Regulations are not yet in force, and whether they will be officially gazetted in their current form is unclear. While the Ministry has identified, and sought to address, some of the inhibitors to e-commerce uptake at the consumer level, the Draft Regulations themselves might benefit from further refinement. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications team regularly advises on issues relating to e-commerce in Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere in the Middle East. For further information please contact Nick O’Connell (n.oconnell@tamimi.com).</i></span></p>'),
	(205026,7361,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205027,7361,'core_values',''),
	(205028,7361,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205029,7361,'file',''),
	(205030,7361,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205031,7361,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205032,7361,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205033,7361,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205034,7361,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205035,7361,'related_pages',''),
	(205036,7361,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205037,7361,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205038,7362,'_edit_lock','1525321345:5'),
	(205039,7362,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205040,7362,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205041,7362,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205042,7362,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','652'),
	(205043,7362,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205044,7362,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205045,7362,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205046,7362,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205047,7362,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205048,7362,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','845'),
	(205049,7362,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205050,7362,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205051,7362,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205052,7362,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205053,7362,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205054,7362,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205055,7362,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205056,7362,'stats_list',''),
	(205057,7362,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205058,7362,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205059,7362,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205060,7362,'timeline_header',''),
	(205061,7362,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205062,7362,'timeline',''),
	(205063,7362,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205064,7362,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205065,7362,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205066,7362,'content_header',''),
	(205067,7362,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205068,7362,'content_description',''),
	(205069,7362,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205070,7362,'content','<p class=\"p1\">The National Media Council added a new resolution to their library this month, the Electronic Media Activity Regulation Resolution 2018 (‘Resolution’). Many expected the move, as the Council had been discussing this addition to its suite of regulations for some time.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Resolution features a licensing system for any entity that is involved in ‘E-Media’. The definition is clear and broad in scope: Electronic Media is a ‘media activity that is practiced through the tools and means of electronic publication.’</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For even greater clarity, the resolution sets out its intended scope at the beginning:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>‘This Resolution applies to all Electronic Media activities carried out within the State, including those in free zones. It is prohibited to conduct any of the Electronic Media activities determined by the National Media Council unless a decision has been issued to grant of the media license.’ (emphasis added)</i></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Two key things are of importance to highlight.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Firstly, there is a clear extension of the trade licence activities that now require a licence from the Council. Under the previous system, trade licences in the category of broadcasting and publishing (in the traditional sense) had to be approved by the Council. However, operators of websites that created and published such content, despite being publishers in the broadest definition of the term, were not covered under those regulations.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This now differs, with specific reference to the following business operations:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Websites of trading, offering and selling of audiovisual and print material;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">On-demand electronic publishing and printing;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Specialized Websites (e-ads, news sites, ... etc.); and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Any electronic activity that the Council may determine to add.’</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Note that this is a direct quote from the Resolution.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Section 1 and 2 above are clear in scope – they relate to entities that sell or create items such as books, newspapers, or magazines. Section 3, however, potentially extends the scope for licensing to any site that is involved in Electronic Advertising, as the term is defined in the Resolution (‘[a]ny paid or unpaid form of presentation or promotion of ideas, goods or services by electronic means or network applications’). The scope of this section is potentially quite broad, certainly covering entities that advertise third party goods for sale, aggregate content for sale, and provide news sites of all persuasions. We understand from the Council (and this seems clear from the drafting), that they do not intend to cover entities that facilitate publication by third parties (such as Facebook or Instagram). However, any entity that uses those platforms to sell such goods or otherwise engage in this type of commercial activity must have a licence.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The process for obtaining a licence is reasonably transparent; we will address this and other issues relating to the licence itself (including whether or not a trade licence is required in order to obtain a media licence under this Resolution) in a separate alert in the near future.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Exempt from the requirement to obtain a licence are government education providers and the government itself. We see this as being applicable more particularly in relation to the provision of (for example) academic papers, laws, and advisory notes to the public.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The second matter, and the one that appears to have captured the imagination of news outlets, is that ‘influencers’ and indeed anyone that undertakes any media activities on a commercial basis by way of social media will now have to secure a licence in order to operate. We have long held the view that any person that obtains cash or benefits in exchange for promoting a product is operating a business and so should have a trade licence. The Resolution requires them to now have a media licence.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">We envisage that this Resolution will have a major effect on the industry that has grown up around this developing commercial practice. One particular point of note is that Electronic Advertising is defined as being ‘paid or unpaid’; as long as it is intended to promote then it is captured by the Resolution. This certainly clarifies the question as to whether the provision of goods or services instead of cash means that a post is no longer an advertisement. Under this definition, it captures both with little ambiguity.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Regarding influencers generally, it has been asked if this Resolution requires influencers to declare their content as advertising so that consumers are aware of that. It does not. That is covered in the National Media Council Resolution No 35 of 2012 on Advertising (‘“The advertising identity shall be clearly determined, and it shall appear as unique and separate from other editorial or media material, and there shall be limits separating the advertisement from any other material in addition to time lapses in case of radio or television broadcasting’), and also in the recent Cabinet Decision 23 of 2017 (‘All paid advertising material must be explicitly and clearly stated as paid advertising material’). Both of these are clear, in our opinion, although we have not yet encountered any prosecutions on the matter. The Resolution does state the following: ‘Ads that are presented on Social Media shall be subject to the advertising standards that are applicable at the Council’. This is a clear and unambiguous direction.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In addition, the new Resolution states that websites of traditional media, being television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, are deemed to be licensed already. These companies are already licensed for media activities, so the exemption is logical. Free zone companies are specifically noted as being subject to compliance as well.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>The Council has allowed three months for all entities to become compliant. Therefore, we advise all entities to be fully compliant by the first week of June 2018. </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">(The following is a news alert that was sent to Al Tamimi client base in April.)</p>'),
	(205071,7362,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205072,7362,'core_values',''),
	(205073,7362,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205074,7362,'file',''),
	(205075,7362,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205076,7362,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205077,7362,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205078,7362,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205079,7362,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205080,7362,'related_pages',''),
	(205081,7362,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205082,7362,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205083,7363,'_edit_lock','1525321370:5'),
	(205084,7363,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205085,7363,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205086,7363,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205087,7363,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','652'),
	(205088,7363,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205089,7363,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205090,7363,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205091,7363,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205092,7363,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205093,7363,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','845'),
	(205094,7363,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205095,7363,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205096,7363,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205097,7363,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205098,7363,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205099,7363,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205100,7363,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205101,7363,'stats_list',''),
	(205102,7363,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205103,7363,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205104,7363,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205105,7363,'timeline_header',''),
	(205106,7363,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205107,7363,'timeline',''),
	(205108,7363,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205109,7363,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205110,7363,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205111,7363,'content_header',''),
	(205112,7363,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205113,7363,'content_description',''),
	(205114,7363,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205115,7363,'content','<p class=\"p1\">The rise of the influencer as a marketing tool has been much discussed in the Middle East. From Kuwaiti beauty bloggers, who attract several million followers, to Saudi comedians with strong and loyal fan bases, more and more legitimate brands are using the voices and names of media influencers to assist with the promotion of their brand.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In all of this, as with all activities where third parties are associated with a brand, it is imperative that influencers are closely monitored to ensure that they are complying with the brand’s guidelines and the law. The most practical way to ensure this level of compliance is create a contract between the brand and the influencer. But, aside from trying to ensure that they comply with the law, what else should go into this contract?</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Proper identification of the influencer</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Under UAE law, a business should only be operated by way of a trade license. An influencer acting in their personal name may not be acting legally. If it is in their personal name, it may be that they have a freelance visa or a licence from the DED. It is also possible that the influencer is operating a side business with consent of their employer and, if this is the case, they should provide a no objection certificate to that effect. Some agencies are now entering into contracts on behalf of influencers.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In all cases, it is important to ask for the paperwork that establishes the arrangement, be it a licence or contractual. Then ensure that the full and correct details of the contracting party are used in the contract itself and all subsequent paperwork (purchase orders and invoices for example).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Scoping of services</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Before the rise of influencer marketing, when brands initiated product placement deals and sponsorship for a brand, it was necessary to scope out the type of services and deliverables that would be provided by the brand ambassador. This may include a certain number of attendances at events or perhaps an agreement to meet a member of the public. There may be television commercials and public appearances. No matter what was agreed, the obligations were always scoped carefully in order to ensure that the brand received the exposure it anticipated. With social media, it can be much harder to properly define the services that an influencer is expected to provide and, because of this, it is easy to fall into the trap of not scoping them well, or not scoping them at all. However, including a clear scope is vital. We have seen deal memos where the deliverable is “tweets”, without any reference to numbers across the term or to frequency. This becomes extremely difficult to manage, as the expectations of both parties may well be very different. Three a week may be the brand expectations, with the influencer intending to deliver only two a month.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Many influencers work across multiple social media platforms and each platform has its own particular style of messaging – thus it is important to ensure that the social media platform (Instagram, for example) is clearly noted with reference to the way in which brand must be shown on a product in the image (such as a t-shirt or hat) or referenced in the words. Do all Instagram images have to contain the brand logo or can this be limited to, say, one image per week and one further mention per week? The more clarity that is provided within the services, the more readily the influencer can comply with the terms.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For brands, dates are often incredibly important. Product launches or major marketing campaigns will often need that extra push that an influencer can provide. If this the case, dates needs to be included in the contract with clear deliverables around the relevant activities. If you need them to attend and event or do an interview for a magazine, ensure that it is clear that this will be arranged for and that they must attend.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Ownership of the influencer’s output</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">It is difficult to analyse a tweet or an Instagram post in the light of the complexities of copyright law. Whilst we can assume such rights do exist, they may not be protectable in all instances.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> However, even if that is the case, the usage that can be made by both parties of the content created for your brand should be clear and unambiguous. It is likely that a brand will want to reuse posted images in its own social media pages or possibly share them via its website or on other platforms. This should be clear in the contract. It should also be clear that the influencers themselves cannot use brand associated images for any other purpose. Using them outside of the campaign would not be acceptable except with the brand’s prior written consent. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">But what about timelines? How long do you want the content to be on the social media feed? Does it need to be taken down at any point or can it remain there but with the proviso that it is not be reposted at any point without permission. Brands tend to target particular messaging within campaigns for a particular period of time. Old campaigns may not be compatible with the new messaging yet may resurface six or twelve months later. If this may be problematic, then ensure the contract includes a take down date. Either way, the brand should always have the right to request a takedown of any content for any reason. These rights should continue beyond the term of the contract.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Approval rights</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">Influencers are often followed by numerous consumers because of the nature of their “voice”. This may mean they have particular sense of humour or a unique way of expressing themselves. Because of this, many are very particular about maintaining that voice and tone for their audience, safe in the knowledge that this is the very reason that their followers are with them in the first place. It can be therefore difficult for brands to require approval rights over posts. And further, it would be unusual for an influencer to agree that a brand could write post for them or on their behalf. It would also be unusual as an example for them to agree that you can change a post before it is sent.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> However, it is not unreasonable to request a review of a post before it is made public, particularly where the marketing message is important to other aspects of the current brand messaging. Compromises can always be reached so if you cannot agree that approval is appropriate; perhaps it can be agreed that the brand has veto right if a content that fails to meet the brand messaging expectation.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this matter, some compromises may have to be made by both parties. But there can be no doubt that for significant launch campaigns or rebranding campaigns, where a lot of money is at stake, brands will not be as flexible as the influencer may usually like. It is important that all parties recognise that both of their interests lie in maintaining an honest voice from the influencer in the public forum. This voice is, after all, what they are being paid for.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Data </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">More sophisticated influencers have access to a lot of volumes of data about their engagement with consumers - more detailed than a simple log of ‘views’ and ‘likes’. If this is available, it is in the interest of the brand to seek access to that data by requiring it under the contract.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Declaring content to be sponsored</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In many foreign markets, influencers commonly declare that content is an advertisement where they are paid to provide the message. This is not yet the case in the Middle East, within influencers still largely pushing back on this requirement when it is requested. However, we consider that the provisions of National Medial Council Regulation No. 30 of 2012 on Advertising and Cabinet Resolution No. 23 of 2017, when read in conjunction the recently passed Electronic Media Activity Regulation Resolution 2018 are quite clear. Advertising content should be identified as such when payment changes hands, and should nonetheless be clearly delineated from editorial content.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Because at this stage, influencers are not inclined to include “ad” or “sponsored” within a post, the brands must request that this be done within the contract. In relation to specific terms, the contract may simply require the influencer to conspicuously declare the commercial relationship between the parties but it may go as far as to mandate particular wording such as “#ad” within the post.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Controversial content</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In the UAE, under the Electronic Media Activity Regulation Resolution 2018, social media posts should comply with the content and advertising regulations of the jurisdiction. Aside from requiring that an influencer “comply with the content regulations set out in the laws and regulations within the UAE” it may also be prudent to clearly establish content that would be unacceptable to the brands. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some brands require influencers to sign a statement of conduct including laws as well as the moral and social concerns of the brand to ensure that the content is of the required standards. Whilst a statement of conduct does not have more strength than the contract itself, it indicates to the influencer that the brand is serious about this aspect of the relationship. Naturally, any breach of the statement of conduct should give rise to a right of termination.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Brands may also require that the influencer does not radically alter their online persona. For example, it might be problematic for a youth focused soda brand if a video game blogger begins discussing parenting issues because they became a mother.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Conflicting brand relationships</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Inevitably, influencers that are chosen to represent one brand will also be working with other brands in the same country. It is important that the level of exclusivity is specified, including the duration of the exclusivity. It may reasonably extend beyond the end of the term so that there is a buffer between the commercial association with one brand and the subsequent one with the competing brand.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> It is also important to scope the conflicting brand activities concisely. The difference between ‘telecommunications’ and ‘mobile phone handset’ is vast. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A brand may also want to consider whether the influencer must only post items that are solely related to that product. Influencers often put multiple brands within a single post. This may be appropriate but you may wish to have some control or approval over the other brand that is involved – weedkiller is not okay with organic tomatoes – and it may also be prudent to consider if a discount applies to the fee in these cases.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Payment and fees</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Middle East market is proving to be lucrative for influencers. Because of this, many influencers will not start a campaign unless they are paid however there is no commercial reason why all fees should be paid upfront. Some should reasonably be held back until the last activity is undertaken by the influencer.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is also best practice to ensure that fees are allocated against each activity where multiple activities are involved in contract. So, for example, if the services comprise tweets, Instagram posts, a billboard campaign, and an interview then the fees should be allocated amongst each of these activities to ensure that, if the relationship is terminated, it is easy to determine the fees that are payable for the services that have actually been provided up to the date of termination of the relationship.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>And don’t forget to add VAT.</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Conclusion </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Relationships with influencers are becoming part of mainstream business and an acceptable part of any marketing campaign. However, failure to properly contract with the influencer may mean that a brand is left without the exposure and deliverables that were expected. With influencers now coming with a hefty price tag, it is imperative that brands provide clear and proper contracts to ensure that all parties understand what the relationship requires.</p>'),
	(205116,7363,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205117,7363,'core_values',''),
	(205118,7363,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205119,7363,'file',''),
	(205120,7363,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205121,7363,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205122,7363,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205123,7363,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205124,7363,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205125,7363,'related_pages',''),
	(205126,7363,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205127,7363,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205128,7364,'_edit_lock','1525321383:5'),
	(205129,7364,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205130,7364,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205131,7364,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205132,7364,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','652'),
	(205133,7364,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205134,7364,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205135,7364,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205136,7364,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205137,7364,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205138,7364,'lawUpdateArticleWriters',''),
	(205139,7364,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205140,7364,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205141,7364,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205142,7364,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205143,7364,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205144,7364,'stats_list',''),
	(205145,7364,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205146,7364,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205147,7364,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205148,7364,'timeline_header',''),
	(205149,7364,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205150,7364,'timeline',''),
	(205151,7364,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205152,7364,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205153,7364,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205154,7364,'content_header',''),
	(205155,7364,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205156,7364,'content_description',''),
	(205157,7364,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205158,7364,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">‘’Smart’ contracts will have a disruptive effect on traditional contractual performance, both practically and conceptually. However, are smart contracts actually “contracts” and are they really “smart”?</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>What are smart contracts?</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Smart contracts are computer protocols, not contracts in the strict legal sense. They execute commercial transactions or enforce legal agreements in a manner that eliminates the need for intermediaries and their associated transaction costs.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Smart contracts represent a progression of blockchain technology from a financial transaction protocol (e.g. bitcoin) to a multi-purpose mechanism to effect business activities involving purchases and exchanges of virtually any goods, services or rights.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Smart contracts can be stored on a blockchain, interact with external data feeds and then self-execute payments, shipments of products or other actions based on conditional logic (programmed as traditional “if-then” statements – if A occurs, then B happens), agreed verifiable proof of performance, or other trigger events. In computer code, this looks something like: </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">function payOut(address _recipient, uint _amount) returns (bool) {</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">if (msg.sender != owner || msg.value &gt; 0 || (payOwnerOnly &amp;&amp; _recipient != owner))</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">throw;</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">if (_recipient.call.value(_amount)()) {</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">PayOut(_recipient, _amount);</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">return true;</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">} else {</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">return false;</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">}</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">}</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">How is a smart contract different from making purchases on the internet or setting up an automatic payment for utility bills? Generally, when you sign up online for a website you are usually directed to terms and conditions that you click to accept. Those terms and conditions are a human-readable contract. It is the same contract as you could get in hard copy just in electronic form. Laws such as the Federal Law No.1 of 2006 on Electronic Commerce and Transactions give that contract effect even though it is in electronic form.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">By contrast, with a smart contract there is nothing (in theory at least) but a digital agreement. Everything from the forming of the agreement all the way to its completion happens digitally.</p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Uses</b></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>What the smart contract can do</b></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Financial Services</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Trade clearing and settlement</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Manage approval workflows between counterparties, calculate trade settlement amounts, and transfer funds automatically.</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Healthcare</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Electronic medical records</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Provide transfer and/or access to medical health records upon multi-signature approvals between patients and providers.</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Technology, media and telecom</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Royalty distribution</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Calculate and distribute royalty payments to artists and other associated parties according to the contract.</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Cross-industry</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Peer-to-peer transacting</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Match parties and transfer payments automatically for various peer-to-peer applications such as lending, insurance, energy credits, etc.</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>What are the potential uses of smart contracts?</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Ethereum, which is a decentralized computing platform and operating system that is built specifically for creating and executing smart contracts for the “Ether” cryptocurrency using blockchain technology, is a notable smart contract application.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">However, potential uses of smart contracts extend way beyond the movement of digital currency. Smart contracts could potentially be used to create peer-to-peer versions of any business model that currently involves intermediaries who handle processing and payments for a fee (e.g. banks, security exchanges, Uber or Airbnb).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">By way of example, some potential uses for smart contracts across industry sectors are described in the table below:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Smart contracts and the law</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>“The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers” (William Shakespeare “Henry VI”, Part II, Act IV, Scene II, Line 73)</i></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">As smart contracts are automatically enforced, smart contract enthusiasts assert that this removes the need for contract law as there is no longer any uncertainty in a smart contract transaction. From a legal perspective, smart contracts may not be that simple.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the UAE, Article 12 of Federal Law No.1 of 2006 on Electronic Commerce and Transactions allows “smart contracts” as it provides that valid and enforceable contracts can be formed by computer programs (defined as “automated electronic agents”) that include two or more electronic information systems preset and pre-programmed to carry out the transaction, even if no individual is directly involved.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The law of contract has various requirements for a contract to be valid and enforceable. For example, you cannot make an illegal contract. In the UAE a contract for gambling is illegal. You cannot have a contract to kill a person. No court will enforce such contracts.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">By contrast, a smart contract is a set of instructions written in computer code that self-executes. A smart contract will do exactly what the code dictates, however ludicrous (a smart contract is not necessarily smart).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> There are situations where computers cannot render contracts effectively. By way of example, written contracts frequently use wording that a party will use “reasonable endeavours”. What does that mean and how do you write that in computer code?</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Other fundamental legal concepts such as “good faith” and “negligence” are also very difficult to encode. These concepts are used to give the contracting parties flexibility in respect of certain obligations by not specifically determining in advance exactly what those obligations entail.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When parties agree a traditional contract, if circumstances subsequently change, there is the possibility of varying that contract. Unless the parties build into a smart contract, at the beginning, code that allows for modifications, a smart contract is not smart enough to allow for variations.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Currently, if the meaning of a contract is disputed, a court will consider what that agreement would mean to an objective and reasonable human observer. There is no such thing as a reasonable computer. Computers do not apply common sense because they are not programmed to do so.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Despite their name, smart contracts are necessarily always strictly legal contracts. At a minimum a legal contract must include the elements of offer, acceptance and the intention of the parties to enter into a legal agreement.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To the extent that legal relationships can be reduced neatly into code – so that terms are automatically enforced once the pre-programmed conditions are satisfied – smart contract technology represents an unstoppable disruptive force.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">At this point in time, it seems likely that there will be a continuum between smart contracts and traditional contracts depending on the underlying transaction. A very simple contract can be fully automated (the contract is entirely in smart contract code that is stored, verified and executed on a block chain.) However more complex “smart” contracts may require a combination of both self-executing terms and contractual terms that are outside the software code. This is because:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">the subject of the contract may not be readily distilled into a logic statement; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">human judgment may still be needed to determine how aspects of the contract are to be performed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">In the future, natural language computing and artificial intelligence may also overcome these barriers as well.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">What is clear now is that smart contracts will revolutionise agreement making and performance of transactions.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Andrew Fawcett is a Senior Counsel in Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications team and regularly advises on legal issues to do with blockchains. </i></p>'),
	(205159,7364,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205160,7364,'core_values',''),
	(205161,7364,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205162,7364,'file',''),
	(205163,7364,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205164,7364,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205165,7364,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205166,7364,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205167,7364,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205168,7364,'related_pages',''),
	(205169,7364,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205170,7364,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205171,7365,'_edit_lock','1525321400:5'),
	(205172,7365,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205173,7365,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205174,7365,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205175,7365,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','652'),
	(205176,7365,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205177,7365,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205178,7365,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205179,7365,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205180,7365,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205181,7365,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','845'),
	(205182,7365,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205183,7365,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205184,7365,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205185,7365,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205186,7365,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205187,7365,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205188,7365,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205189,7365,'stats_list',''),
	(205190,7365,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205191,7365,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205192,7365,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205193,7365,'timeline_header',''),
	(205194,7365,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205195,7365,'timeline',''),
	(205196,7365,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205197,7365,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205198,7365,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205199,7365,'content_header',''),
	(205200,7365,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205201,7365,'content_description',''),
	(205202,7365,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205203,7365,'content','<p class=\"p1\">The advertising marketing world is becoming more reliant on data secured from online sources. All of the entities that are involved in the delivery of advertising content to consumers are able to receive, store and use data about consumer’s likes and dislikes, with the aim of ultimately understanding buyer preferences.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some entities are scrupulous in collecting and maintaining the integrity of that data, not revealing or providing it to third parties for any reason. Other entities are less likely to exhibit this level of behaviour and, taking advantage of some less prescriptive laws in some parts of the world, may take a less ethical approach to the receipt, storage and use of data. The recent scandals that have engulfed the use of Facebook data has shown that there can be unexpected failures, even by entities that proclaim compliance to high standards in using data from the general public.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Into this world of data reliance and scrutiny, the European Union has been long debating, and now finalising, the General Data Protection Regulation, known as the GDPR. The GDPR is intended to protect the data of residents of EU countries but in doing so, there are claims that it has the capacity to extend beyond the jurisdiction of the European Union to the operations of entities outside that region. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The intention of this article is not to provide an in depth analysis of the GDPR – we will leave the EU lawyers to drill down on the small print. However, the publicity being given to the GDPR has meant that many local entities are focussing on data issues. We are receiving many queries about data, with entities often not understanding the complexity of their own data collection and storage protocols. Very often they do not realise that the operation of these protocols potentially give rise to a requirement to comply with the GDPR.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> In this article, we will pose some simple questions for companies to consider when analysing their protocols and, whilst the article does focus on issues of compliance for marketing industries in particular, it will certainly guide other industries in this analysis. All companies need to properly review their data collection and storage protocols and must properly consider whether they need to alter those protocols in order to ensure that they are not placing themselves, their clients or their EU affiliates in a position where they are in breach of the GDPR.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Getting the consent</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The cornerstone of the GDPR is the consent that has to be acquired from all subjects – consent to the collection and use of their data. However, the manner in which the consent can be obtained is not ambiguous. There are three critical areas that are to be considered when consent is given under the GDPR.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">First, the notice that is provided to the data subject at the time the consent is obtain must be phrased in such a way that the data subject is going to be “informed” at the time that consent is provided. On this basis, the current view is that all aspects of storage and use of material should be clearly laid out – how long it will be stored for, what will it be used for, what rights will the data subject have, will data be transferred to third party countries, and of course the all-important question: what will the data be used for? In marketing, this might be when the person signs up for a newsletter, or adds their name to a competition database.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Getting the consent: properly</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The second key component that must be reviewed and properly undertaken is the method by which the consent is obtained. To simplify this aspect of the GDPR, the most important thing to know is that consent requires affirmative action from the data subject. It is no longer acceptable to assume opt-in from conduct. Further, it would not be acceptable to have a pre-ticked box that already accepted that the data will be used on specific terms. The GDPR indicates that the data subject must actively do something – tick a box for example, or choose a setting from a drop box or perhaps type some wording into a form.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Consent cannot be bundled with other issues. So for example it is ineffective to have a tick box that said “I agree to receive newsletters and for the company to use my data”. This separation permits the data subject to choose to agree to some aspect of data use without having to agree to all of them. In the case cited above for example, the subject may agree to receive newsletters but does not agree to the general use of the data. Marketers that are, for example, using a social media competition to create a targeted mailing list, will have to consider whether the simple act of ‘liking’ the post will be sufficient for these stringent requirements.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Reiterating the first point, however the consent is obtained, the wording and meaning should remain clear and unambiguous at this second stage. General commentary on this point agrees that uncertainty or lack of clarity at this stage may cause difficulties under the GDPR. It is also advisable to ensure at this point that the data subject is reminded that they are able to withdraw their consent at any time. The data subject should also be informed about the manner in which they can get access the information if they wish to do so.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It should be noted that there are some special cases where consent must be specifically and explicitly provided. This would include cases where the data will be transferred internationally, which could prove to be extremely important for companies that are part of larger global operations.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Recording and filing the consent</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Finally, in relation to consent, it is important that the company collecting the data is able to demonstrate that they have received a valid consent by way of appropriate records. All details of the record of consent must be maintained as a complete record. The record must include at least the following: who consented, what they were consenting to, when they provided the consent and the manner in which they provided the consent.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> We note that consent is not the only legal basis upon which the data can be collected as a process but it is likely to be the most common for the marketing industry. If a company wishes to bypass consent and utilise other methods, specific legal advice should be sought regarding the particular position.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Rights of the data subject</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Under the GDPR, the data subject has various rights that are particularly relevant to entities undertaking marketing activities. For example the data subject has a right to access any data that has been collected and they have the right to rectify any data that is incorrect. Even further, they have right to have their data records erased completely at any time and for no reason. They may also come back at a later date to request restrictions on processing of their data – they literally can alter the consent that was originally given.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Territoriality</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The concept of territoriality – a fundamental issue when considering whether or not GDPR will apply to you or your organisation – is complex. What is clear is that entities with an EU presence will be covered by the GDPR and any entities that are targeting residents of the EU will also have to comply. On this basis, there are some scenarios that could mean that a company from the Middle East may also have to comply with the GDPR.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For example, a social media marketing firm that is directly targeting businesses that wish to expand into the Middle East by speaking at various conferences in Europe and providing materials for European based business publications could find that the GDPR considers them to be targeting European residents. In fact, it seems highly likely that they would be. Despite the fact these European residents may only make up small percentage of their target client based, the outcome remains the same: they are targeting EU residents for the purposes of their business. The question remain is to whether they only need to maintain this data standards just for those few data subjects that they encounter during EU targeted activities, or whether they have to upgrade their entire database to GDPR standards. In other words, can they keep two databases with differing standards?</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> But this can get even more complex. If a media agency, for example, is undertaking a multimedia buy for a client, there is a strong possibility that some of those publishers will be subject to the GDPR. In undertaking this media plan, does that media agency utilise databases that are or could be held by its European counterparts or otherwise targeting EU residents? When we look at the complex chain of relationships between the brand and the consumers, including agencies, publishers, various DSPs and others, the client cannot guarantee that all of these links do not expose the transaction to databases that are subject to the GDPR.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">So in the end, a brand or marketing manager must ask themselves the following questions: Who is touching the data in my chain? What data is being collected and where is it being collected? And how it is going to be used within this transaction? These questions should provide answers in relation to the need for compliance with the GDPR.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Of course none of this is simple. The GDPR itself is already raising difficulties in interpretation before it has been put into place. Perhaps a small data breach in the Middle East may not be initially noticed, or if it is it may not give rise to the high fines that have been often discussed in GDPR articles – the maximum fine is set at 4% of global revenue or € 20 million. However as we have seen on so many occasions, when consumer data is used in a way that was unintended or beyond the acceptable scope the result is often a legal issue, accompanied by a large public relations issue. Once EU and global consumers become used to having extra protection in relation to their data and accustomed to seeing complex consent and detailed description of use cases, we will no doubt start to see a new brand of informed and diligent consumer who will be very comfortable in generating publicity against a brand that does not provide that protection.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Whilst, in the face of it, GDPR may not obviously apply to all businesses, we suggest that marketing companies and related businesses undertake a thorough audit of their processes, partners and data points so that compliance can be assessed and, where necessary, assured.</p>'),
	(205204,7365,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205205,7365,'core_values',''),
	(205206,7365,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205207,7365,'file',''),
	(205208,7365,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205209,7365,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205210,7365,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205211,7365,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205212,7365,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205213,7365,'related_pages',''),
	(205214,7365,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205215,7365,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205216,7366,'_edit_lock','1531314766:5'),
	(205217,7366,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205218,7366,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205219,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205220,7366,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','410'),
	(205221,7366,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205222,7366,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205223,7366,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205224,7366,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205225,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205226,7366,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','935'),
	(205227,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205228,7366,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','6697'),
	(205229,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205230,7366,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','2'),
	(205231,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205232,7366,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorName','Camelia Aknouche'),
	(205233,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorName','field_59e59ad5d15dd'),
	(205234,7366,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorEmail','c.aknouche@tamimi.com'),
	(205235,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorEmail','field_59e59afcd15de'),
	(205236,7366,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorLocation','DIFC, UAE'),
	(205237,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorLocation','field_59e59b05d15df'),
	(205238,7366,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','1'),
	(205239,7366,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205240,7366,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205241,7366,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205242,7366,'stats_list',''),
	(205243,7366,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205244,7366,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205245,7366,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205246,7366,'timeline_header',''),
	(205247,7366,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205248,7366,'timeline',''),
	(205249,7366,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205250,7366,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205251,7366,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205252,7366,'content_header',''),
	(205253,7366,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205254,7366,'content_description',''),
	(205255,7366,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205256,7366,'content','<p class=\"p1\">The last two decades have witnessed phenomenal advancements in information technology (IT), which have fostered a remarkable level of innovation in products and services offered across numerous industries. Yet, international arbitration, forming part of the legal services industry, has been so far practically unaffected by such developments.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To be sure, one can find examples where the international arbitration community has been improving its services through implementation of new IT: video conferencing, e-disclosure, use of online platforms and cloud-based technologies. However, these and other similar steps are improvements of an incremental nature, well known to most and successfully practised by many arbitration practitioners and institutions. Accordingly, this article will look forward and concentrate on a ground-breaking technology that within the next 100 years will, apart from affecting all aspects of our lives in ways that we cannot yet imagine, create genuine innovation in international arbitration – Artificial Intelligence (AI).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>The Advent of AI</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In 1955, John McCarthy suggested the term ‘artificial intelligence’ in a research project proposal, which described AI as a problem ‘<i>of making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving</i>’.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Sixty years later, after several hype cycles inevitably followed by ‘AI winters’, the general consensus is that scientists are finally creating systems sophisticated enough to fall within the meaning of AI. IBM’s Watson, ‘<i>a technology platform that uses natural language processing and machine learning to reveal insights from large amounts of unstructured data</i>’, is the most celebrated example of AI machinery. Watson may comprise multiple enabling technologies that may be added and configured depending on the required functionality. Two technologies are of fundamental importance to its ‘intelligence’: (i) natural language processing (NLP) and (ii) machine learning (ML). NLP may be described as a ‘<i>problem of understanding strings of characters that form words, sentences, or larger assemblages of text in “natural” language, such as English’. </i>ML may be defined as<i> ‘a set of methods that can automatically detect patterns in data, and then use the uncovered patterns to predict future data, or perform other kinds of decision making under uncertainty (such as planning how to collect more data!)</i>’.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Since its triumph at Jeopardy in 2011, Watson has unequivocally established that AI machines can ‘understand’ text, including grammar and context, and ‘learn’ through making decisions in response to altering circumstances.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An international arbitration specialist may now begin to contemplate the potential use of such technologies in her/his practice.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Legal Research and Document Review</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The practice of international arbitration often entails having a grasp of international law and several domestic legal systems at the same time. Moreover, parties submit to tribunals voluminous hard copy and electronic documents. Accordingly, international arbitration is a document intensive field of law that requires counsel and arbitrators to spend countless hours on legal research and document review. Due to an ever-growing demand for speed and efficiency, the present state of affairs cannot last.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> A significant amount of legal research and document review has now shifted from libraries and client basement archives onto online platforms. However, in the hunt for exhaustive research/review, counsel and arbitrators still read through innumerable pages, frequently containing irrelevant text. Application of search terms to text is mostly of assistance but is regularly impeded by false positive results and, in any case, requires constant human supervision.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Use of AI for legal research and document review in the foreseeable future will cut the time necessary for such exercises from hours/days/months/years to seconds (in some instances to milliseconds).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>AI: Trusted Assistant to International Arbitration</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b><i>Speech Recognition</i></b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Arguably one of the most important enabling technologies for AI, after NLP and ML, is speech recognition (SP) technology. The technology has made great improvements in quality; now SP may not only recognise different accents and languages with very impressive accuracy but it can also identify the voices of particular individuals. Let us consider just a few potential uses for an SP enabled AI platform:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Transcripts: </i>Generally, the parties in international arbitration prefer to use the services of transcription service providers at hearings. Instructing such specialists, of course, is an additional expense for the disputing parties that involves various logistical arrangements and complications. AI may render the use of court reporters obsolete as the AI platform would be able to record the hearing via microphones and provide a real-time transcript with speaker identification for all concerned.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><i>Interpretation: </i>Parties in international arbitration often need to present witnesses that may require the assistance of interpreters. This also involves time and costs that may be cut by using AI for interpretation purposes at the hearing.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><i>Translation: </i>A document-heavy international arbitration may force parties to translate evidence into the language of arbitration, thus incurring substantial costs and extending the arbitration process. AI will, of course, be capable of translating thousands of documents in seconds with very high accuracy, including scanned, hand-written or annotated documents.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b><i>Drafting of Awards</i></b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Arbitrators spend a lot of time on drafting standard sections of their arbitration awards, e.g., the parties, the procedural history, the arbitration clause, the governing law, the parties’ positions, and the arbitration costs. Arbitrators may save time and parties’ fees by delegating the drafting of such ‘boilerplate’ sections to AI machines.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b><i>Appointing Authority</i></b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When the parties fail to appoint arbitrators or when arbitrators fail to agree on a chair, generally a default appointing authority will come into play. AI may assist with such appointments by providing its list of potentially suitable candidates based on multiple variables, for example, knowledge and experience in particular areas of law, languages, number of pending and concluded arbitrations, level of party satisfaction in previous cases, time taken to render a final award (on average), and, importantly, potential conflict of interest that AI may identify by scanning through databases and the Internet.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>AI – Expert / Arbitrator</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It seems possible to suggest that AI designed for international arbitration will continue to rapidly improve, reaching a stage when it would be conceivable to request AI for an expert opinion and even to render an award. An easily identifiable area of discomfort and an obstacle to allowing AI to perform such functions is the lack of understanding of how the decision was reached. However, Watson’s developers claim that when answering questions, Watson develops hypotheses and makes evidence based decisions (taking into account a degree of confidence in percentage terms based on the preponderance of evidence). Therefore, AI is capable of reasoning and, over time, AI will begin producing lines of reasoning logical to a person.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> As mentioned previously, the costs and time involved in creating an AI-generated expert opinion or an arbitral award will be cut to an absolute minimum: a development which, without a doubt, will be welcomed by the international arbitration community.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Legal Framework</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In order for AI to be successfully integrated into the system of international arbitration in the future, its definition should be crystallised and its use should be regulated. Perhaps, some would suggest creating a custom (state-of-the-art) legal framework for dispute settlement by AI. Yet, another route may be to amend the existing arbitration rules, domestic legislation, and international agreements. The suggestions below are of a general and non-exhaustive nature.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b><i>Arbitration Rules</i></b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Let us use the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Rules (effective 1 October 2016) as an example to suggest amendments that would allow the DIFC-LCIA to offer AI to the disputing parties.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Article 5.2 of the DIFC-LCIA Rules may be amended by introducing a new defined term in the following manner:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p5\"><i>The expression the “Arbitral Tribunal” includes a sole arbitrator or all the arbitrators where more than one. [An arbitrator includes Artificial Intelligence Software].</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p6\">Additionally, drawing inspiration from Article 9B (‘Emergency Arbitrator’) of the DIFC-LCIA Rules, a new AI-specific article could be introduced into the DIFC-LCIA Rules containing a definition and provisions pertinent to the use of AI, including which articles of the DIFC-LCIA Rules do or do not apply to AI.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Consequently, and unless otherwise agreed by the parties, AI may become a default sole arbitrator in certain disputes, for example, disputes under a certain amount or of a certain complexity/sector (e.g., construction).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b><i>Domestic Legislation</i></b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Changes in domestic arbitration laws would be strongly recommended to provide certainty to the international arbitration community (arbitral institutions, counsel, and parties) that the use of such technology for settlement of disputes by arbitration is legal. Taking the DIFC-LCIA Law No. 1 of 2008 (DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Law) as an example of domestic legislation that may be amended to introduce and reflect the practice of dispute settlement by AI, one suggestion would be to amend Article 16 of the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Law as follows:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p7\">The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators provided that it is an odd number. <i>[An arbitrator includes Artificial Intelligence Software]</i>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">Alternatively, and possibly more appropriate, is to amend the Schedule – Interpretation, in its relevant part, as follows:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p8\">D. Defined Terms</p>\r\n<p class=\"p9\">Arbitral Tribunal | a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators [and Artificial Intelligence Software]</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">However, it is not yet clear how AI would co-operate in ‘mixed’ arbitral tribunals (consisting of AI and human arbitrators). Therefore, it is possible that a separate section dealing exclusively with AI as a sole arbitrator may be required.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b><i>International Agreements</i></b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For AI to become commonly used by the arbitral community, it is essential, for reasons of legal certainty, that major international agreements concerning international arbitration recognise AI as equivalent to arbitrators or arbitral tribunals. Of course, the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (the NY Convention), to which the United Arab Emirates and other GCC states are parties, is one of the most important international agreements of such a kind.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">One might be courageous enough to advocate, for example, an amendment to Article I (2) of the NY Convention in the following way:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">The term “arbitral awards” shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted. <i>[For the avoidance of doubt, the term ”arbitrator” shall include Artificial Intelligence Software.]</i></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">However, it does not seem realistic, considering the amount of time that was required for 156 States to become parties to the NY Convention, to obtain signature to such an amendment in the near future.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Regardless how the above may sound, large international law firms already employ ‘data scientists’, ‘legal solutions architects’ and ‘heads of strategic client technology’, who focus on IT and AI solutions that would assist human counsel. New companies are being incorporated with a particular focus on AI solutions for legal research. One law firm went far enough to employ two computers as partners.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As is the case with any new technology, AI will require a significant influx of capital at the beginning. It will also require constant development and improvement. In this regard, software developers will have to work closely with arbitration practitioners to identify problems that may occur and to streamline processes. With time, AI will reach a stage when its use in arbitration will be universal and its cost will be no higher than one of the average office computers of today.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">AI will become an assistant to arbitrators and, in some cases, even an arbitrator possessing vital qualities for human arbitrators as being relentless, consistent, systematic, impartial; and it will continue to improve and grow to be powerful. Yet, there exists some scepticism towards an idea of assisting an arbitrator with AI, and even more – replacing a human arbitrator with AI. To shift thinking in line with technological development, one should consider this: airplanes are being landed using autopilot; cars are being driven autonomously. If humans entrust their lives to machines/computers, why should not AI take care of, perhaps, less important matters like settling arbitration disputes?</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Arbitration team regularly advises on international investment and commercial arbitration. For further information, please contact Thomas Snider (t.snider@tamimi.com) or Sergejs Dilevka (s.dilevka@tamimi.com).</i></p>'),
	(205257,7366,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205258,7366,'core_values',''),
	(205259,7366,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205260,7366,'file',''),
	(205261,7366,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205262,7366,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205263,7366,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205264,7366,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205265,7366,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205266,7366,'related_pages',''),
	(205267,7366,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205268,7366,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205269,7367,'_edit_lock','1536038574:5'),
	(205270,7367,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205271,7367,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205272,7367,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205273,7367,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','411'),
	(205274,7367,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205275,7367,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205276,7367,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205277,7367,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205278,7367,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205279,7367,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','942'),
	(205280,7367,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205281,7367,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','7056'),
	(205282,7367,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205283,7367,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','2'),
	(205284,7367,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205285,7367,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205286,7367,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205287,7367,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205288,7367,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205289,7367,'stats_list',''),
	(205290,7367,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205291,7367,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205292,7367,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205293,7367,'timeline_header',''),
	(205294,7367,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205295,7367,'timeline',''),
	(205296,7367,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205297,7367,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205298,7367,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205299,7367,'content_header',''),
	(205300,7367,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205301,7367,'content_description',''),
	(205302,7367,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205303,7367,'content','<p class=\"p1\">In the June-July 2016 edition of Al Tamimi’s Law Update Article, we have previously provided an overview on the <a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/law-update-articles/crowdfunding-platforms-in-the-uae/\">Crowdfunding Platforms in the UAE</a> and highlighted some of the key regulatory issues commonly encountered. In an effort to facilitate the growth of the SME sector and FinTech innovations in the region while managing investors risks, there have been a number of welcomed developments and regulatory updates in the alternate funding space.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this article, we set out the latest regulatory updates governing the operation of crowdfunding platforms in the Dubai International Financial Centre (“DIFC”), Abu Dhabi Global Market (“ADGM”) and onshore UAE respectively.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>DFSA Regulatory Framework</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In August 2017, the Dubai Financial Services Authority (“DFSA”) launched its regulatory framework (“DFSA Framework”) for loan and investment-based crowdfunding platforms, the first such regulatory framework in the GCC countries. The DFSA Framework aims to license, organise and protect the rights and obligations of all parties involved in specific crowdfunding activities which provide finance solutions for SMEs in the region.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some of the key requirements under the DFSA Framework include:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Introduction of a new Financial Services Activity </i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A new financial service activity of “Operating a Crowdfunding Platform” has been established, which covers both operating a “Loan Crowdfunding Platform” and an “Investmen Crowdfunding Platform”.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Note that the DFSA will not be regulating crowdfunding operators who run a reward or donation based platform.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Restrictions on Provision of Advice / Assets Management / Managing a Collective Investment Fund </i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An operator of a crowdfunding platform is not permitted to provide advice or have the discretion to manage assets or manage a collective investment fund; and must not operate a platform that facilitates a person investing in specified investments (i.e. warrants, certificates, units, structured products or derivatives through the platform.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>New Category of Exempt Offers </i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A new category of exempt offers has been introduced and is available exclusively to issuers of securities made through an Investment Crowdfunding Platform.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Prudential Requirements</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Prudential Requirements as set out in Prudential, Investment, Insurance and Banking Module (PIB) is applicable to an operator of a crowdfunding platform whereby it is required to comply with the prescribed base capital requirement and expenditure based capital minimum requirements depending on its business model.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Legal Form </i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">All crowdfunding operators must establish as a body corporate in the DIFC (i.e. they cannot be a branch) and must hold capital according to the PIB requirements.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>FSRA Proposed Framework </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In March 2018, the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (“FSRA”) has published a discussion paper setting out its proposed regulatory framework (the “PFP Framework”) for operators of financing platforms for non-public companies (“Private Financing Platforms” or “PFPs”).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The PFP Framework aims to facilitate access by start-ups and SMEs to new alternate sources of funding, albeit primarily from Professional Clients (as defined in the relevant FSRA regulations), as an alternative to more traditional channels for financing, while applying the necessary regulatory safeguards to ensure they operate in a safe and sound manner for those clients.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Currently, the FSRA is seeking comments on its proposal to create a new regulated activity specifically for PFPs operators. This would be called “Operating a Private Financing Platform” that would capture two types of PFP Transactions to be offered in or from the ADGM. These would be loan-based or investment-based crowdfunding, where activity may be undertaken on a single or distinct PFP. For loan-based PFPs, the operator would connect several clients to a single borrower, but for investment-based PFPs, the operator would seek to connect several clients to a single issuer - with clients investing money in expectation of dividend payments and a positive return on investment over time. In this regard, the FSRA is considering the introduction of a new regulated Activity of “Operating a Private Financing Platform” that would solely capture loan-based and investment-based PFPs and fall within Category 4 for the purposes of prudential supervision.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In view of the potentially high lending risks associated with PFP transactions, the FSRA proposes to restrict accessibility to PFPs under the PFP Framework to Professional Clients. In this regard, the FSRA also believes that Professional Clients are better placed to assist start-ups and SMEs by contributing their expertise, experience and contact networks. Nevertheless, the FSRA proposes to allow PFP operators to serve Retail Clients (as defined in the relevant FSRA regulations), on an exceptional basis, subject to the PFP operator putting in place proper policies and procedures to perform pre-qualification of Retail Clients by way of a client suitability test.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Depending on its business model, a PFP operator would be subject to the specific capital requirements as prescribed under the Prudential Rulebook. As with other Category 4 firms, the PFP operator would be required to maintain professional indemnity insurance cover appropriate to the nature, size, and risk profile of its business. PFP operators will also be subject to risk disclosure requirements.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As the FSRA Framework is still in the discussion paper phase, it remains to be seen whether or not additional requirements will be put in place.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>SCA Initiative</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">On the sidelines of the 14th Annual One on One Conference held in March 2018, the Securities and Commodities Authority (“SCA”) revealed that it is about to introduce a quality initiative for crowdfunding SMEs, in collaboration with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Such initiative is intended to offer a platform similar to crowdfunding for companies operating in free zones to facilitate their access to funding.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Central Bank Initiative </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">During the fifth Middle East Banking Forum hosted by the UAE Banks Federation held in November 2017, the Central Bank governor had indicated the Central Bank’s intention to regulate crowdfunding platforms in the emirates as part of measures to boost financing for small and medium enterprises.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The implementation of robust governance frameworks and legislative initiatives is a healthy sign evidencing that regulators are proactive in adapting to market needs and developments in the financial services sector. Notwithstanding so, it should be borne in mind that the regulatory ambit of financial free zones only extend to such activities performed in or from the relevant financial free zones. Therefore, any regulated activities that are performed out of the financial free zones but within UAE would still be subject to the regulation of either the Central Bank in respect of banking and debt financing activities or the SCA in respect of securities, fund formation and operation or other financial services related activities.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Financial Regulatory team regularly advises on licensing issues relating to the provisions of regulated activities in the UAE, DIFC and ADGM. For further information please contact Divya Abrol Gambhir (D.Abrol@tamimi.com) </i></p>'),
	(205304,7367,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205305,7367,'core_values',''),
	(205306,7367,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205307,7367,'file',''),
	(205308,7367,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205309,7367,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205310,7367,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205311,7367,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205312,7367,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205313,7367,'related_pages',''),
	(205314,7367,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205315,7367,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205316,7368,'_edit_lock','1525321557:5'),
	(205317,7368,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205318,7368,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205319,7368,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205320,7368,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','645'),
	(205321,7368,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205322,7368,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205323,7368,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205324,7368,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205325,7368,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205326,7368,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','596'),
	(205327,7368,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205328,7368,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205329,7368,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205330,7368,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205331,7368,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205332,7368,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205333,7368,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205334,7368,'stats_list',''),
	(205335,7368,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205336,7368,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205337,7368,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205338,7368,'timeline_header',''),
	(205339,7368,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205340,7368,'timeline',''),
	(205341,7368,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205342,7368,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205343,7368,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205344,7368,'content_header',''),
	(205345,7368,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205346,7368,'content_description',''),
	(205347,7368,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205348,7368,'content','<p class=\"p1\">With the fast development and implementation of technology and the internet in processing operations in private and public sectors, and concluding transactions locally and internationally online or electronically on a cross-border basis, it has become essential to develop a legal framework to safeguard the rights and interests of stakeholders utilising such electronic platforms.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Oman government has accordingly issued the Sultani Decree 69/2008 - entitled “the Electronic Transactions Law” (“the Law”). This legislation was in response to the increasing number of electronic transactions, and resulting amount of cases before Omani courts which did not have a sufficient laws to rely on when adjudicating these bespoke issues.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Electronic Transactions Law</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Law applies, pursuant to Article 3, to electronic transactions, records, signatures and to electronic messages. The Law does not however apply to transactions and matters related to personal status law, such as marriage, divorce and wills. It also does not apply to court procedures, judicial summons, proclamations, summons, arrest orders and judicial decrees. Generally, the provisions of the Law apply to transactions between the parties who agree on conducting their transactions by electronic means and the consent of each party may be inferred from his conduct. In relation to the Government as a party to such transactions, its consent shall be given expressly in writing. Any agreement between the parties to conduct any transaction by electronic means shall not be obligatory on either party to conduct other transactions by the same means.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Electronic communication including messages shall have the same legal effect and force like any other enforceable written document if the conditions provided for in this Law and its implementing regulations are observed.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Where there is a specific requirement contained in any other legislation, for instance the requirement of the Law of Commerce and Employment Law to retain any document or information for any reasons whether they relate to a transaction or an employee, then such retention shall be ascertained by retaining that document or record or information or data in electronic form. This requirement arises if the following conditions are satisfied:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">The document, record, information or data are retained electronically in the form they were originated or sent or received or in a form capable of proving accurately that the document or record or information or data originated or sent or received in its original form;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">The document, record, information or data shall remain retained in a way to render it accessible, usable and retrievable for subsequent reference; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">The document, record, information or data shall be retained in a way to enable the identification of their origin and destination and the date and time when they were sent or received.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p5\">Where the law requires the provision of a message, record or document in its original form and provides for consequences otherwise, then the electronic message or electronic record or electronic document will be regarded as original if there exist a reliable assurance or means allowing display of the information intended to be provided in an understandable way and to verify the integrity of the information contained in any of the documents.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For the purpose of using electronic messages, information, records or data as an evidence in any legal proceedings, nothing shall apply so as to deny the admissibility of the electronic message on the ground that it is not in its original form if the message is the best evidence that the person adducing it could reasonably be expected to obtain.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The message presented in a legal proceeding, shall have evidential weight subject to the following factors:</span></p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">The reliability of the manner in which the message was performed, entered, generated, processed, stored or presented;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">The reliability of the manner in which the integrity of the information was maintained;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">The reliability of the source of information if such source is well known;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">The reliability of the manner in which its originator was identified; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Any other relevant factor.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For the purpose of contract formation, an offer and acceptance could be expressed by the parties to the contract through exchange of electronic messages. This will lead to a binding contract on all parties. The validity or enforceability of the contract cannot be challenged or questioned on the ground that it was formed through exchange of electronic message if expressly or impliedly conveys the intention of each party to enter into the contract.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The application of the Law extends to the governmental use of electronic records and signatures. By way of example, the Oman government may use electronic records and signatures to carry out any of the following tasks:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Accepting, depositing, presenting, originating or maintaining documents;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Issuing any decision, permission, license or approval;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Accepting fees of any payments; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Issuing tenders and receiving bids related to government purchases.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p5\">Although the Law regulates provision of services relating to authentication service providers in relation to electronic authentication certificates issuance or any other services relating to electronic signatures, there are not many authentication services providers licensed by the information technology authority in Oman. Further, the Law provides for the protection of the personal data not to be shared or used for any other purpose other than the purpose which was obtained for in the first place.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Oman Government, in order to combat the information technology related crimes, has issued Sultani Decree 12/2011(“Combating of Information Technology Crimes Law”) which criminalizes certain acts relating to the infringement of safety and confidentiality of electronic information and information systems, as well as the misuses of information technology means.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>E-Government </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Information Technology Authority (“ITA”) in Oman is taking the lead in implementing the government of Oman’s strategy of converting the Sultanate into a knowledgeable and sustainable society through the implementation of information and communication technological means to promote governmental services, enrichment of the private sector and enabling individuals in digital dealings. To this end, the ITA has taken some initiatives that include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Setting up a unified basic infrastructure for the electronic government which includes the relevant applications and the database;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Connecting all governmental institutions through a secured network;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Creation of a work framework for the electronic management; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Provision of unique electronic services designed especially for the customers to serve the needs of individuals and private sector; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">Development of plans and policies relating to training of individuals in the field of information technology.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p5\">Governmental bodies in Oman which have started using electronic systems for processing transactions for individuals and companies are Royal Oman Police, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Manpower and Ministry of Climate Affairs. In order to submit or register any transaction it must be made online through insertion of the ID card in a special reader, entering the details necessary and uploading the required documents. Any missing information or documents required to be provided or whenever the application is approved, the applicant will receive an electronic message via email or telephone confirming this.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Conclusion </b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Oman Government has enacted the basic legislations which includes the Law and the Combating of Information Technology Crimes Law which regulates how the electronic transactions and contract are concluded and formed. Further, it has established bodies like ITA to ensure proper implementation of the provisions of the Law and the use of the same by other governmental bodies like Royal Oman Police and Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The enactment of the Combating of Information Technology Crimes Law has strengthened the use of information technology in Oman and provides additional protection to its users from any infringement or abuse. Recovering any damages or returns of goods represent another challenge that need to be contractually regulated and set out clearly in the terms and conditions or the contract terms if the execution takes place in different territories.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">However and with the increase in the number of transactions entered into by individuals, companies and the government entered into online or electronically, there are still number of areas that the Law is silent about and need to be regulated in the contractual terms given its importance like the jurisdiction, governing law, the courts to hear the disputes. This area is problematic and challenging to determine if not expressly provided in the contract provide that parties may reside in different states with different laws.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Individuals, organisations and governmental entities soon or later will need to develop an internal regulation setting out the criteria for its employees to follow when entering transactions electronically or online starting from verification process of the other contracting party, ensuring protection of its data and processing of information up to conclusion of the contract and its enforceability.</p>'),
	(205349,7368,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205350,7368,'core_values',''),
	(205351,7368,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205352,7368,'file',''),
	(205353,7368,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205354,7368,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205355,7368,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205356,7368,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205357,7368,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205358,7368,'related_pages',''),
	(205359,7368,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205360,7368,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205361,7369,'_edit_lock','1525321571:5'),
	(205362,7369,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205363,7369,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205364,7369,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205365,7369,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','645'),
	(205366,7369,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205367,7369,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205368,7369,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205369,7369,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205370,7369,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205371,7369,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','665'),
	(205372,7369,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205373,7369,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205374,7369,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205375,7369,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205376,7369,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205377,7369,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205378,7369,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205379,7369,'stats_list',''),
	(205380,7369,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205381,7369,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205382,7369,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205383,7369,'timeline_header',''),
	(205384,7369,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205385,7369,'timeline',''),
	(205386,7369,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205387,7369,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205388,7369,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205389,7369,'content_header',''),
	(205390,7369,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205391,7369,'content_description',''),
	(205392,7369,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205393,7369,'content','<p class=\"p1\">The number of e-commerce startups in Dubai is burgeoning; so the Emirate has seen a significant increase in the number of private investors and venture capital funds active in this field. Growth during the early stages of a startup’s cycle requires significant funding, and banks usually step away from investments which are considered high risk. Venture capital firms and private investors fill this space vacated by conventional financial institutions.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The relationship between the founder and the investors is critical to the growth and success of the business and should always be approached with care. Because founders will find themselves negotiating against their investors during each funding round, it is useful for both the founders and the investors to be well versed in some of the basic venture capital funding market practices and terminology. This will help their mutual expectations, and hopefully minimize areas of disagreement. A lack of this market knowledge may lead to protracted negotiations which can kill a venture capital deal outright or impair the surviving founder-investor relationship.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The following is a summary of the main documents and key provisions of an equity funding round for a startup.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>The Transaction Documents</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Term Sheet</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Every venture capital transaction starts with the term sheet. Whilst a term sheet is typically expressed as a non-binding document, it is the foundation on which all other (binding) transaction documents are drafted. It is usual for investors and founders to outright reject any term in the (binding) transaction documents which does not reflect the provisions of the term sheet.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Subscription Agreements and Subscription Letters</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In order to “lock-in” the investment, binding subscription agreements are prepared setting out the key terms of the investment. Investors (other than the lead investor) will sign a simple subscription letter confirming the investment amount per investor, the number and class of shares being issued in consideration for the investment and the expected date on which the round will complete.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A long form subscription agreement is commonly entered into between the company, the founders and the lead investor (and in certain instances, the co-lead investor(s)). This includes more comprehensive provisions normally geared towards protecting the lead investors’ interest (such as warranties as to the condition, affairs and accounts of the business), and may also include requirements to restructure the company’s management and operations either prior to or after the investment round.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Shareholders’ Agreement</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The shareholders’ agreement is the key binding agreement and will reflect, in binding form, the terms agreed in the term sheet. It will set out the rights of the investors and the founders, and will contain provisions that govern the management and operation of the startup.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Key Terms of the Transaction Documents</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As the party taking the financial risk, each investor will seek preferential economic (and occasionally voting) rights over the rights of existing shareholders (including the startup founders). A substantial portion of the provisions of each of the term sheet and the shareholder agreement will be geared towards protecting the investor’s investment and ensuring that, at the appropriate time, the investor is able to liquidate its investment in priority (and on terms generally more favourable) to the previous round investors as well as the startup founder.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The following are the key terms which investors will seek to include in a venture capital transaction.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><em><span class=\"s1\">Preferred Shares and Conversion</span></em></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">New round investors are typically offered preferred shares (or generally shares of a different class to the founders), which carry certain preferential economic and voting rights over the founders’ ordinary shares (Preferred Shares).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Preferred Shares are usually convertible into ordinary shares whenever this is beneficial to the investor(s). It is also common to detail circumstances or events which would lead to automatic conversion of the preferred shares, for example, in the event of an initial public offering of the company, where it is typically the case that only one class of shares (the ordinary shares) are listed on the exchange. The decision as to when the investor will convert its shares and the number of ordinary shares that it will receive in exchange is based on several factors, the most important being an assessment of whether or not the investor’s liquidation preferences and participation rights (described below) would yield higher returns if the preferred shares were converted into ordinary shares at that time.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><em><span class=\"s1\">Liquidation Preference and Participation</span></em></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A liquidation preference is a right of the investor to receive proceeds from a “liquidity event” in priority to other classes of shareholders. What this means is that an investor will receive payment, as a result of such “liquidity event”, before any of the founders or holders of ordinary shares. The definition of a “liquidity event” can vary, but typically includes the sale of a majority of the startup’s shares (or a sale of a controlling interest), a sale of a substantial portion of the startup’s assets or the winding up of the startup.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A liquidation preference typically grants the preferred shareholder a minimum return equal to a multiple of the capital invested, in addition to any declared or unpaid dividends payable to the holder of the preferred shares. While investors may seek to negotiate higher return multiples, the standard market practice in the Middle East is to limit the liquidation preference payment to the capital invested by the investor, together with any declared or unpaid dividends locked into the entity.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">By way of example, assume an investor made an investment of AED 1 million in consideration for 100,000 Preferred Shares, for a resulting ownership of 50% of the startup’s share capital (i.e. the startup’s entire share capital comprises of 200,000 shares). The terms of the investment include a liquidation preference equal to the full value of the AED 1 million investment. The startup does not perform as expected, and one year later, 100% of the startup’s shares are sold to a private equity investor at a total valuation of AED 1.5 million. Given that our investor has a liquidation preference in respect of the full value of its investment, the investor will receive AED 1 million from the buyout, with the remaining AED 500,000 distributed to all shareholders pro rata. Had no such liquidation preference been included, the investor would have received AED 750,000, representing its 50% share of the total purchase price.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The holder of a Preferred Share will typically be entitled to “participate” in the proceeds of a liquidity event pro rata to its shareholding in the company. This right only crystallises after the preferred shareholder has received its liquidation preference described above. This would therefore mean that the preferred shareholder would first receive its capital invested before other shareholders (as provided for by its liquidation preference), and would then share (or “participate” in) the remaining proceeds of the “liquidity event” with all other shareholders pro rata.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"> Using our example above, in the event the investor also has participation rights, the investor would first receive its AED 1 million, and would then be able to participate, on a pro rata basis, with the remaining shareholders in the AED 500,000. The investor would therefore receive AED 1.25 million, which is its AED 1 million investment, plus its pro rata share (namely 50%) of the remaining AED 500,000, which is an amount equal to AED 250,000.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Liquidation rights and participation rights can carry significant implication for the return realized by the investor and the founders in some scenarios, so it is vital that legal and financial advice is sought prior to agreeing to confer any such rights under the term sheet or the shareholders’ agreement.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><em><span class=\"s1\">Anti-Dilution</span></em></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">A key feature of these startup funding transactions is the anti-dilution right. This should not be confused with a pre-emption right (see “Share Transfer Provisions – Pre-emption rights” below for more details). </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An anti-dilution right operates to protect an investor’s ownership interest if the value of the startup diminishes after the date of the investment. Therefore, on a subsequent issue of new shares, if the shares are issued at a price-per-share that is lower than the price which the investor paid during its funding round (this is commonly termed a “down round”), the anti-dilution right would come into effect. The right is built into what is known as a “conversion price”, which is the reference point of a price per share at which Preferred Shares would convert into ordinary shares.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"> Continuing with our case example, if an investor in a Series A funding round subscribed for 50% of the total shares at a price of AED 10 per share with a total investment of AED 1 million, that investor would receive 100,000 shares. If, during a Series B funding round, the startup’s valuation has diminished, and new shares were offered to Series B investors at price of AED 5 per share, the Series A investor’s anti-dilution right would kick-in and the Series A investor would be deemed to have originally invested at a price per share that is lower than AED 10. A lower conversion price translates to more shares, given that the value of the investor’s subscription (AED 1 million) is divided by a lower price-per-share (for example a price of AED 5 per share). </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are two approaches to determining the conversion price; the first is the more simple approach of using a “full ratchet” conversion formula, where the share price originally paid (i.e. AED 10 in our example) is automatically reduced to the price-per-share of the new round (i.e. AED 5 in our example). The second, and more complicated approach, is using a “weighted average” conversion formula, which takes into account the weighted average value of previous issues of shares as well as the current issue. The more common approach in the region is the “weighted average” calculation.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><em><span class=\"s1\">Control</span></em></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Lead investors will always wish to ensure that their investment proceeds are being employed for the agreed purpose. They would also want to make sure that the startup does not take any critical decision without the investor’s approval. These decisions are commonly referred to as “reserved matters” and include any decision to (i) reduce or otherwise alter the rights attached to the investor’s shares, (ii) involve material capital or operational expenditure or (iii) change the nature of the business. These are three examples of what is usually a two-page list of “reserved matters” in respect of which the investor would reserve a veto right.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"> Reserved matters typically operate at the board level, where the lead investor in a funding round would be given a board seat. It is a standard approach to have board meetings only deemed to be quorate with the presence of the investor-nominated director, and the “reserved matter” decision would only pass provided the investor-nominated director votes affirmatively on that decision. Reserved matters also operate on the shareholder level in respect of certain key decisions, including those which, as a requirement of applicable law, require the affirmative vote of the shareholders. In this instance, it is common for the “reserved matter” shareholder resolution to require the affirmative vote of a certain percentage of the holders of Preferred Shares.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><em><span class=\"s1\">Share Transfer Provisions</span></em></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are five key clauses that grant the shareholders of a startup (including its investors) certain protections in connection with the transfer of the startup’s shares or the issue of new shares by the startup. These are found in the shareholders’ agreement and are usually built into the articles of association of the startup.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Pre-emption rights</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">A pre-emption right is offered to existing shareholders in respect of any future issues of shares (or other “equity securities”) by the startup, giving the existing shareholders the first option to purchase the newly issued shares. A pre-emption right typically offers the shareholders a right to maintain (or increase) their ownership percentage by subscribing for new shares on a pro rata basis. A failure by the existing shareholders to subscribe for the shares typically allows the startup to offer these shares (or any remaining portion that remains unsubscribed by the existing shareholders) to third parties.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A standard approach to every new funding round is to either obtain waivers from all non-participating shareholders in respect of their pre-emption rights, or otherwise offer the new shares to the existing shareholders first, and then (after the expiry of the period during which existing shareholders may exercise their pre-emption rights) offer the new shares to the new investors.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Rights of first refusal </i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A right of first refusal is offered to existing shareholders in respect of any transfer of shares by a shareholder in the startup to a third party. The right gives the existing shareholders of the startup a right to purchase the shares being sold before a third party can acquire the shares. In a venture capital transaction, a right of first refusal may also be granted to the startup in priority to the existing shareholders.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Tag along (co-sale) rights</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">A tag along (or co-sale) right is typically offered to the holders of Preferred Shares upon the transfer of shares in the startup to a third party. The right gives the investor (as minority shareholder and holder of Preferred Shares) the right to join the sale of shares to a third party. Investors and founders should be very careful when drafting the tag along right, as the key players should seek to limit the tag along right to circumstances where a majority of the startup’s shares are being sold, or otherwise in circumstances when the founders seek to dispose of a significant percentage of their shares. Otherwise, any transfer of shares by a minority shareholder could trigger a flood of accepting (also known as “tagging”) shareholders.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Drag along rights</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">A drag along right is usually offered to a majority of the shareholders (or such number of shareholders that can exercise control over the startup’s management and affairs). It is usually triggered upon the sale of the company, which is typically described as a sale of 50% or more of the company’s assets or shares. The drag along right gives the controlling shareholders the power to force the sale of the minority shareholders’ shares alongside their own. Investors and founders should discuss the appropriate triggers for a drag along right and should ensure that only significant transfers trigger a drag along right. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Change of control restrictions</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A change of control restriction is a restriction that prohibits any change in the identity of the person (or company) that owns and/or controls an existing shareholder of the startup. This prevents existing shareholders from circumventing applicable rights of first refusal, and ensures that the identity of the person (or company) that controls an existing shareholder does not change, for example, to become a competitor to the startup’s business.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Final considerations</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">While once a simple transaction drawn up on a single page setting out indicative terms for the investment, funding round transaction documents have over time grown in length and complexity. A term sheet now can easily exceed 10 pages, with transaction documents much longer.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Legal advice on any funding round is an absolute must; a bad call on a key funding provision could prove to be a costly and destructive mistake for a founder, an investor or even the business in the future. It is therefore essential that entrepreneurs and investors familiarize themselves with industry practices and expectations as to how these arrangements will work.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s private equity team regularly advises on venture capital transactions, representing investors, founders and companies on all stages of their funding. For further information please contact Alex Saleh (alex.saleh@tamimi.com), Richard Catling (r.catling@tamimi.com) or Kareem Zureikat (k.zureikat@tamimi.com).</i></p>'),
	(205394,7369,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205395,7369,'core_values',''),
	(205396,7369,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205397,7369,'file',''),
	(205398,7369,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205399,7369,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205400,7369,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205401,7369,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205402,7369,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205403,7369,'related_pages',''),
	(205404,7369,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205405,7369,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205406,7370,'_edit_lock','1525321586:5'),
	(205407,7370,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205408,7370,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205409,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205410,7370,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','645'),
	(205411,7370,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205412,7370,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205413,7370,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205414,7370,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205415,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205416,7370,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','606'),
	(205417,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205418,7370,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205419,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205420,7370,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorName','Hussain Osman'),
	(205421,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorName','field_59e59ad5d15dd'),
	(205422,7370,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorEmail','h.osman@tamimi.com'),
	(205423,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorEmail','field_59e59afcd15de'),
	(205424,7370,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorLocation','Manama, Bahrain'),
	(205425,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters_0_lawUpdateAuthorLocation','field_59e59b05d15df'),
	(205426,7370,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','1'),
	(205427,7370,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205428,7370,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205429,7370,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205430,7370,'stats_list',''),
	(205431,7370,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205432,7370,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205433,7370,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205434,7370,'timeline_header',''),
	(205435,7370,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205436,7370,'timeline',''),
	(205437,7370,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205438,7370,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205439,7370,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205440,7370,'content_header',''),
	(205441,7370,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205442,7370,'content_description',''),
	(205443,7370,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205444,7370,'content','<p class=\"p1\">Since the launch of Bahrain’s Labour Fund 12 years ago, and as part of Bahrain’s continued move to diversify its economy, the government of Bahrain has placed considerable emphasis on the development of a digital, knowledge-based economy, focusing on SMEs and start-ups as well as seeking to empower eager Bahrain based millennials.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This vision of sustainable development has resulted in a continued raft of holistic legislative changes and developments and initiatives aimed at diversifying means of funding, streamlining administrative procedures, the ease of doing business, and fostering electronic transactions. These include Bahrain taking to the cloud in preparation for the regional boom in data storage and cloud computing - the community initiative bears the name ‘Start-Up Bahrain’ whereby investors, incubators, entrepreneurs, academic institutions and the Government have come together to help start-ups realize the full potential and gain attainable from the Gulf marketplace. Bahrain has also implemented a regulatory sandbox as a framework and process to facilitate and encourage the development of digital technology. This article sets out some of the key initiatives and changes being implemented in Bahrain to encourage the start-up, scale-up and SME sectors in the country.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>The SME Directorate<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">  </span></b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism has taken the initiative of establishing the SME Directorate (the ‘Directorate’), with the task of addressing the stumbling blocks currently facing SMEs in Bahrain, and proposing enabling legislation to assist the development of the sector.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Directorate has categorized SME companies as per the number of employees and generated revenue in a move that defines the status of each start-up. Note that SMEs form 90% of registered businesses in Bahrain.</p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Category (Business size)</b></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>No. of Employees</b></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Total revenue in BHD (per annum) </b></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Micro</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">1-5</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">1- 50,000</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Small</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">6-50</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">50,001- 1,000,000</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Medium</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">51-100</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">1,000,001- 3,000,000</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Directorate understands that most SMEs are transforming their ideas into ‘protectable’ concepts. In a move that demonstrates a modern perspective of appreciating intangible assets, the Directorate is said to be liaising with Bahrain’s banking community in pursuit of considering start-up intellectual property as a means for securing much needed loans.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Start–up and Scale-up Incubation and Acceleration Centres</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Adhering to the demands of key players in the start-up scene, and closely aligned with the said objectives, the newly established Directorate recently issued Decision (84) 2017 Organising the Activity of Incubators and Accelerators. This decision enables incubation and acceleration centres (in both the private and public sector) to register as licensed centres, and thus ensures that start-ups residing in such licensed incubators or accelerators receive necessary mentoring, coaching and networking opportunities for the duration of their stay. Subject to satisfying the relevant requirements, the resident start-ups are also able to register the licensed incubation/acceleration centre as their official address for the purposes of their commercial registration. Such licensed incubation/acceleration centres currently include Corporate Hub 9 and the London and Washington owned C5-Accelerate.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> On a quasi-governmental level, the month of February 2018 saw another effort by Bahrain to display its commitment to the development of the financial technology sector in Bahrain, in the launch of a FinTech Bay, a 10,000 square feet collegiate working hub. Providing shared workspaces, technology start-up subculture communities and services for entrepreneurs, start-ups, small business and large enterprises, Bahrain FinTech Bay aims to create support tools and features that compete with traditional financial delivery methods. Some international start-ups are already set to take up residency include US-based RobustWealth, Offrbox and Sigma Ratings as well as Jordanian start-up, Labiba. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The start of March 2018 also witnessed the launch of Bahrain’s start-up week. Beginning with a large networking platform linking brands and corporates with disruptive technology, products and services, Unbound, an innovation festival organizer, took the opportunity to mark its regional debut and add Bahrain to a calendar that includes destinations such as Singapore, Miami and London. A gaming conference followed in collaboration with Bahrain Polytechnic University brought enthusiasts in close contact with developers and programmers.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>The Regulatory Sandbox</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Defined as “a safe space in which businesses can test innovative products, services, business models and delivery mechanisms without immediately incurring all the normal regulatory and financial consequences”, here, and under a hands-off method of supervision administered by the Central Bank of Bahrain (‘CBB’), cutting edge financial products and technologies and new modalities of existing tools are put on a pilot scheme in an environment lacking the onerous regulatory burden of normal licensing. Participants that satisfy the criteria set out by the CBB can apply for the relevant license subsequently bearing in mind that they might face early elimination after a defined period of time. The CBB believes that the Regulatory Sandbox allows both existing licensed financial institutions and newcomers to the market to experiment with innovative financial services for a specified period of time in an environment where actual products and services are rendered to customers, but where the risks to said customers and to the local financial system as a whole are clearly defined and mitigated.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Connectivity</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">A key feature for fostering growth within the start-up community is connectivity. In a remarkable achievement, Bahrain topped the list of Arab countries in the International Telecommunication Union’s ICT Development Index for the year 2017. The report infers the country’s evident dynamism in information and communication technology which is expected to lead to a digital revolution. Four key developments are at the heart of this revolution: the Internet of Things (‘IoT’), cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence. Bahrain is now seeing a pull towards big-data. Huawei and VIVA Bahrain have merged the mediums delivering over the top media, voice and data channels into a single, hybrid network architectural concept, possibly making it the first telecom operator globally to deploy a hybrid network function virtualization cloud core network.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Closely connected to this, Batelco, Bahrain’s largest telecom operator, has launched an incubator for testing hardware systems in collaboration with the ultra-hands on IoT accelerator, Brinc.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Crowdfunding, Grants &amp; Micro-finance</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Crowdfunding regulations (providing both for Islamic and conventional funding) have been put in place by the CBB as an alternative method for raising capital. This method of reaching out to speculators has conventionally been the alternative tool of choice for start-ups substituting traditional bank financing. Subject to obtaining a license to perform the activity of a lending platform, SMEs with a paid-up capital below BHD 250,000 will be able to receive up to BHD 100,000 annually in funding through these platforms hinging on securing at least 80% of their posted collection targets. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Funding is also available in abundance for entrepreneurs venturing into the field of agriculture. Food supply is a matter of national security and the Government, through the National Initiative for Agricultural Development, has put in place generous schemes and subsidies in order to spur growth within the industry. Agricultural finance made available in the form of tailored-facilities shaped by Bahrain Development Bank and Bank Ebdaa funded the creation of prolific hydroponic farms offering their local harvest in supermarkets today.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>New Bankruptcy Law</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Bankruptcy codes that are debtor-friendly can be considered to be one of the most powerful tools available to legislators to foster innovation and to motivate entrepreneurs to venture further as they accommodate for when businesses fail.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Consistent with Bahrain’s push to encourage innovation, the Bahraini Government has indicated that a new bankruptcy code will be introduced in the near future. Some features that are expected to be addressed in this upcoming piece of legislation include swifter filing procedures and the maintenance of business flow during the filing process with the least amount of hurdles. Start-ups look for creditor collaboration in allowing necessary breathing space while restructuring, with the possibility of receiving new streams of finance as start-ups pull themselves out of a crisis. The high-tech industry is known for being very volatile and prone to multiple failures during its course of development and any new laws should take that into consideration.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The holistic and cohesive approach taken by the Bahraini authorities is succeeding in creating the right legal framework and environment to encourage and stimulate the growth of the start-up, scale-up and SME ecosystems and sectors in Bahrain, and is commensurate with country’s long standing commitment to the continued diversification of its economy.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>For more information, please contact Rad Eltreki (r.eltreki@tamimi.com) or Hussain Osman (h.osman@tamimi.com)</i></p>'),
	(205445,7370,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205446,7370,'core_values',''),
	(205447,7370,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205448,7370,'file','');

INSERT INTO `tm_postmeta` (`meta_id`, `post_id`, `meta_key`, `meta_value`)
VALUES
	(205449,7370,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205450,7370,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205451,7370,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205452,7370,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205453,7370,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205454,7370,'related_pages',''),
	(205455,7370,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205456,7370,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205457,7371,'_edit_lock','1525321600:5'),
	(205458,7371,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205459,7371,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205460,7371,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205461,7371,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','544'),
	(205462,7371,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205463,7371,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205464,7371,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205465,7371,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205466,7371,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205467,7371,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','910'),
	(205468,7371,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205469,7371,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205470,7371,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205471,7371,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205472,7371,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205473,7371,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205474,7371,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205475,7371,'stats_list',''),
	(205476,7371,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205477,7371,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205478,7371,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205479,7371,'timeline_header',''),
	(205480,7371,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205481,7371,'timeline',''),
	(205482,7371,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205483,7371,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205484,7371,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205485,7371,'content_header',''),
	(205486,7371,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205487,7371,'content_description',''),
	(205488,7371,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205489,7371,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Companies such as Uber, Airbnb and Deliveroo, have become international household names over the past few years. These technology companies are rapidly taking over the markets in which they operate and are pushing the gig economy into new sectors.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The gig economy has led to an increased trend in flexi-working models, with control over working schedules and activities. Uber, for instance, created a model that operates on a technology platform thereby allowing its contracted drivers, who are predominately self-employed, to work at their convenience by accessing the platform through the Uber app when they wish to work.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Conversely, self-employed individuals do not have the same benefits, rights and protections as employees and this has created an ongoing dispute in many jurisdictions. For Uber, the exclusion of rights and protection is hugely beneficial, and means that it is does not have to provide the same benefits as it would for its employees. For the individuals themselves, this position is, of course, disadvantageous.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The UK, as an example, has been engaged in a legal battle over the last three years in which Uber drivers claim that they are entitled to the same benefits generally provided to employees, such as protection of wages, and an entitlement to the national minimum salary. In 2015, an employment tribunal determined that Uber drivers were employees and were entitled to the same benefits as a full time worker. Uber appealed the decision and argued that Uber was an agent for its drivers, as reinforced by the fact that the two parties had not signed an employment contract. Unfortunately, for Uber, the appellate court upheld the tribunal’s decision. In the court’s view, any driver who:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">had the app switched on;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">was operating within the territory in which he or she is authorised to work; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">was both able and willing to accept assignments;</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">was deemed to be working for Uber under a contract of employment.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The judgment is an important one as it sets the tone for other tech-companies operating under similar models and concepts.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> There are an increasing number of people willing to work part-time or in temporary positions within the remit of the gig economy culminating in cheaper, more efficient services. In the modern digital world, it is becoming increasingly common for people to work remotely or from home, ultimately facilitating independent contracting work. Despite this, a number of jurisdictions, including the UK, have attempted to re-characterise the independent contractor/self-employed status of individuals to permanent employees. Many believe that this re-characterisation is contrary to the model that gig economy companies are attempting to develop. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p6\"><b>How does the gig economy work in the UAE?</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The UAE is not as flexible as other jurisdictions and does not accommodate many types of business models. Before an expatriate is eligible to work in the UAE, they must receive approval from the UAE immigration and labour authorities and are required to obtain a residence visa and work permit. As part of this process, individuals are required to enter into a standard short form employment contract prescribed by the UAE authorities.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Because of this requirement, the set-up of on-demand companies such as Uber and Careem is significantly different to the model in other jurisdictions, and follows the classic employer-employee relationship. As such, the individuals (such as the drivers of the Uber cars) are entitled to the same statutory protections as all other employees in the UAE, including overtime, sick leave and pay, annual leave, the right not to be unfairly dismissed and end-of-service gratuity. This model is also encapsulated throughout the GCC region and works in the following way:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">The booking platform operator (for example Deliveroo) enters into a commercial services agreement with a locally licensed and registered transportation services company; and</span></li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p7\">Deliveroo effectively agrees the outsourcing of its deliveries to the transportation services so that, Deliveroo does not engage the riders directly. This means that the rider remain employees of the transportation services company throughout – not Deliveroo. The fact that the UAE does not permit a rider to be engaged directly by Deliveroo (as there are licensing constraints) is not generally a matter of consideration in other countries in which these type of models operate, making the operation of the gig economy in the UAE unique.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>The future of the gig economy in the UAE</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In recent times, the number of consultancy-type arrangements within the UAE has significantly increased for the reasons mentioned below. Over the past couple of years, an excess of US$3 billion has been raised on the back of technology investments in the region with Careem becoming the UAE’s first tech start-up with a valuation of over US$1 billion.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With the increased focus on investment in the gig economy, more and more individuals are looking to provide their services as freelancers, with the flexibility that this offers to them. The UAE has also recently simplified the process to set up SMEs, which will help entrepreneurs to be their own sponsor for immigration purposes. Free zones become much more accommodating to the concept of freelancers and contractors can set up their own businesses to render services to other companies. For example, both Twofour54, a media and entertainment free zone in Abu Dhabi, as well as the Dubai Creative Clusters (formally known as TECOM) free zone in Dubai, accommodate freelancer arrangements and have numerous freelancers available for hire who are registered through their databases. Work outside of the free zone is not permitted and as such, there is a limit as to how far this approach can be adopted within other free zones or onshore.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Currently, given the above restrictions, the ability of residents to work flexibly in the UAE remains challenging. However, it is clear that the UAE is accommodating greater flexibility and the trend of flexible working is increasing. As a further example, the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation has now established a part-time working regime whereby certain skilled employees are able to work part time for up to two employers. The individual would require a temporary work permit specifically for part-time jobs, and consent of both companies in order to do so.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With employers looking to cut down on permanent employees but retain the flexibility to access certain services when required, flexible working would open up the employer’s ability to access a more substantial pool of labour without incurring the same risk and financial exposure associated with hiring full-time employees. Such trends are going to inevitably increase and we are likely to see a parallel development of the gig economy in the UAE as legislative concessions continue in the years ahead.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Employment team regularly advises on all employment related matters For further information please contact Sabrina Saxena (S.Saxena@tamimi.com).</i></span></p>'),
	(205490,7371,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205491,7371,'core_values',''),
	(205492,7371,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205493,7371,'file',''),
	(205494,7371,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205495,7371,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205496,7371,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205497,7371,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205498,7371,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205499,7371,'related_pages',''),
	(205500,7371,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205501,7371,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205502,7372,'_edit_lock','1525321613:5'),
	(205503,7372,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205504,7372,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205505,7372,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205506,7372,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','634'),
	(205507,7372,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205508,7372,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205509,7372,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205510,7372,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205511,7372,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205512,7372,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','926'),
	(205513,7372,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205514,7372,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205515,7372,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205516,7372,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205517,7372,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205518,7372,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205519,7372,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205520,7372,'stats_list',''),
	(205521,7372,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205522,7372,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205523,7372,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205524,7372,'timeline_header',''),
	(205525,7372,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205526,7372,'timeline',''),
	(205527,7372,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205528,7372,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205529,7372,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205530,7372,'content_header',''),
	(205531,7372,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205532,7372,'content_description',''),
	(205533,7372,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205534,7372,'content','<p class=\"p1\">Having a website is essential for any business wishing to have an online presence. In doing so, brand owners are well advised to take control of their domain name management. It is a truism that any brand worth protecting is worth hijacking and nowhere is it easier to misappropriate than in cyberspace where domain names are available on a first registrant basis and the costs of registration are low.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">If there is a brand reputation existing in cyberspace, it is at risk of brand misappropriation. There will be cyberpirates or competitors who have designs on the brand reputation ready to misappropriate the brand wholesale or devise brands close to it via ‘me – too’ brands in a bid to usurp the vault of goodwill and reputation inherent in a brand. The threat of a brand being misappropriated and appearing as a domain name of another is increasingly on the rise due to the spread of social media and with the ever deepening level of internet penetration.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As such, brand owners ought to be cognisant of certain measures in devising a strategy to manage their domain names.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Registration</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">With the ever more significant role of e-commerce and the correlated proliferation of generic Top Level domains (‘gLTDS’) such as .cafe, .ceo, .fashion, .clinic, .education, .love, .rocks, .technology, and others, there are more than 1,000 gLTDS up for grabs today. Never before has the threat of a brand being misappropriated and appearing as a domain name of another been more present. As a result, brand owners should seriously consider the different kinds of potential misuses of their trademarks in domain names. This consideration applies at all times and to all types of businesses and sizes - from start-ups to SMEs to conglomerates.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Registration of all domain names, which are likely to lead consumers to believe that the brand owners own and operate them, would be the ideal solution to prevent third party registrations or cybersquatting. Clearly, however, it would be a strain on the budgets of most companies to even try to attempt to register every potential domain or every derivative thereof. Nonetheless, in devising the most suitable strategy for protecting a brand’s online presence, brand owners must weigh budgetary costs and limitations against other competing considerations. Surely, a balance must be struck between such factors, but brand owners would be wise to seek intellectual property (‘IP’) legal counsel in striking that balance. For one, consider the situation where the brand owner would need to expend significant time and financial resources in retrieving a registration that a cybersquatter has usurped. Moreover, consider as well the lost revenue from the diversion of business and the potential brand dilution that such cybersquatting would cause. Other considerations include potential damage to the brand owner’s business reputation and good will. The list can go on, depending on the type and scale of the business the brand owner is running.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Importantly too, are third party registrations of domain names that may not only include those that are identical to a brand owner’s trademark but rather incorporate a confusingly similar mark, misspellings of the mark, foreign language adoption of a mark, or indicia comprising the trademark with additional non distinctive words or those with negative connotations. In such situations, brand owners are advised to ascertain the availability or existence of such domain registrations by conducting searches and to decide whether such domain registrations are worth acquiring or disputing.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the next sections, we will briefly discuss some of the available online options for trademark protection.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>TMCH</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A relatively new online tool fortunately exists to help reduce the misappropriation of trademarks as they are released in new domains. Brand owners may avail and take advantage of the Trademark Clearinghouse (‘TMCH’). The TMCH is a centralised database devised by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (‘ICANN’) as part of a regime to protect brands and intellectual property rights. Basically, it comprises a central repository, which is managed by Deloitte, wherein brand owners may submit their trademarks for validation and registration.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Trademark registrations with the TMCH will be valid for one, three, or five years and may be re-validated once per year or registered for multiple years in advance. TMCH trademark registrations allow registrants to have priority over registering domain names that are identical to their marks in the new gTLDs. For a TMCH priority claim to prevent or contest a third party registration of the domain name, the domain name that a third party attempts to register must be identical to the trademark registered at the TMCH. Therefore, a slight difference in the domain name that a third party attempts to register would still trump the TMCH registration priority. Yet, having the TMCH registration at minimum enables brand owners to contest, on a priority basis, the third party registration of domain names incorporating identical marks. Having some form of protection is better than having none as brand owners who fail to register their trademarks at the TMCH will have to compete with the online masses on a first come first serve basis.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Blocking</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Following on from registering with the TMCH, one further measure to securing online protection of a trademark is blocking. Brand owners can prevent unauthorised registration of their trademarks at the Second Level Domain in all Top Level Domains offered by various registries using the Domains Protected Marks List (‘DPML’). The Second Level Domain is an essential part of the hierarchical Domain Name System. It is the second part of the full domain name after the Top Level Domain, on its left side. The Second Level Domain is often the same as the website name, the company, or the individual that registered it. For example, in www.tamimi.com there are three domain name levels: the first, the Top Level Domain is the .com part, the Second Level Domain is .tamimi, and the Domain on the third level is the www segment. Brand owners can add their trademark-related terms into the DPML and have them blocked from registration. The beauty of this tool is that it protects trademark holders against cybersquatting at a fraction of the cost of registering domains defensively. Brand owners pay a flat fee for five years of protection. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This tool obviously affords a much more inexpensive option, compared to having to acquire defensive registration or attempting to acquire a domain name from another.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The DPML is, however, a registry specific list that requires a trademark holder to first register their trademark with the TMCH. A trademark should remain current in the TMCH throughout the life of the DPML subscription. The registry may elect to remove a DPML block for certain domains, if the corresponding trademark is not kept current in the TMCH. Registrants with the DMPL do not actually need to register the domain names they wish to block as the DMPL will automatically block registration of the trademark at the second level of the new domain.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A DPML block on a specific domain may only be overridden by a DMPL registered trademark owner, who is then entitled to register the unblocked gLTDs in the future.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Monitoring</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As the DPML registry does not encompass all registries offering registration of Top Level Domains, brand owners are also well advised to implement a strategy of watching for problematic domain names that seek to misappropriate the goodwill and reputation of their brand equity. This is essential to prevent brand dilution, consumer confusion, and cybersquatting. By doing so, brand owners would ensure the robustness of their brand and avoid brand genericide.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The TMCH services will allow brand owners preliminary monitoring advantages. However, the TMCH will not detect if someone applies for a domain name that is confusingly similar but not identical to a deposited trademark.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Consequently, the TMCH option needs to be complemented by a watching service for variants or merely similar domain names applied for by third parties. By engaging such a watching service, brand owners would then be notified by the watch service provider of domain names that may be considered to be confusingly similar to the relevant trademarks. Such watching services are highly expert services drawing upon the skills of trademark specialists proficient in the nuances of trademark comparison rules and methodologies.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To sum up, one strong starting point towards safeguarding a brand online (as far as domain name registrations are concerned) is to follow this three pronged strategy:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">Validate and register trademark(s) with the TMCH;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">Follow up the TMCH registration and add the trademark related terms to the DPML to have them blocked from third party domain name registration; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">Use a watch service to monitor attempted third party registrations of domain names incorporating identical or confusingly similar insignias to the trademark(s) in question.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p7\">Brand owners are advised to employ strategies in combating potential misappropriation in cyberspace as more and more consumers shop online and resort to the internet as a first port of call for brand equity information. The above three pronged strategy will assist brand owners as they invest in their brand equity in cyberspace.</p>'),
	(205535,7372,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205536,7372,'core_values',''),
	(205537,7372,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205538,7372,'file',''),
	(205539,7372,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205540,7372,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205541,7372,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205542,7372,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205543,7372,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205544,7372,'related_pages',''),
	(205545,7372,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205546,7372,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205547,7373,'_edit_lock','1525321636:5'),
	(205548,7373,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205549,7373,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205550,7373,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205551,7373,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','648'),
	(205552,7373,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205553,7373,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205554,7373,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205555,7373,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205556,7373,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205557,7373,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','853'),
	(205558,7373,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205559,7373,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205560,7373,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205561,7373,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205562,7373,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205563,7373,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205564,7373,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205565,7373,'stats_list',''),
	(205566,7373,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205567,7373,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205568,7373,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205569,7373,'timeline_header',''),
	(205570,7373,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205571,7373,'timeline',''),
	(205572,7373,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205573,7373,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205574,7373,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205575,7373,'content_header',''),
	(205576,7373,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205577,7373,'content_description',''),
	(205578,7373,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205579,7373,'content','<p class=\"p1\">Whilst the rise in popularity of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology may appear to be a very recent phenomenon, their origins go back decades. Prior to the 1970s, cryptography was primarily used for secret military or espionage purposes. However, over time and following various legal challenges, such secret information gradually crept into the public domain with open source encryption software code becoming more widely available. In the late 1980s/early 1990s, the “cypherpunk” movement was born in San Francisco with the primary objective of developing and exchanging ideas on privacy enhancing technology in an increasingly digital age (which is particularly prescient given current debates on such issues). Out of the cypherpunk movement and following several earlier attempts at creating digital money by members of the cypherpunk movement, bitcoin was born on 31 October 2008 with the publication of the bitcoin whitepaper by Satoshi Nakomoto (a probable pseudonym for a, as yet unidentified, developer or group of developers) and released as open source software code in 2009. Through the creation of bitcoin, which for the first time created a platform where trust is achieved through network consensus and verification (rather than being reliant on a third party) and money could be transferred digitally without being copied or “double spent”, Satoshi Nakamoto invented blockchain technology. Pandora’s box was quietly opened.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is not a coincidence that bitcoin’s genesis was in the midst of the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. With a perceived lack of faith in the existing banking sector, bitcoin created a new, immutable and completely decentralised peer-to-peer payment network that does not need banks, intermediaries or centralised infrastructure of any kind to work. Whilst central banks across the US and Europe embarked upon quantitative easing programmes, effectively printing money to alleviate the crisis, bitcoin was purposely designed as deflationary in nature with a fixed supply cap of 21 million bitcoins (as much as 4 million of which are widely believed to have been lost forever). This element of scarcity of supply, combined with the anti-fragile and immutable nature of the blockchain technology, has led many to believe that, in the long term, bitcoin may be superior to, and more robust than, traditional “fiat” currency as a unit of account, store of value and medium of exchange.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Alt-coins, ICOs and Tokenisation</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">As bitcoin is open source and, due to its decentralised nature, is not protected by any intellectual property rights, alternative cryptocurrencies (so called “alt-coins”), usually based upon a modification or “fork” of the original Satoshi blockchain, have flourished. Some have questioned whether this ability to create alt-coins dilutes the scarcity of supply of bitcoin. However, although certain currently popular alt-coins may have certain qualities or functions that, at the moment, bitcoin is perceived as lacking e.g. Litecoin (fast transaction speed), Ethereum (smart contracts, creation of new ICOs), Monero (privacy) and Ripple (use for bank to bank transactions), bitcoin remains at present the most secure, tested and truly decentralised network, with the most development being carried out on it. In addition, the network effect of bitcoin and the recent increase in interest from institutional investors means that bitcoin is likely to retain its market dominance in the space for some years to come.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> In 2017, there was also an enormous rise in, what are termed, initial coin offerings (‘ICOs’). An ICO is a fund raising exercise whereby crypto tokens on a blockchain (usually Ethereum) are issued to investors and then tradeable on cryptocurrency exchanges. There are two main types of tokens: i) utility tokens, which have a payment function and represent future access to a company’s goods and services (which may not yet be developed); and (ii) security tokens which provide its holder with a right derived from an underlying financial asset. Whilst security tokens are largely regulated by existing laws regulating securities, utility tokens are not, despite being acquired and traded mostly for purely speculative purposes rather than their future utility potential.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This gap has been exploited by a large number of “pump and dump” style scams in recent times. Supposed utility tokens, with little or no future potential use case, have been pumped through online forums by its founders and insiders who then sell their tokens on the wave of an initial, short lived meteoric rise in price on cryptoexchanges, which then crashes never to return, leaving, in many cases, the second wave of investors holding virtually useless and worthless tokens. It is not dissimilar to the penny stock pump and dump schemes of the late 80s/early 90s as shown in the film The Wolf of Wall Street. There are also echoes of the late 90s dotcom bubble with projects having little or no utility potential being speculated upon just because it had a name associated with the tech boom – just substitute the word “dotcom” for “blockchain”. Historically, technology generally outpaces regulation. However, there will inevitably be a regulatory crackdown globally on such market manipulation through such schemes, which has already begun.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">However, although there are a large number of bad actors in the ICO space, as the market matures and regulation improves, genuinely useful, bone fide and successful projects are likely to emerge. In particular, the proliferation and adoption of asset-backed tokenisation may be a growth area in the future. Just as bitcoin has digitised cash, other asset classes may also be digitised by appending a highly divisible, digital representation of the relevant asset to the blockchain – eliminating much of the friction and third party costs associated with holding, storing and transacting such assets and increasing their liquidity. This could lead, for example, to the issuing of tokens that represent a company’s stock or real estate assets.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Types of blockchain: public and private</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Blockchain technology is evolving at a very fast rate and into many different, complex forms. However, one key distinction to grasp is the difference between a public and a private blockchain.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The original bitcoin blockchain is a public blockchain. It is truly public and open ended in that anyone can participate without permission. It is decentralised and self-governed through network consensus and validation (most commonly proof of work consensus algorithms or “mining”). The transactions carried out on it are transparent and publicly accessible. It is also described as a “censorship resistant” blockchain.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Conversely, a private blockchain (also sometimes referred to as a “permissioned” blockchain) is a closed system whereby permission is required for a person to participate. A person or group of persons control the network by writing and verifying each transaction. They usually do not involve any proof or work element. Many purists do not consider private blockchains to be true blockchains and consider them merely to be large databases that just use cryptography to secure them. However, they are generally faster and more efficient than a public blockchain and more suited to traditional companies and governments. One such government use of private blockchains is with land registries (as discussed below). Some countries such as Sweden and Georgia have already implemented blockchain technology with their land registries and Dubai has also announced its intention to similarly do so.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Real Estate</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As with most jurisdictions across the world, the legal and regulatory framework in the UAE concerning cryptocurrency related matters is very much a work in progress and is a fluid and fast evolving area beyond the scope of this article.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There have been recent media reports of some developers in Dubai offering off-plan apartments for sale in exchange for bitcoin or offering discounts if payment is made in cryptocurrency. This appears to be more of a marketing ploy by such developers. To offset the volatility risk, we would assume that such apartments have a set price in UAE dirhams for which an equivalent value in bitcoins (or a combination of cash and bitcoins) may be paid. It is likely that the developer would then immediately upon receipt of such bitcoins convert the value into fiat currency.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Bitcoin is still very much at the early adopter stage of its development and mainstream use for transactional purposes has yet to materialise. The scalability of the blockchain has always been a problematic issue for widespread, high volume and fast transactional use (although this may be significantly improved through developments such as the “Lightning Network” or other “off chain” solutions layered on top of the bitcoin protocol and which are due to be rolled out very soon). Most cryptocurrency is held at the moment for purely speculative purposes, although such property deals may hold some attraction to long term holders of bitcoin who have amassed a large number of coins in the very early stages of its development when the price was very low and now wish to convert such coins into a more traditional asset class.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Payment of the purchase price in cryptocurrency would not work in Dubai in the secondary sales market. The Dubai Land Department would not currently accept this as a method of payment in order to transfer property. The legality of such offers is also uncertain.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nevertheless, cryptocurrencies and blockchain have the potential to have a significant, disruptive effect on the real estate industry in the next 5 to 10 years.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Land registries</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Most land registry systems across the world remain paper-based, although many countries are making the transition to recording the ownership of land online. The United Kingdom for example now stores all records online on the HM Land Registry database, but there are still vast amounts of paper such as original deeds and correspondence involved.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This process involves all documents being manually checked before the information is uploaded to the database, resulting in some information being missed or incorrectly inputted resulting in a delay in the transaction being registered and visible online.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The use of private, permissioned blockchains by land registries has the potential to reduce some of these difficulties. The benefit of a blockchain system is in creating a secure, immutable database that records the details of current and historic property ownership, dealings and encumbrances. The conveyancing process could also be significantly streamlined with the in-built trust mechanisms of blockchain and use of smart contracts removing the need for escrow arrangements and allowing for instantaneous and simultaneous processes relating to purchaser payment, title transfer and mortgage discharge. It also has the potential to significantly reduce the level of government costs and resources involved.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> The use of blockchain in land registries also has the potential to significantly reduce the scope for fraud as the information on a blockchain cannot be tampered with and its transparency means that all parties with permission to use the ledger can check the information in it. This could be particularly useful for countries in the developing world where the land registration system is not secure and is open to corruption and manipulation. However, although the relevant software may be available, it is only as good as the information that is inputted on to it and any such process needs to be very carefully managed. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Dubai has announced its intentions to be the first blockchain powered government and be a leading centre for blockchain development. The Dubai Blockchain Strategy was announced in late 2016 and built upon the three pillars of:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">government efficiency;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">industry creation; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p3\">international leadership.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p5\">As part of this strategy, the Dubai Land Department (‘DLD’) is in the process of migrating its land records to a blockchain based system and developing systems to simplify the overall property transaction process.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Tokenisation of real estate assets</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The idea of tokenisation is the process of converting rights to a real world asset into a digital token on a blockchain which can be traded like a cryptocurrency on a digital exchange.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Real estate assets are, by their very nature, illiquid, non-fungible assets. Sale and purchase transactions take time to complete and there are a number of set processes that need to be carried out in order to complete the transaction by various third parties and intermediaries with associated transaction costs. Asset backed tokenisation has the potential to reduce these liquidity obstacles.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Publicly listed Real Estate Investment Trusts (‘REITs’) already provide a degree of liquidity for real estate investors. However, with a token, it has been speculated that this liquidity could be even further increased with: even smaller financial barriers to entry with tokens that can be divided into much smaller units (such as bitcoin where each coin is subdivided into one hundred million, tradeable units called “satoshis”); the ability to tokenise an individual real estate asset (rather than having a basket of assets as with a REIT); and providing a cryptomarket place that is always open at any time of any day in any place in the world (traditional markets only trade during certain times on weekdays and are tied to a geographical location). Such liquidity has the potential to enhance the value of the underlying real estate asset by way of a liquidity premium as it mitigates the risk of not being able to sell the assets quickly if, for example, there was a sudden dip in the market.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Fractional and proportional ownership is one of the more interesting potential applications for real estate. For example, token ownership of a multi-let commercial property could give the token holder fractional ownership of the property and a proportionate right to rental income and the proceeds of sale upon disposal. As blockchain also functions as a ledger, and through the use of smart contracts, the token itself could potentially also contain in-built title and other key information about the property and its performance or governance mechanisms with voting rights regarding the management of a particular building.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">If such tokenisation materialises as a widely adopted structure in the future, it is probably more suitable for commercial property and it is also likely that we would first see it developing alongside multi-layered, traditional ownership structures with fund or REIT ownership stakes being tokenised (rather than the direct ownership of the real estate asset with individual buildings going public).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In addition, the legal and regulatory approach of governments and relevant authorities to any such new types of proposed ownership structures are likely to take a long time to evolve particularly in areas such as AML/KYC requirements, consumer protection, taxation and transfer fees and foreign ownership considerations.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Summary</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is clear that a significant paradigm shift is underway with the proliferation of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology likely to have a transformative effect on a wide range of industries, such as real estate. Although the technology is advancing with breakneck speed, it will take time for legal and regulatory frameworks to develop and catch up. One difficulty is that cryptocurrency seems to be an entirely new, non-correlated form of asset class – whilst it simultaneously exhibits characteristics of currency, securities and commodities, placing it into just one of such categories creates challenges.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The common perception of cryptocurrency as being used for illicit or nefarious purposes (such as with its early connections with the dark web and the Silk Road online platform) is looking increasingly outdated. There have been some clear signs of increased mainstream acceptance internationally such as: the Goldman Sachs backed start up, Circle, recently purchasing the US cryptocurrency exchange, Poloniex; bitcoin futures launching on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange; some largely positive messages coming out of the US from the relevant regulatory authorities (except in relation to utility token ICOs); government recognition of cryptocurrency as a means of payment in Japan; and, in the UAE, the DMCC freezone introducing the licensed activity of “proprietary trading in crypto-commodities”. Like it or not, its increased use and acceptance seems inevitable. However, the exact form and shape of how the space will develop remains a very open question.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>For further information, please contact Ian Arnott (i.arnott@tamimi.com). </i></p>'),
	(205580,7373,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205581,7373,'core_values',''),
	(205582,7373,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205583,7373,'file',''),
	(205584,7373,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205585,7373,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205586,7373,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205587,7373,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205588,7373,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205589,7373,'related_pages',''),
	(205590,7373,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205591,7373,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205592,7374,'_edit_lock','1525321655:5'),
	(205593,7374,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205594,7374,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205595,7374,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205596,7374,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','638'),
	(205597,7374,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205598,7374,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205599,7374,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205600,7374,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205601,7374,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205602,7374,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','617'),
	(205603,7374,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205604,7374,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','612'),
	(205605,7374,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_1_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205606,7374,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','2'),
	(205607,7374,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205608,7374,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205609,7374,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205610,7374,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205611,7374,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205612,7374,'stats_list',''),
	(205613,7374,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205614,7374,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205615,7374,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205616,7374,'timeline_header',''),
	(205617,7374,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205618,7374,'timeline',''),
	(205619,7374,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205620,7374,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205621,7374,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205622,7374,'content_header',''),
	(205623,7374,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205624,7374,'content_description',''),
	(205625,7374,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205626,7374,'content','<p class=\"p1\"><b>Introduction and Highlights of the New Iraqi Commercial Agency Law</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In line with other efforts to ease and facilitate trade, the Iraqi government recently issued Law No. 79 of 2017 on regulating commercial agencies. The new commercial agency law was published in the Iraqi official gazette on 13 November 2017 and became effective on the same date. It affords regulated entities one year from its effective date to comply with its requirements. One of the most important changes introduced in the new law is that, unlike the old commercial agency law, the definition of commercial agencies now extends to franchise agreements, distribution agreements, as well as actual agencies. The new commercial agency law defines commercial agency as follows:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><i>“A contractual arrangement whereby a natural or legal person is entrusted with the sale or distribution of commodities or products or the provision of services within Iraq as an agent, distributor or franchisee for the overseas Principal for a profit or commission, in addition to the provision of after-sale services, maintenance support, and spare parts for the products and commodities marketed by such person.”</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">This change in the definition of commercial agency includes distribution and franchise activities, which were not previously considered commercial agency activities. The change results in greater need for clear contractual language to define what type of relationship the parties intend to have. The term “commercial agency” now has a number of meanings under Iraqi law, including an actual agency. Another notable change is that commercial agents are now allowed to deal with government procuring entities and contract directly with the government. Finally, the new commercial agency law contains rules regulating parallel importation of goods.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Requirements to Conduct Commercial Agency Activities and Consequences of Non-Compliance</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Registration of commercial agents and commercial agency agreements remains mandatory under the new law. In order to obtain the required licence, the applicant must:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">be an Iraqi national;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">have full legal capacity;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">not have been sentenced for a felony or misdemeanour involving moral turpitude;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">have a commercial office in Iraq for carrying on his business;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">be affiliated with a chamber of commerce in Iraq and have a trade name;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">not be a civil servant or public employee; and</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">have at least one commercial agency agreement duly authenticated according to the law.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">The new law further states the following requirement to verify that agents deal directly with the principal service or goods providers with no more than one link in between:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><i>“Agency agreements submitted by a Commercial Agent must be submitted on behalf of companies that produce or manufacture commodities and provide services, or through the original company owned by the company producing or manufacturing the commodities or providing the services and formally authorized to grant subsidiary agencies in Iraq. In addition, the registration requirements for Commercial Agency agreements shall be determined by instructions to be issued by the Minister.”</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">Non-compliance with the requirements of the new commercial agency law can invite fines and a cessation of operations. In addition, an unregistered commercial agency agreement is not admissible or recognised before Iraqi authorities, rendering it unenforceable by both parties. Although the courts treated unregistered commercial agency agreements as unenforceable prior to the new rules coming into effect, this position is now sanctioned expressly.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Term and Termination of Commercial Agency Agreements</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The new commercial agency law introduces limits on termination of commercial agency agreements. It states:</p>\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><i>“A Principal may not terminate or not renew the agency agreement except for good cause. An agency agreement may, however, be terminated by mutual agreement between the Agent and the Principal or in accordance with an agreement concluded between the parties providing for arbitration and designating a tribunal as well as the governing law.”</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">The above language has not been tested and it is currently difficult to predict how the Iraqi Courts will apply the new rules on termination of commercial agency agreements. In addition, it is worth noting that the new law does not expressly address the effects of deregistration of a commercial agency agreement, which is possible in the following circumstances:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">if it is proven that the commercial agency agreement had been registered on the basis of false information or documents;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">if either the commercial agent or the principal requests termination of the agreement, provided that such termination is not intended to prejudice the interests of either party;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">if it is proven that the foreign principal company has breached its obligations towards Iraq and has accordingly been blacklisted;</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">if 90 days have elapsed from the date the Registrar notified the commercial agent of the expiry of the term of the agreement; or</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p5\">if, after revocation of the commercial agent’s licence, he fails to obtain a new licence within 180 days from the revocation date.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\">However, it is generally expected that the effects of non-registration would be from the date of deregistration of a previously registered agreement.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Application of the New Commercial Agency Law in Kurdistan</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Federal laws, such as the new commercial agency, are enforced in Kurdistan after they are ratified by the Kurdistan Parliament. The Kurdistan Parliament has not been ratifying important federal laws recently for political reasons. Kurdistan currently applies the old Commercial Agency Law No. 51 of 2000. This old law was restricted to actual agency relationships, which could be terminated at any time by the principal. Kurdistan adds its own regulations to the old commercial agency law, which contain rules on parallel importation and other areas addressed in the new commercial agency law. It is important to note that the situation in Kurdistan is contested as the federal Iraqi government is pushing to assert its authority over Iraq’s borders. The application of federal laws, and border issues, are being negotiated between the Iraqi federal government and Kurdistan. The future deal between the federal Iraqi government and Kurdistan will affect the application of many federal laws in Kurdistan, including the commercial agency law.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Iraq team regularly advises on commercial agency and trade matters For further information please contact Ali Al Dabbagh A.AlDabbagh@tamimi.com or Jawad Khalaf J.Khalaf@tamimi.com </i></p>'),
	(205627,7374,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205628,7374,'core_values',''),
	(205629,7374,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205630,7374,'file',''),
	(205631,7374,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205632,7374,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205633,7374,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205634,7374,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205635,7374,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205636,7374,'related_pages',''),
	(205637,7374,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205638,7374,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205639,7375,'_edit_lock','1525321686:5'),
	(205640,7375,'_edit_last','5'),
	(205641,7375,'lawUpdateArticleMonth','7221'),
	(205642,7375,'_lawUpdateArticleMonth','field_59da2a396b063'),
	(205643,7375,'lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','634'),
	(205644,7375,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices_0_lawUpdateArticlePractice','field_59dc79c8e10ce'),
	(205645,7375,'lawUpdateArticlePractices','1'),
	(205646,7375,'_lawUpdateArticlePractices','field_59dc7918de021'),
	(205647,7375,'lawUpdateArticleSectors',''),
	(205648,7375,'_lawUpdateArticleSectors','field_59ec462a1e203'),
	(205649,7375,'lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','695'),
	(205650,7375,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters_0_lawUpdateArticleWriter','field_59da2ac06b065'),
	(205651,7375,'lawUpdateArticleWriters','1'),
	(205652,7375,'_lawUpdateArticleWriters','field_59da2a866b064'),
	(205653,7375,'lawUpdateArticleNoWriters',''),
	(205654,7375,'_lawUpdateArticleNoWriters','field_59e59aaed15dc'),
	(205655,7375,'orderValue1','1'),
	(205656,7375,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(205657,7375,'stats_list',''),
	(205658,7375,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(205659,7375,'orderValue2','2'),
	(205660,7375,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(205661,7375,'timeline_header',''),
	(205662,7375,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(205663,7375,'timeline',''),
	(205664,7375,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(205665,7375,'orderValue3','3'),
	(205666,7375,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(205667,7375,'content_header',''),
	(205668,7375,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(205669,7375,'content_description',''),
	(205670,7375,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(205671,7375,'content','<p class=\"p1\">The combination of two scientific backgrounds by the same person can lead to significant specialised understanding and amazing results.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An interesting example closely related to litigation is that of Forensic Accounting, a unique combination between law and accounting. This combination has been introduced in Qatar by the implementation of the new Law no. 16 of 2017 on regulating works of expertise (the “Experts Law”).</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Qatar: Positive steps in the right direction: Introduction to the Experts Law</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">On 11 March 2018, the Ministry of Justice (“MOJ”) in Qatar organised a seminar introducing, explaining and highlighting the key features of the Experts Law. The new law does not specify particular types of expert services but does however provide a broad definition, which includes any technical services provided to a judicial or an official authority, including translation. This definition applies to all experts registered within the MOJ’s list to act before the courts, as well as administrative experts appointed by the Ministry. Furthermore, the law also sets out the conditions of registering experts before the court; with one such condition specified as the individual having a minimum of ten years of experience within the related field.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Previously, registering an expert within the court’s list of approved experts was not governed by a specific law. Therefore, there were no specific conditions or criteria for registering such experts. In essence, other than being a certified accountant in Qatar, no further criteria was prescribed to register an expert accountant. Such criteria was not sufficient as the requirements for a certified accountant in Qatar, in accordance with Law No. 30 of 2004 organising the accounting profession, was to obtain a bachelor’s degree in accounting and have three years of practical experience. Passing further accounting or legislative exams, similar to other countries, was not required.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Experts Law organises expert’s registration and services and sets out further conditions to improve the quality of expert services.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In addition to the above, the MOJ in Qatar is taking practical steps to ensure the best implementation of the law. This has been reflected by an announcement during the organised seminar in launching a training course for experts including accountants, covering the Experts Law, the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, and Civil and Criminal Procedures Laws and introducing the legal principles related to the expert’s mission.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This training course has the possibility to lead the way to a local forensic accounting qualification for Qatari accountants.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>What Is Forensic Accounting?</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), forensic accounting is the use of professional accounting skills in matters involving potential or actual civil or criminal litigation.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This combination between the study of law and the study of accounting can be achieved in two ways; introducing lawyers to the principles of accounting, or introducing accountants to the study of law.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Considering that certified accountants are required to obtain some legal background as part of their accounting curriculum, adding further legal knowledge to a certified accountant is more common.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Accountant’s legislative knowledge and qualification exams in many countries are mainly related to the laws which are akin to the commercial code, company laws, tax laws, and anti-money laundering laws, as such laws are directly related to the field of accounting. However, additional legal knowledge required for qualifying as a forensic accountant is mainly related to laws involving the civil code, the criminal code, and civil and criminal procedures laws.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This additional legal knowledge allows a forensic accountant to understand the concepts of civil liability, criminal liability as well as investigation and court procedures. This allows the forensic accountant to assist in solving complicated financial crimes, or preparing professional expert reports which can be understood by lawyers and courts.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Forensic Accounting Services</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">There are two main categories of forensic accounting services; acting as investigators, and acting as experts. Both services are required either before a court action, or during a court proceeding.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Investigation services are often used before filing the court action to determine if there is:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a basis for a financial crime to be referred to court (criminal liability);</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">a basis for claiming compensation (civil liability); or</li>\r\n 	<li class=\"p4\">no basis for a court action, whether based on the law or based on practical and feasibility considerations.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">While acting as an expert is often required after the case is filed before the court, providing this particular service requires understanding of what an expert mission is, how the expert report should be prepared, what should be included in such report and what is considered exceeding an expert’s mission. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Qualifying as a Forensic Accountant</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In addition to combining accounting and legal knowledge, forensic accountants require certain skills to blend the two studies together in a practical and useful way.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Critical thinking, problem solving, and strong communication skills are essential. As investigators it is imperative to know where to look, what to ask and who to ask when solving a financial crime. While as a court expert, the ability to relate the findings and represent them in a properly drafted expert report lead to the acknowledgement of the report by the court and rendering a decision based on the report.. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Conclusion</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In all the countries around the world, including Arab countries, accountants and auditors play a significant role in assisting courts and lawyers in aspects related to accounting within legal services and disputes.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Accountants and auditors are already acting as forensic accountants by being listed within the court’s expert list and acting as experts in various court actions.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The Experts Law aims at organising and structuring an important practice. Adding certification requirements, imposing legal and technical training and creating a regulatory body, which will enhance the services provided by the experts in a more institutionalised manner.</p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The initiative taken by the Ministry of Justice in Qatar to offer legal training courses to experts is a significant start. Providing specialised training for accountants, as opposed to general courses, and the addition of forensic accounting skills courses may shift this initiative to become a regionally acknowledged forensic accounting certification, considering the similarities between the GCC legal systems and laws.</p>'),
	(205672,7375,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(205673,7375,'core_values',''),
	(205674,7375,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(205675,7375,'file',''),
	(205676,7375,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(205677,7375,'orderValue4','4'),
	(205678,7375,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(205679,7375,'related_pages_header',''),
	(205680,7375,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(205681,7375,'related_pages',''),
	(205682,7375,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(205683,7375,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(205684,7212,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulation of Gated Communities for the First Time in Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205685,7212,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Proposed Real Estate Communities Law aims to provide a governing framework that will regulate the rights and obligations of project developers and owners of real estate units respectively.'),
	(205686,7187,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Amendments to the Commercial Companies Law in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205687,7187,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Kingdom of Bahrain has marked its presence in the global market with its business friendly environment, and readiness to transform its legislation in order to remain competitive and stay in line with international counterparts.'),
	(205688,7205,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Off Plan Sales in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205689,7205,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Off Plan Regulations have superseded the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 73, as amended by the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 47, which previously covered off-plan sales.'),
	(205690,7195,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Clarifies its Arbitration Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205691,7195,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (“KSA”) has enacted the Executive Regulations of the Arbitration Law (“Executive Regulations”). The Executive Regulations aim to clarify certain key provisions of the Arbitration Law.'),
	(205692,7198,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Key Employment Considerations in KSA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205693,7198,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has steadily been taking measures to diversify its economy away from its dependence on oil and government spending in response to the challenges brought by lower global energy prices.'),
	(205694,7221,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205695,7350,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205696,7357,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205697,7358,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205698,7359,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205699,7360,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205700,7361,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205701,7362,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205702,7363,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205703,7364,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205704,7365,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205705,7366,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205706,7367,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205707,7368,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205708,7369,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205709,7370,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205710,7371,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205711,7372,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205712,7373,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205713,7374,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205714,7375,'_wp_old_date','2018-05-02'),
	(205717,7377,'_wp_attached_file','2018/05/April-Edition-Cover-Mobile.jpg'),
	(205718,7377,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:750;s:6:\"height\";i:995;s:4:\"file\";s:38:\"2018/05/April-Edition-Cover-Mobile.jpg\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:2:{s:9:\"thumbnail\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:38:\"April-Edition-Cover-Mobile-150x150.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:150;s:6:\"height\";i:150;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}s:6:\"medium\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:38:\"April-Edition-Cover-Mobile-226x300.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:226;s:6:\"height\";i:300;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),
	(205719,7199,'_yoast_wpseo_title','CITC’s New Cloud Computing Regulatory Framework in Saudi Arabia'),
	(205720,7199,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Following public consultation in 2016, Saudi Arabia’s telecommunications regulator, the Communications & Information Technology Commission (‘CITC’), has now issued a cloud computing regulatory framework (the ‘Cloud Framework’)'),
	(205721,7204,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Aviation: an important catalyst for growth in the Saudi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205722,7204,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','To support economic growth, the Saudi Government reaffirmed in December 2017 its investment plans for 2018 and announced that it will raise total spending to USD 293 million.'),
	(205723,7196,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mortgage of Real Estate in Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Comapny'),
	(205724,7196,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Mortgage Law has now paved the way for a traditional mortgage structure, whereby the title to the property would remain with the borrower and the bank would obtain a registered mortgage.'),
	(205725,7194,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Doing Business with Saudi Aramco | Al Tamimi & Comapny'),
	(205726,7194,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Doing business with Saudi Aramco, the World’s largest oil and gas company, is the essential feature for many local and international companies operating in the Oil Field Services and Equipment (“OFSE ”) and related sectors in Saudi Arabia.'),
	(205727,7197,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Social Media and the Fight against Counterfeiting in Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Comapny'),
	(205728,7197,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','During the last few years, Saudi Arabia has witnessed the rise of a new phenomenon known as ‘consumers’ social media’ that upholds citizenship advocacy and raises consumer awareness. This new phenomenon now helps the Saudi authorities in their efforts to protect intellectual property and combat commercial fraud.'),
	(205729,7193,'_yoast_wpseo_title','KSA: Supporting Companies in Accordance to the New Companies Law | Al Tamimi & Comapny'),
	(205730,7193,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The New Companies Law includes provisions relating to corporate structuring and restructuring including the ability to establish a sole shareholder limited liability company and holding companies.'),
	(205731,7200,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Development of the Judicial System in Saudi Arabia under Vision 2030 | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205732,7200,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Saudi government issued the National Transformation Program (NTP) 2020. Within this program, the Ministry of Justice has many initiatives to improve the judicial system in Saudi Arabia in order to support the Vision 2030 goals.'),
	(205733,7203,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Saudi Arabian Bankruptcy Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205734,7203,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The lack of a modern fit-for-purpose insolvency regime has been a major bugbear for businesses, professional advisors and others doing business in Saudi Arabia. Some of the problems encountered addressed in this article.'),
	(205735,7209,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Construction and Project Finance in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205736,7209,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','There is a great deal of projects going on, but what about finance? How are all of these works funded? As with many things in Qatar at present, the political situation is influencing the availability of finance. Learn more here.'),
	(205737,7206,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Projects and Privatisation Landscape in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205738,7206,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','This article examines some of the challenges and opportunities arising in the projects and privatisation field in Oman in 2018 and beyond.'),
	(205739,7208,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Egypt’s Special Economic Zones: Investment Opportunity | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205740,7208,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In addition to free zones system, Egypt introduced more investment opportunities by creating the new special economic zones under the Special Economic Zones Law No. 83 of 2002. This article intends to give an overview of the law and the economic zones created to date.'),
	(205741,7207,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How New UAE laws may affect IPP and Solar Projects | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205742,7207,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In the first quarter of 2018, we have witnessed a lot of in activity involving power and water projects in the UAE. This article considers the recent activity, the existing legal framework and key legislative developments.'),
	(205743,7279,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Massive Anti-Counterfeiting Action on Personal Care Products | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205744,7279,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','the counterfeit and knock-off products, found in local markets, not only infringe and damage brand owner’s rights and goodwill but also pose serious health hazards to consumers. Read the following recent case study as an example of the steps the UAE authorities took to enforce brand owners’ rights.'),
	(205745,7190,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Innovation & IP at the Core of the 4th Industrial Revolution | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205746,7190,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Industry 4.0 is witnessing new inventions and breakthroughs in the fields of autonomous transport, nanotechnology, the internet of things, smart devices, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, robotics, quantum computing, biotechnology, to name a few.'),
	(205747,7192,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Important DIFC Employment Law changes on the horizon | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205748,7192,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Dubai International Financial Centre Authority (“DIFCA”) has recently drafted a new DIFC Employment Law (the “Proposed Law”), which is intended to replace the DIFC Employment Law (Law No. 4 of 2005), as amended by Law No. 3 of 2012 (the “Current Law”) in its’ entirety.'),
	(205749,7186,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulatory Updates in the DIFC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205750,7186,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Al Tamimi & Company addresses a summary of some key financial services regulatory developments that have taken place in the Dubai International Financial Centre (‘DIFC’) in recent months.'),
	(205751,7189,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Discretionary Power of the Criminal Judge when Determining the mens rea | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205752,7189,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Learn how the courts in the UAE at the different levels have approached and analysed subjectively the moral element of a crime. Also, how an opinion of one judge may differ from another despite being presented with the same facts and associated circumstances.'),
	(205753,7277,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Construction Dispute Costs Engineer and Contractor 195 Million AED | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205754,7277,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Here we analyse the scope of the engineer’s liability in relation to DL, in line with a recent judgment issued by the Abu Dhabi Court of Cassation, in which Al Tamimi & Company successfully represented a leading developer in Abu Dhabi in a dispute related to a collapse in a part of a mega project in Abu Dhabi.'),
	(205755,7162,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Introduction of a New Law Regulating Dealings with Foreign Stock Exchanges | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205756,7162,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The aftershocks of the global financial crisis of 2007 deeply affected Jordan’s stock market exposing a number of sham transactions in relation to, among other things dealings in foreign stock exchanges. Here are major additions introduced by the Foreign Exchange Law.'),
	(205757,7132,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Effectiveness of Aircraft Mortgages in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205758,7132,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The laws of the state of registration of the aircraft is of significant importance in the context of lex-situs issues. In this article, we set out a high-level summary on the effectiveness of aircraft mortgages in the UAE.'),
	(205759,7131,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Compliance with UAE Regulations on the (RoHS) | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205760,7131,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In this article, we examine the current regulatory environment and offer some helpful insights into issues that could be faced if starting the process after the prescribed deadline.'),
	(205761,7130,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE work permits: Company Classification, New Fees and Rules | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205762,7130,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Under the new system, companies are classified in categories depending on the percentage of skilled employees they employ and the cultural diversity of the employees. This article looks at the different categories and the revised work permit fees which are now applicable.'),
	(205763,7129,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Second Editions released of the FIDIC Red, Yellow and Silver Books | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205764,7129,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','With the launch of the Second Editions of the Red, Yellow and Silver Books, we have seen some significant changes to these standard forms. Here\'s a brief overview of some key changes to note.'),
	(205765,7128,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Understanding Petroleum regimes in the MENA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205766,7128,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The legal framework surrounding the development of petroleum projects differ between countries although there are two defined regimes, Concessions and Contracts. This article will review the basic and general differences between concessions and pure contract-based arrangements in the oil and gas sector.'),
	(205767,7127,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Practical Insights on Related Party Transactions in PJSCs | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205768,7127,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Al Tamimi & Company briefly address issues relating to the restrictions and requirements applied on listed companies pursuant to the Governance Rules together with what we have been touching on the ground in this regard.'),
	(205769,7126,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Qatari Court of Cassation becomes more Arbitration friendly | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205770,7126,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Court of Cassation in Qatar issued an interesting judgment in June 2016 in relation to the enforcement of foreign Arbitral award in Qatar.'),
	(205771,7125,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Commercial and Civil Disputes That May Not Be Settled by Arbitration In the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205772,7125,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Al Tamimi & Company highlights five types of disputes that cannot be arbitrated under UAE law. Any arbitration agreement relating to these types of disputes will be null and void, and if an arbitration award is issued, the competent court may be expected to nullify it.'),
	(205773,7122,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Identifying a need for healthcare providers, operators and investors to be engaged with the Abu Dhabi DoH at a strategic level before developments or investments are undertaken in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, This article considers these new developments and their impact.'),
	(205774,7122,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A New Land Allocation Standard for Healthcare Facilities | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205775,7124,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Issues New Code Governing the Promotion and Distribution of Medical Products | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205776,7124,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In November 2017, UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention issued the “Code of Ethical Practices for the Promotion and Distribution of Medical Products in the UAE” (“Code”), which provides directives for the ethical promotion and distribution of medical products in the UAE.'),
	(205777,7141,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Recent Legislative Changes Improving Intellectual Property Protection in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205778,7141,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Qatar is taking significant steps towards encouraging domestic industries as well as foreign investment. In this article, we examine several recent IP related developments in Qatar which reflect the approach taken by the Government to achieve these goals.'),
	(205779,7145,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Developers in Dubai Can Terminate Without Court Order | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205780,7145,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','On 18 October 2017 His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum issued Law No. 19 of 2017, amending Article 11 of Law No. 13 of 2008 which regulates the Interim Real Estate Register in the Emirate of Dubai (“Law 19”).'),
	(205781,7142,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Impact of New EU Data Protection Rules on Qatar Businesses | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(205782,7142,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In addition to understanding and complying with the provisions of the Data Protection Law, certain Qatari entities may also be subject to, or may need to comply with, the GDPR due to its intended extra-territorial reach.'),
	(212333,5463,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Facilities Management Contracts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218031,540,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(217970,634,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(211107,5645,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Deep Look at the UAE Law against Fraud | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212853,5300,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Saudi Arabia Companies Law: Effective 2016 | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218002,649,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(210215,554,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed Al Marzouqi | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218057,1571,'_yoast_wpseo_canonical','http://localhost:8888/tamimi/sectors/expo-2020/'),
	(218130,1464,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218128,1469,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208523,898,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Omar N. Omar | Insurance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208898,836,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Diego Carmona | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213717,7415,'videoContentField','Al Tamimi &amp; Company screens “The Quiet Triumph – How Arbitration changed the world”, a documentary portraying the role of Arbitration in world affairs.\r\n\r\nThe success of international Arbitration is generally only understood by the actors working within it and now is the time to make an unknown story known. For many centuries, international Arbitration has played an important role in enabling peaceful and constructive relationships among states. By enabling common rules and peaceful Dispute resolution, Arbitration has been an important building block in the growth of international trade and economic development.\r\n\r\nThe documentary film The Quite Triumph tells the story of international Arbitration, with events in Sweden in the foreground. It features interviews with central players who experienced the ground-breaking developments first hand, and whose skills and integrity contributed to making the world a better place.\r\n\r\nFind the full documentary on the Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce website.'),
	(218011,648,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218084,236,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(217449,4254,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218014,641,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(210093,574,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khalid Ali Rida Albannay | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209765,698,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Frank Lucente | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211252,5613,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tenancy Disputes in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206502,6824,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Musataha agreements are a popular property right for the healthcare industry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210922,5671,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Protecting your Trademark and Copyright in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217241,4642,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(211102,5649,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Saudi Arabia’s Privatisation Plans for Sports Clubs | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211980,5514,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Registration of Short Term Tenancy Contracts in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212775,5361,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of IP Laws in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211535,5581,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Important Amendments to the UAE Penal Code | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210518,6791,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Update on the Moveable Assets Security Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211151,5635,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Enforcing Non-Compete Restrictions against Former Employees in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212772,5386,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Copyright Violation can Lead to Deportation from the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213051,5225,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Anti-Discrimination Law: Will it impact the workplace? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209276,749,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed Gabr | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209178,780,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hanin Al Fayaz | Intellectual Property | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206599,6649,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The UAE’s Bankruptcy Regime: An Employment Perspective | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209073,805,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abdulla Khaled | Real Estate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212993,5229,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Letters of Intent in the UAE: Handle with care! | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211422,5602,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Labeling of Foodstuff in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212876,5278,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bahrain’s New Private Health Institutions Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212600,5439,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Employment Law Considerations for Education Providers in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212596,5443,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Vision 2030 and the Transformation of Education in Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209056,808,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmad Saleh | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210502,6774,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Can Arbitration Deliver the Goods? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211183,5631,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Software Escrow: Protecting business critical software | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209140,786,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Meteb AlGhashayan | Litigation | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208549,893,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nick O’Connell | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208342,923,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Shiraz Khan | Tax | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209767,697,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dina Al Wahabi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212309,5476,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Saudi Vision 2030: What Does It Mean for Your Industry? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210337,524,'_yoast_wpseo_title','El-Ameir Noor | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209230,763,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dr. Ahmed Basrawi | Litigation | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210478,597,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Arif Mawany | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Muscat, Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208273,931,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tara Marlow | Real Estate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208077,6694,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Giuditta Serci | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209296,747,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hossam Gramon | Banking & Finance | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211026,5660,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Enforcing Foreign Court Judgments in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209420,741,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Chahira Bacha | Litigation | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211976,5517,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rights of Data Subjects in DIFC, ADGM and QFC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210004,599,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hamood Al Mukhaini | Litigation | Muscat, Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212316,5471,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Integrity and Anti-Corruption Committee, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206602,6648,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Global Rise of eSports and the Importance of Being Aware of Local Laws in order to be Successful in the Middle East'),
	(211424,5601,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New FIDIC 2017 Yellow Book | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208846,845,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fiona Robertson | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209234,762,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Agathi Trakkidi | Banking & Finance | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208983,821,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Amna Qureshi | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211028,5658,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Fundamentals of Commercial Leasing in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208216,942,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Yi Ling Wong | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217468,185,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208312,926,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Stephen Jiew | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208746,862,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jongeun (Christina) Lee | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai,UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212765,5393,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New UAE Commercial Companies Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210297,535,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ivor McGettigan | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208431,911,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sakher Alaqaileh | Transport & Logistics | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210413,501,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmad Ghoneim | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211227,5620,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Real Estate Ownership and Investment in Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210489,6795,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Confident in International Arbitration’s Confidentiality? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209160,784,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jonathan Reardon | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212847,5308,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Succession Procedures and Creditors’ Rights | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212861,5294,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Egypt: Merger of Insurance Companies - Law and Practice | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208032,7066,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Allaeddin (Dean) Jaloudi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217479,191,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208017,7099,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Samer Azzam Sari Alzu\'bi | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208812,850,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Husam Hourani | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206605,6647,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Marketing Foreign Funds into the UAE: Update | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211105,5647,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Employment Regime in Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211560,5539,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Changes to UAE Penal Code may Scare Arbitrators away and International Businesses with them'),
	(211109,5643,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Anti-Suit Injunctions in the DIFC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206495,6825,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Licensing requirements and restrictions for hospitals in the MENA Region | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212862,5293,'_yoast_wpseo_title','GCC Countries Continue to Offer Favourable Environments for Foreign Investment | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209993,600,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Richard Baxter | Corporate | Muscat, Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210233,551,'_yoast_wpseo_title','John Gaffney | Arbitration, Competition | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208167,957,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Essam Al Tamimi | Senior Partner’s Office | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209751,702,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kamaljit Dosanjh | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208030,7080,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Osama Shabaan | Intellectual Property | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209066,806,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Adam Gray | Insurance | Dubai International Financial Centre, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213088,5217,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Factoring arrangements in the United Arab Emirates | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208034,7063,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed AlFatih | Litigation | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208011,7155,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed Abdelsabour | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(207989,7347,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jane Rahman | Arbitration | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208004,7178,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Issey Park | Arbitration | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208000,7238,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Eslam Hassan Ali | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208006,7169,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ayed Al Harbi | Corporate Structuring | Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209025,815,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Aisha Khokhar | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208802,851,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hussain Almatrood | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208828,848,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dr. Hassan Arab | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209082,804,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Zahir Qayum | Employment & Incentives | Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206155,6961,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai CoC Clarifies The Legal Principles Governing Long-term Lease Agreements | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206156,6961,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In view of the benefits which leasehold provides to the landlord and the tenant, it is commonly used as a means of legally structuring the financing and acquisition of property, as it can be adapted and modified to give the tenant ownership of the demised premises during or at the end of the lease term.'),
	(209184,779,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Grahame Nelson | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208372,917,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Samir Kantaria | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208199,947,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khalid Al Hamrani | Financial Crime | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212326,5467,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Laws to Assist Victims of Financial Fraud | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210517,6766,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Personal and Corporate Guarantees under KSA Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208193,948,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khalid AlSuwaidi | Financial Crime | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206165,6959,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Can Emails Be Accepted as Evidence In Real Estate Disputes? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206166,6959,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Real estate transactions are overwhelmingly conducted through electronic or digital communications, and the question must be asked: how are parties’ rights protected by digital evidence in the circumstances of a dispute?'),
	(206186,6839,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Egyptian Law on Promotion of Healthcare Products and Services | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211219,5626,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Update on Labour Bans in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209595,717,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Alex Saleh | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211562,5562,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Data Protection and Privacy Law in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208161,1229,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Zeinab Shohdy | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217383,3959,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218359,3586,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(217565,7143,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(210319,527,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Euan Lloyd | Construction & Infrastructure | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208294,928,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Stuart Davies | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209220,765,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Badria Modir | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208037,7056,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Samarth Chaddha | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208253,935,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Thomas Snider | Arbitration | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208060,6697,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sergejs Dilevka | Arbitration | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210051,596,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Al Barwani | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Muscat, Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206187,6839,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In its attempt to protect consumers’ health, Egypt has recently issued Law No. 206 of 2017 (the “Law”) regulating the promotion of any healthcare goods and/or services.'),
	(210863,5689,'_yoast_wpseo_title','DIFC Courts Enforce United States Judgment for the First Time | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209827,665,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kareem Zureikat | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208441,910,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sabrina Saxena | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208782,853,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ian Arnott | Real Estate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209903,617,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jawad Khalaf | Litigation | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209923,612,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ali Al Dabbagh | Litigation | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209777,695,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Diana Abu Al Adel | Intellectual Property | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208655,877,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Margaret Elder | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208921,832,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Christina Sochacki | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208830,847,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Gordon Barr | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208886,838,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Divya Abrol Gambhir | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208943,829,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bushra Abu Tayeh | Transport & Logistics | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208427,913,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sakshi Puri | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210895,5687,'_yoast_wpseo_title','You Want to Buy a Ship? Sale & Purchase Essentials | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208744,863,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Justin Carroll | Insurance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210351,522,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ayen Biar | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209759,701,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dr. Hazem Hussein | Litigation | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210059,582,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Zafer Sheikh Oghli | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208959,825,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Aruna Mukherji | Real Estate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209959,604,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Noor Al Rayes | Litigation | Manama, Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208731,866,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khaled Gamaleldeen | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209761,700,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hani Al Naddaf | Arbitration | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209240,761,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abdullah Al Tamimi | Litigation | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212871,5285,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What’s in a Name? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210377,508,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Andrew Fawcett | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208155,1543,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bachir Abou Chakra | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211978,5515,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tenancy Contract Registration in Abu Dhabi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208651,879,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mark Brown | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208039,6932,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khaled Attia | Litigation | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206263,6837,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Taking Security Over Commercial Business in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208149,1544,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Matthew Heaton | Banking & Finance | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209136,787,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohammed Negm | Litigation | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208756,860,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jeremy Scott | Real Estate | Dubai International Financial Centre, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208975,822,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Andrew Balfe | Real Estate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210492,6792,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Intellectual Property in the wake of Artificial Intelligence | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208565,891,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Natalie Jones | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210205,560,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Patrick Slater | Banking & Finance | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209709,706,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rafiq Jaffer | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209103,798,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Pedro Castro | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208083,6620,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohsin Khan | Employment | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208527,897,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Omar Obeidat | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208547,894,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Noff Al Khafaji | Corporate Structuring | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208836,846,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Gary Watts | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208107,6433,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Unkar Chanian | Real Estate | Manama, Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208653,878,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mariam Sabet | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209877,621,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Samaa Al Lami | Corporate Structuring | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208487,903,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rasha Al Ardah | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209172,782,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hesham Al Homoud | Corporate Structuring | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212836,5317,'_yoast_wpseo_title','GCC Unified Trademark Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211576,5554,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Developments in Saudi Sports following Saudi Vision 2030 | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209050,809,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmad Zaza | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209507,730,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tarek Abu Mariam | Intellectual Property | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209985,601,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Eman Al Isa | Corporate Structuring | Manama, Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209859,625,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dana Abduljaleel | Banking & Finance | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209487,732,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abdelrahman Helmi | Intellectual Property | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209616,713,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abdullah Masud | Banking & Finance | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208079,6654,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rakesh Bassi | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions, Competition, Corporate Structuring, Family Business & Private Wealth, Corporate Services, Commercial | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209519,728,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sadie Hussain | Banking & Finance | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209007,817,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ali Awad | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210357,521,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ashraf Shoukri | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210381,507,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Andrea Tithecott | Commercial | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208663,876,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Manel Ben Said | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208467,906,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Richard Catling | Corporate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212754,5403,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Enforceability of the Procedure in the UAE Maritime Commercial Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206264,6837,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Under Qatari law, a series of different forms of pledge may need to be created depending on the type of asset, each such pledge with its own set of creation and perfection requirements.'),
	(210165,565,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Adam Powell | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Ras Al Khaimah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209593,718,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Antigoni Filippopoulou | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208407,914,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Samantha Shaw | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208603,885,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohammed Kawasmi | Real Estate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208396,915,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Samer Qudah | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211974,5518,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Pharmaceutical Certificates of Origin Required in the GCC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209188,777,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Francis Patalong | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209791,688,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Zeina Al Nabih | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209941,607,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Raj Pahuja | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Manama, Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208292,929,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Suzanne Abdallah | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208901,835,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dalal Al Houti | Arbitration | Dubai, UAE |Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208577,889,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mustafa Ahmed | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209949,606,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rad El Treki | Corporate Structuring | Manama, Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206335,6834,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Bahrain Chamber for Dispute Resolution updates its Arbitration Rules | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209390,744,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Farah El Nahas | Banking & Finance | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209262,751,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rana Hegazi | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209092,802,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sarah AlSaif | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209029,812,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Allouz | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211908,5520,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New UAE Medical Liability Law: An Analysis | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209150,785,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Julie Bassi | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210343,523,'_yoast_wpseo_title','David Bowman | Real Estate | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217470,1634,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218343,5593,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218340,5627,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218337,5650,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218334,5713,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218331,5972,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(209843,661,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hala Qutteineh | Corporate Structuring | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209783,692,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Jaafir | Corporate Structuring | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208673,874,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mamoon Khan | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209907,615,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Haydar Jawad | Corporate | Erbil, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208201,946,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ibtissem Lassoued | Financial Crime | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208947,827,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bassem Zein El Dine | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210141,569,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ammar Haykal | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209431,740,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ayman Nour | Corporate Structuring | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211529,5587,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What Type of Company Should I Set Up in Jordan? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210279,539,'_yoast_wpseo_title','James MacCallum | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209803,680,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Samer Al Zuriekat | Litigation | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208792,852,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hussain Eisa Shiri | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210271,547,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jiwon Ha | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213091,5215,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How to benefit from trademark protection before the DED | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210367,509,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ashish Banga | Banking & Finance | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213001,5228,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Where is the line between relationship-building and bribery? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209272,750,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nadine Khaled | Corporate Structuring | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208175,955,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rita Jaballah | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209885,620,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mustafa Muayad | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209523,726,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Philip Kotsis | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208515,899,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Omer Khan | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209252,754,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Salma Kebeich | Litigation | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210163,566,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Adnan Al Erqsousi | Litigation | Ras Al Khaimah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209058,807,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Adam Wolstenholme | Financial Crime | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209517,729,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Shadey Jabr | Corporate Structuring | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209126,793,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ohod Wasfi | Corporate Structuring | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208121,5746,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abdelrahman Sherif | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208774,856,'_yoast_wpseo_title','James Newdigate | Transport & Logistics | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209666,709,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tala Shomar | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208701,870,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Maitha Al Hashimi | Litigation | Dubai,UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208171,956,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Waleed Shalabi | Financial Crime | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209537,724,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Omar Handoush | Banking & Finance | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209893,619,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohammed Norri | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208141,1677,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed Khodeir | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206336,6834,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The Bahrain Chamber for Dispute Resolution (“Centre”), launched new arbitration rules in order to bring the Centre in line with the best practices of arbitration.'),
	(208721,867,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Laila El Shentenawi | Arbitration | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208766,857,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jassim Abdullah | Litigation | Dubai International Financial Centre, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217977,642,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(217978,650,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(211552,5569,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Agreements to Forge an Ever-Closer Partnership | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208226,941,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Yazan Al Saoudi | Insurance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209497,731,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Yaqoub Yousef Al-Munayae | Litigation | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208239,938,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Willem Steenkamp | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218376,5431,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208587,888,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Muhammad Mahmood | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218354,5452,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208459,908,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ruksana Ellahi | Corporate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209817,666,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khaled Saqqaf | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209388,745,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Farah Ramzy | Sports & Events Management | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210307,530,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hassan El Tahir | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208611,884,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohammed Ali | Intellectual Property | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212803,5337,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Sports Law Ensures the UAE Remains a Global Leader | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212879,5275,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Property Laws and Regulations in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208251,936,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Vincent Coppinger | Transport & Logistics | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208206,945,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hussain Abdel Ghaffar | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208888,837,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dipali Maldonado | Senior Partner’s Office | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208537,896,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nour Kanawati | Corporate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208181,954,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Osama Daneshyar | Financial Crime | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(215792,4263,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208352,922,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sherif Rahman | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210091,575,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Majd Baroudi | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209215,766,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bandar Al Hamidani | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210488,6796,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A New Implementation of Article 22 of Montreal Convention in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212874,5282,'_yoast_wpseo_title','No Automatic Right to Compensation in the UAE for Illegal Administrative Decisions | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209599,716,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Rezeik | Arbitration | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210185,562,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Surabhi Singhi Kataria | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210553,5733,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How to Release Vessels from Arrest in Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209577,720,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Karim Marouny | Litigation | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209027,814,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Zaki | Banking & Finance | Dubai International Financial Centre, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210289,536,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jalal Kudsi | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209557,722,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed Afifi | Corporate Structuring | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210641,5716,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Effect of Discrepancies in Security Documents on Foreclosure Proceedings | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208332,924,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Siri Hashem | Transport & Logistics | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210920,5673,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Kuwait Business Center and the ‘One-Window Transaction’ | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209688,708,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Roy Georgiades | Litigation | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209174,781,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Haroun Khwaja | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209785,691,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed El Amoury | Litigation | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208998,818,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Alyzeh Zahid | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208969,823,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Anna Marshall | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208750,861,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jody Waugh | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208367,918,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sana Saleem | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209901,618,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Modher Majeed | Corporate Structuring | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209969,603,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Natalia Kumar | Banking & Finance | Manama, Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209719,705,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nicola de Sylva | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209726,704,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Murad Sawalha | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209433,738,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Amr Hamdy | Corporate Structuring | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208961,824,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Arina Gidwani | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209696,707,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Roberto Lusardi | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210231,552,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Maha Dahoui | Real Estate | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208690,872,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Malek Al Rifai | Real Estate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208858,842,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fady Ghanem | Corporate Structuring | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209108,796,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Othman AlTamimi | Intellectual Property | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208237,939,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Yasser Madkour | Transport & Logistics | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208302,927,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Steve Bainbridge | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208465,907,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Robert Roberts | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208257,934,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tariq Idais | Transport & Logistics | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211426,5599,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Major Events Security Considerations in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208567,890,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Naief Yahia | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212642,5427,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Trademarks Law in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208204,943,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Yousef Al Amly | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217976,642,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Al Tamimi & Company has been granted the authorisation to provide Private Notary services by the Government of Dubai.'),
	(206423,6832,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bahrain Healthcare Accreditation Standards | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213060,5221,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Limits to Liability under Montreal 1999 in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206424,6832,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Bahrain’s National Health Regulatory Authority’s (‘NHRA’) directive to ensure safe and high-quality delivery of healthcare has led the Supreme Council for Health to issue standards against which to evaluate each hospital facility in Bahrain.'),
	(206429,6831,'_yoast_wpseo_title','IVF legislation in the Kingdom of Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212893,5262,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Establishing a Medical Institution in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206430,6831,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Assisted reproductive (‘AR’) technologies, including in vitro fertilization (‘IVF’) to overcome infertility, are now widely available across the Middle East.'),
	(206432,6830,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A New Regulation on Licensing Home Healthcare Institutions | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206433,6830,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','A relatively new regulation has been introduced in Jordan, which is the Regulation for Licensing Home Healthcare Institutions No. 84 of 2016 (the ‘Regulation’).'),
	(206435,6829,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Cosmetic Clinics Regulations Get a Nip and Tuck | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206436,6829,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Several new regulations were issued in Jordan to regulate the licensing of these clinics and the work of its technicians. This article sheds light on these recent developments and seeks to highlight the licensing requirements applicable to such businesses.'),
	(206439,6827,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Health Insurance for The Private Sector In Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206440,6827,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Under the new rules, Omani nationals will be entitled to a private healthcare insurance policy, affording them access to a wider range of health institutions.'),
	(206443,6826,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Joining Up The Dots... Saudi Healthcare Reform | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212825,5321,'_yoast_wpseo_title','To Pay or Not to Pay... That is the Question! | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206444,6826,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Vision 2030 (Vision) is informed by a fundamental need to diversify the country away from the hydrocarbon sector, aiming simultaneously to revitalize the economy and to rationalize/reduce state spending.'),
	(212884,5270,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Licensing requirements and restrictions for pharmacies in the MENA region | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212814,5324,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Electricity Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212838,5315,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Telemedicine in the Gulf – Further Legal Issues | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212841,5313,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Global Market Issues a UNCITRAL-based Arbitration Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211780,5526,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Practical Conditions for the Advertisement of Non-Prescription Pharmaceutical Products in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212886,5269,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Discrepancy between Law and Practice in Egypt’s Pharmaceutical Advertising | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213122,5207,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar: Proposed amendments to the public tender rules | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210590,5727,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Education Investment in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212899,5253,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of Criminal Proceedings in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206607,6646,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Key Issues Investors Need to Know when Buying Real Estate Off Plan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212206,5487,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fund Regulation in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210550,5735,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Overview of the Judicial Bodies at the Saudi Arabian Football Federation | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212594,5445,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Educational Developments in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212763,5395,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE National Service: A Revisit | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211986,5511,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mergers in the UAE: Opportunities to Rationalise and to Reduce Costs | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211259,5610,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Liquor Licenses in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212778,5358,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Data Collection by the Dubai Government and the Regulation of Survey Firms | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206496,6825,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In investing in hospitals across the MENA region, investors must navigate country-specific regulatory requirements and restrictions. This article explores some of the basic requirements and restrictions imposed under relevant local law.'),
	(211229,5618,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Owning Property in Qatar: Options for Foreign Investors | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212892,5263,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Women in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206503,6824,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Al Tamimi & Company looks at how healthcare investors can use Musataha rights to develop hospital facilities and the advantages of acquiring Musataha rights and the other options available for foreign investors based on the rules of property ownership for foreigners in the UAE.'),
	(206506,6823,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Healthcare Service Fees Hike In Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211941,5519,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Distribution of Pharmaceutical Products in the GCC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206507,6823,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The underlying principle behind the price hike for medical care has been allegedly the heavy financial burden borne by the Ministry of Health.'),
	(206509,6817,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Treatment of Patients At End of Life Stage | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206510,6817,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The concept of withdrawing active intervention medical treatments is now accepted under both Islamic principles and under country-specific state laws. In this article we examine the current status of the law.'),
	(206514,6816,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Model behaviour: Good conduct in the boardroom | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212952,5242,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Wait is Over: Abu Dhabi’s New Property Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206515,6816,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','In the Dubai International Financial Centre jurisdiction, as in other legal regimes, directors are bound by responsibilities which they cannot neglect, or bypass by delegating to management.'),
	(206518,6815,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Introduction of A New Licence by The SCA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206519,6815,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The SCA new licence was meant to be the successor to the financial investment license previously granted by the Central Bank to conduct asset management services.'),
	(206563,6814,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Dubai Court of Cassation issues decision that strengthens the status of 3D trademarks | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212721,5405,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Dubai Courts Approach when Dealing with De Facto Companies | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212764,5394,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Overview of the Iranian Banking System | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212667,5375,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Insight Into the New Iraqi Labour Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213120,5208,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The need for ministerial approval for arbitral agreements in Egyptian administrative contracts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210484,6634,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Comparison of the VAT Regimes in KSA and the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210391,505,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ali Bayaseen | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212839,5314,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Clients, Contractors and Associated Liability Issues in Media and Events | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212685,5413,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dealing with Demurrage in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212662,5381,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatari Court Decision Lifting a Travel Ban | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212640,5429,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Changes Expected to the Saudi Arabian Bankruptcy Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218399,2283,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(206613,6642,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Cybercrime Legislation in Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210924,5669,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Completion and Taking Over: Why it’s so important | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212845,5309,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Commercial Agency Registrations: What’s covered? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211536,5582,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the New Jebel Ali Free Zone Company Regulations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211533,5584,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Amendments Introduced by the UAE Commercial Companies Law of 2015 | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211568,5560,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Why the Introduction of Protected Cell Companies and Investment Limited Partnerships is Good News for Bahrain'),
	(211526,5590,'_yoast_wpseo_title','KSA Foreign Investment Update | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210515,6768,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Let the Seller Beware! Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206564,6814,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Al Tamimi & Co. have successfully represented Cartier (the “Plaintiff”) in proceedings filed with the Dubai Court of First Instance against a famous jeweller in the UAE (the “Defendant”) who was found selling lookalike Cartier pieces in its outlet in Dubai.'),
	(206569,6813,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Introducing smart e-Trials into the UAE judicial system | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208009,7164,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Marja Boman | Financial Crime | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206570,6813,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The UAE judicial system will see a ‘smart leap’ as it plans to provide electronic trials video-conferencing during court hearings, real-time translations in court proceedings.'),
	(206573,6812,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Court of Cassation Judgment: When is the right to invoke arbitration waived? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206574,6812,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Article 84 of the UAE Civil Procedure Law provides that the plea of lack of jurisdiction must be made to the court prior to invoking any other procedural plea, request, or defence.'),
	(206586,6775,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Requirements for the Validity of Exclusion Clauses | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212805,5335,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sales Promotions in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211392,5603,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai’s Blockchain Strategy and Why it Matters | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206587,6775,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','The insurer should have the policyholder place its initials or signature next to any term that discharges the insurer from liability under the policy.'),
	(206594,6651,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Understanding the Effect of Deductibles in Insurance Policies | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210640,5717,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Law No 13 of 2017 concerning the Judicial Fees in Abu Dhabi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210243,550,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khalid Bashir | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208633,881,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Maymoona Talib | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206598,6650,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fundraising Practices and Combating Terrorist Financing in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212855,5298,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Public-Private Partnership Projects in Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212070,5495,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Regulation of Insurance Brokers in UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211525,5591,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Implications of the Amendments to the Qatar Commercial Registration Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206610,6645,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Do the UAE Courts apply foreign law? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206612,6643,'_yoast_wpseo_title','First Case on Sovereign Immunity and Service | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(206629,6639,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bribery Crimes in the Private Sector in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209905,616,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jamal Garde | Corporate Structuring | Erbil, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208015,7109,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Xavier Solanes | Tax | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208282,930,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Taiba Al Safar | Litigation, Private Notary | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208131,1868,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khaled Al Belooshi | Litigation | Ras Al Khaimah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209207,767,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Christopher Webb | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208497,902,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rachel Hill | Employment & Incentives | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210103,573,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Khaled Moussa | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209638,712,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abdelazim Mohamed Hamad | Litigation | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208115,6218,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ammar Al-Humairi | Corporate Structuring | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210403,502,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Aisha Al Marzouqi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210495,6788,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sports/Leisure Facilities & Urban Development | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212072,5493,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Aircraft Repossession Under Cape Town Convention in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212648,5424,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Competition and Anti-Monopoly Law in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208187,949,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed Abou Sakr | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208267,932,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tarek Alayyashi | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208089,6603,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Krishna Jhala | Technology, Media & Telecommunications | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208002,7225,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nazanin Maghsoudlou | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(214118,7129,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(209479,733,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abdallah El Nokaly | Litigation | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209286,748,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ingy Darwish | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208878,840,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ehab Morcos | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210195,561,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Saifedin Nagar | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210926,5667,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dealing with Design Liability in the New FIDIC Yellow Book | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210083,577,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nasser Yahia | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209017,816,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Al Misbah Abdul Qadir Sabiel | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210487,6797,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Importance of Incident Notification under Life Insurance Policies | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208451,909,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ruta Gothoskar | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210494,6789,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Transfer of Youth Soccer Players | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208733,864,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Justin Ede | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209469,734,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Ezzat | Litigation | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210253,549,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Karim El Tantawi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210499,6778,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Shaping the Future: The Future of Transport in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209459,735,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Hafez | Litigation | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210483,6635,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Regional Roadmap of Financial Crime Issues | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208559,892,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nawal Abdel Hadi | Corporate | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208020,7097,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Adham Elatafy | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210480,6637,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What Does the Rise of Cryptocurrencies Mean for Financial Crime? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217371,7102,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(218349,5677,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208049,6820,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Nasouh Raslan | Corporate Structuring | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210123,571,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hussam Helal | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210113,572,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ibrahim Al Serkal | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208929,831,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Christiane Najm | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208025,7084,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hassan Al Jarrah | Corporate Structuring | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210069,581,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Said Refaei | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208185,952,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohammad Al Muhtaseb | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208042,6853,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Saif El Fawaer | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209567,721,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed Abdelhamed | Corporate | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208091,6602,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sara Omer Ali | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208322,925,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Stephany Malhame | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209606,715,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed El Fass | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210175,563,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Wadha Kaabi | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208249,937,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Wajd Najjar | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209168,783,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jaber AlQadhi | Litigation | Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209915,613,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ghalib H.A. Mohammed | Litigation | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209250,757,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Youssef Helmy | Banking & Finance | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208992,819,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ammar Tarawneh | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209202,768,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Elye Parata | Corporate Structuring | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209533,725,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ossama Ghazy | Banking & Finance | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209298,746,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hassane H. El Sheref | Intellectual Property | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208911,833,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Christine Maksoud | Corporate Structuring | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210401,503,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Alex Ghazi | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211545,5575,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New UAE Law Safeguarding Rights of Children | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210646,5710,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Finally, a Comprehensive Sports Law in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210153,567,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Mounir El Sha’er | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209449,736,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Kotb | Litigation | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209039,810,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Abdelkhalek | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211547,5573,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Enforcement of DIFC Wills in Ras Al Khaimah | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208022,7093,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Inas Farah | Corporate Structuring | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210317,529,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Georges Daoud | Corporate Structuring | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208935,830,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Carla Saliba | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217381,6968,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(208643,880,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Masood Khan | Corporate Structuring | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210045,598,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Faris Saud Hamed Al Maashari | Litigation | Muscat, Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218328,6765,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208623,882,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohamed El Kholy | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210956,5666,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New FIDIC White Book: The Key Changes | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208477,904,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Rashid Obaid Ali | Banking & Finance | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210329,526,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Eliana Ugolini | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217397,7338,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Korea Group | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210225,553,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mahmoud Homidat | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208354,921,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Shaikha Buhumaid | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210071,579,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Omar AlBlooshi | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209869,624,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ala\'a Mohammad Al Bataineh | Intellectual Property | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208957,826,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ashraf Mostafa | Senior Partner’s Office | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208165,1130,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohammad AlHazmi | Litigation | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208027,7081,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Amro Hassan | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209192,773,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Emad Salameh | Litigation | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210143,568,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ali Bachrouch | Corporate Structuring | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217376,7060,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212677,5367,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kuwait: Adapting to Change | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210299,534,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hussain Al Zarooni | Litigation | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210133,570,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ayoub Ghazi | Litigation | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(207991,7344,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Andrew Moroney | Commercial | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210081,578,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Odai Mismar | Corporate Structuring | Sharjah, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209443,737,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Amr ElRihany | Corporate Structuring | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208868,841,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Eman Ahmed Alam | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209400,743,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Engy El Kady | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(207994,7308,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Anuj Bhasin | Tax | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208099,6589,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Shaden AlRabiah | Corporate Structuring | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209547,723,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Omar Al Qahtani | Litigation | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212327,5466,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Reasonable Ignorance of the Law May be an Excuse | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209801,681,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Shadi Almbaidin | Litigation | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208621,883,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohammad Al Hamadi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209741,703,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Muhammad Mitha | Banking & Finance | Doha, Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211988,5510,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the New Governance Rules in the UAE: Part II | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209098,801,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Saeed Alqahtani | Litigation | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208711,868,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Lama Majdalani | Senior Partner’s Office | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211258,5611,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Real Estate Law: One Year Later | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210481,6636,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of Recent Amendments to INTERPOL Red Notices | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209833,662,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kais Zayadin | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209583,719,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ashraf Hendi | Banking & Finance | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209849,660,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dana Al Shawwa | Litigation | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217373,6907,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(210263,548,'_yoast_wpseo_title','John Dennett | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208822,849,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hiam Abdullah | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208597,886,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mohieeldin ElBana | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209410,742,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Emad Fikry | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Cairo, Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210486,6798,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Ruling on Definition of Maritime Debt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212106,5490,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the New Governance Rules in the UAE: Part I | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208013,7144,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Janet Gooi | Tax | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212812,5328,'_yoast_wpseo_title','DIFC Court of Appeal Paves Way for Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209116,794,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Omar Amery | Litigation | Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(217375,7060,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(210719,5701,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The QMUL Study on Resolving TMT Disputes | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209652,710,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Aaron Dikos | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(208856,844,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fatma Moosa | Litigation | Dubai, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209931,609,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ahmed Hassan | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Baghdad, Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(209814,678,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Majdi Salaita | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Amman, Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211738,5538,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Court of Cassation gives Guidance on Omission Applications | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211490,5597,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Court Dismisses Physical Bunker Supplier Claim Against Ship Owner | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212957,5239,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Jordanian law of Standards of Metrology Organisation | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210642,5715,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Union Supreme Court Holds that Parties’ Capacity Determined by Nature and Purpose of Contract | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211215,5630,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Caution: Selling mortgaged property in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212768,5390,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Death or Bodily Injury on Board the Aircraft: A UAE Perspective | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211061,5656,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fantasy Sports in the UAE: Legal or a Red Card | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212688,5410,'_yoast_wpseo_title','ESOPs in the UAE: A New Beginning? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211776,5530,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Procedural Changes for Trademark Oppositions and Official Fees Increase in KSA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211233,5614,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Foreign Ownership of Real Estate in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211583,5548,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Guidance on Construction Delays and Disruption | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211228,5619,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Keep Open Provisions In A Qatar Retail Lease | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212331,5464,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Restructure and Rehabilitate in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213117,5213,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Courts’ interpretation of the jurisdiction of \"the Committee\" | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212766,5392,'_yoast_wpseo_title','When the Clock is Ticking and the Contractor is in Delay: What Can You Do? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210827,5693,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Do Data Localisation Laws Threaten the Global Internet? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210648,5708,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What Vision 2030 Means for the IT Sector in Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210624,5725,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Cyberbullying: a Snapshot of the Laws in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211783,5524,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Healthcare Sector: Employee Transfers | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211101,5652,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Arbitration Deed and Terms of Reference in UAE law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212938,5251,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Common Considerations for Staging a Sports Event in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211779,5527,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Pharmacy Practice in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211585,5546,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Outline of Key Changes Introduced on Human Resources in the Federal Government | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212589,5451,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bonds and Sukuk Under the New CMA Regime in Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211220,5625,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Derivatives in the Kuwait Market | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211539,5579,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the New Governance Rules in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210496,6787,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Who can own Real Estate in Dubai and Where? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211772,5534,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Online Banking Identity Checks Still Unregulated Under Egyptian Laws | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210485,6799,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Arbitration at QICCA: Update | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212782,5356,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Right of Defence is Guaranteed by UAE Federal Supreme Court | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211029,5657,'_yoast_wpseo_title','IT Disengagement Services: Thinking Ahead for a Smooth Exit | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211553,5567,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Decree No. 19 of 2016 and the Judicial Tribunal’s initial decisions | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211549,5571,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Use of Operator Agreements in the Events and Sports Industry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212606,5433,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Courts recall UK’s accession to NY Convention but forgets reservations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210643,5679,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Court of Cassation’s Interpretation of Conflicting Contractual Clauses | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212758,5399,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kuwait’s New CMA Bylaws Regarding Trading Securities, Premium and Treasury Shares | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210501,6776,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Can I Arrest a Ship in the UAE as Security for Foreign Substantive Proceedings?’ | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212605,5434,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Declaring a Debtor Bankrupt in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211781,5525,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Update on the Classification of Pharmaceutical Products in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210647,5709,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Busting the Myth on Cheques in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212946,5246,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What makes a Construction Contract Bankable? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211112,5641,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Accelerating the Pace of International Arbitration | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212063,5502,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Qatari Law on Small Vessels Registration | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212047,5508,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Res Judicata Effect of an Arbitral Award in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211223,5622,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Does a Directors’ Release Suffice to Negate Liability in Egypt? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210721,5700,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Artificial Intelligence and Innovative Developments in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212943,5248,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Importation of Medical Devices and Drugs into the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212065,5500,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Procedures of Arrest in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210680,5707,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Aspects of Trade Mark and Data Exploitation and Protection in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211530,5586,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Peek into the New 2016 Draft Egyptian Investment Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211577,5553,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Leading an R&D Innovation SME | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210500,6777,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Stopovers do not Increase Compensation, but Further Decisions are Awaited | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212687,5411,'_yoast_wpseo_title','VAT Considerations for Commercial Contracts in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212759,5398,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Money’s Electronic Payment in Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212270,5485,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What to be Aware of Regarding Treasury Shares in Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212806,5334,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Insurance Implications of Building Fires in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211106,5646,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bahraini Constitutional Court Rejects Challenge to GCC Commercial Arbitration Centre’s Arbitration Rules | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211534,5583,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Introduction to the New UAE Intermediate SPV Regime within the DIFC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210625,5724,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How will VAT Impact the GCC Education Sector? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210690,5703,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Practical Guidelines to Minimize Risks from Cyber Attacks | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211543,5577,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Health Insurance: A Status Update | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210688,5705,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Real Estate Considerations Regarding Data Centres and Co-Location Agreements in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212678,5366,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Egypt: Legislative Changes | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210637,5720,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Fight Against Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212406,5456,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Registration of Short Term Tenancy Contracts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210722,5699,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Accelerators and Incubators Pave the way for a World | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210644,5712,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Implications of using Social Media in the Workplace in KSA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212756,5400,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar: Understanding Guarantees | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213055,5223,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Insurance Law Update | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210755,5698,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Basic Legal Issues in Setting up E-Commerce Sites in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210825,5694,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Cyber Attacks will make you Wanna Cry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212857,5297,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Jordanian Food Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212760,5397,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Iraq’s Resurgence: The Last 25 Years | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210859,5692,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fintech and Regtech Innovation in the Middle East | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210548,5736,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Securities and Collateral for Education Financing in Dubai & Abu Dhabi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212799,5338,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Merger Boom in the Hotel Industry: Impact on Hotel Owners | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212336,5462,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Guide to Hotel Operations in the Middle East | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212680,5365,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bahrain: 25 Years in the Making | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212826,5320,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Enhanced Protection Against Financial Crimes | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211226,5621,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bahrain’s Changing Legal Landscape | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210628,5721,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Changes to the Regulatory Framework for Dubai Private Schools | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211182,5632,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Influencers & Sponsors: What you didn’t know you need to know | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211555,5566,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Court Finds Failure to Build Infrastructure Entitles Purchaser to Terminate | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211108,5644,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Redefining the Scope of the DIFC Courts’ Jurisdiction | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212660,5383,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Dissolution of the EFA’s Board of Directors | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211104,5648,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Changes to the Tax Regime in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211022,5663,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Quality Control Provisions in Trademark Licence Agreements in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213079,5219,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Choice of law and jurisdiction provisions in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210589,5728,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Educational Services in Qatar: Recent Updates | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212788,5349,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Tourism Law and Saudi Arabia’s Renewed Commitment to Tourism | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(214218,6647,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(210912,5684,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Navigating Domain Names and Social Media Platforms for Brand Owners | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218148,5123,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Beware in Cyberspace | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212067,5498,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ship Arrest in Iran | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210491,6793,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Avoiding Legal Liability Obstacles on the Road to Autonomous Driving | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210497,6780,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Using EPC Contracts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212656,5417,'_yoast_wpseo_title','DIFC Court Judgment Enforced in Australia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211701,5543,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Forecast for Data Centres in the Region | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210916,5680,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Is a Holding Company Criminally Liable for Acts Committed by its Subsidiary? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211541,5578,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mortgage of Moveable Assets | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211027,5659,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How to Convert your Property to a Waqf? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212898,5254,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bankruptcy Concerning Commercial Transactions | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212595,5444,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Education within Egypt’s Reform Plans | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212807,5333,'_yoast_wpseo_title','GCC Rail Infrastructure Projects | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210514,6769,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Accessibility: Disability and the Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212373,5457,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Employment Law – What’s On the Horizon? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210645,5711,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Collision Liability under Kuwaiti Maritime Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210639,5718,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Arbitration Clauses in UAE Government Contracts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210919,5674,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulatory Framework of Travel Offices in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211325,5607,'_yoast_wpseo_title','English Law Marine Insurance Clauses: Will the UAE Courts Recognise and Apply Them? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211556,5565,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Court Judgment on Public Policy as a Basis for Reviewing the Substance of an Arbitral Award'),
	(210585,5731,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Why Should You Invest in Egypt? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211532,5585,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Brief Round-up of Last Year’s Key Changes and Developments | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210627,5722,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Safeguarding Children in a UAE Education Context | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210913,5683,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Criminal Liabilities Arising from Infringing Intellectual Property Rights | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210588,5729,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Vision 2030 and the Transformation of Education in KSA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212792,5346,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hotel Brands Coping with Online Marketing | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210493,6790,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Is Abu Dhabi Global Market an Option for Your business? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212802,5341,'_yoast_wpseo_title','When Can a Hotel Owner Terminate the Hotel Management Agreement? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212647,5425,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Customs Law in Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212604,5435,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Enforcement of Foreign Awards in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213089,5216,'_yoast_wpseo_title','3D Trademarks in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211230,5617,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Foreigners’ Right to Own Real Estate in Oman | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212066,5499,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Demurrage Payments Under Kuwaiti Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210824,5695,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Guide to Deals in Film Financing | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210513,6770,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Shipping Agents in Kuwait: Applicable Law & Potential Liabilities | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212239,5486,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE’s Adoption of FIFA’s Regulations for Football Intermediaries | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211492,5596,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Role of Experts in Patent-infringement Cases in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210554,5732,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Conflict of Laws: an Iraqi Perspective | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211231,5616,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Foreign Ownership of Real Property in Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211181,5633,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Resolving complaints relating to Telecoms in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212671,5372,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Limiting Liability Against Harm in Sporting Events | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211222,5623,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Suggested Amendments to the Registration Regulations of Foreign Company’s Branches and Offices in Iraq'),
	(212956,5240,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Iraq’s New Draft Anti-Money Laundering Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212603,5436,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Pledge through DMCC Tradeflow Platform | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212873,5283,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Tenant Must Obtain Landlord’s Consent to Lease Assignment Despite No Express Contractual Obligation | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210503,6773,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Considering “SHIPTERM” & the UAE Secured Transactions Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212761,5396,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jordan: A Window into the Last 25 Years of Development | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211734,5542,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Consumer Privacy in the Smart Era | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212769,5389,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Inheritance Issues in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211020,5664,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Extent of the Insurance Company’s Right of Recourse in Marine Cargo Claims in UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211775,5531,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Does Positive Discrimination Work for Saudi Workers? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210925,5668,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Missed Opportunity or Turning the Corner? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211564,5561,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kuwait Paves the Road to Fighting Corruption - Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210552,5734,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Oman Implements the GCC Trademarks Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211425,5600,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Revision of Article 257 of the Penal Code | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212659,5384,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Healthcare Regulations in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212811,5329,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Longest-Running Construction Case in UAE Legal History has Finally Ended | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212887,5268,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Healthcare Investment in KSA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211548,5572,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Small Claims Court in Ras Al Khaimah | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211100,5653,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar Courts Release their Grip on Restrictive Compensation Chains | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218155,5185,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar: Wage payment protection | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211524,5592,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Quick Guide to the Iraqi Healthcare Industry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210682,5706,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Legal Horizon for Telecommunications in Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212889,5266,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Anchors Aweigh? Considering the revised time charterparty | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210622,5726,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Setting up a University in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212690,5408,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the UAE Insolvency Regime and its Effectiveness | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212682,5363,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Two-stage Tendering and GMPs | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211573,5557,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Recent updates on Jordan’s Foreign Investment Regulation | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211389,5605,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Due-Diligence and Risk Assessment in Supply Chain Management | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211358,5606,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Key Considerations: Appointing a Distributor in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212074,5491,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ministry of Economy Acts to Clarify its Scope | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211260,5609,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Fractional Ownership of Real Estate in the Dubai Hospitality Sector | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212815,5323,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Project Finance Boosted by Effortless Pledge Enforcement | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210626,5723,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Conducting Scientific Research in the United Arab Emirates | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212785,5351,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Military Leave Under Egyptian Employment Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212675,5369,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar Laws Enter a New Century | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212068,5497,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Securing Ship Finance Transactions in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210923,5670,'_yoast_wpseo_title','BIM Opens its Doors for Business | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212666,5376,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Capital Gains Tax Issues in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212651,5421,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulating App-based (e-hail) Taxi Services in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210504,6772,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Innovations and IP Protection in Transport | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210638,5719,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Update on the Joint Judicial Tribunal | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211110,5642,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Security for Costs in Arbitration | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211217,5629,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Sharjah Court of Appeal orders repayment of compound interest even after settlement | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212897,5255,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Empty Judgments in the UAE: Who to Blame? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212770,5388,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Guide to Hotel Operations in the Middle East | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210490,6794,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Recovering Employee Training Costs in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212661,5382,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Extent of the Insurance Company’s Right of Recourse in Marine Cargo Claims | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212686,5412,'_yoast_wpseo_title','EGYPTAIR Flight MS 804 Crash: Aftermath and Liability Regime | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210862,5690,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Legal Considerations for App Developers in the Middle East | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212771,5387,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Update on the Dubai Data Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211096,5654,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Alerting the Bank upon Receipt of a Fraudulent Transaction SMS | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210914,5682,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Criminal Court Issues Fines for Broadcast of Content Without Consent | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210505,6771,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Oman: A Future Logistics Hub of the Middle East | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212809,5331,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Security Enforcement in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210861,5691,'_yoast_wpseo_title','MENA Cloud Alliance launches GCC Cloud Competitiveness Index 2017 | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211983,5513,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Enforceability of DIAC Arbitral Awards by the DIFC Courts is Confirmed | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212767,5391,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulatory Update | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211115,5639,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Compliance in the DIFC: A Whole Different Ball Game | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212071,5494,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Landmark Federal Supreme Court’s Judgment on Ship Arrests Under UAE Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211584,5547,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Innovation and Islamic Finance | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212073,5492,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The “DDED” launches IP Gateway | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212894,5261,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Conducting Shareholder Meetings in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212049,5481,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Helpful Dubai Court of Cassation Judgment on Capacity and Foreign Arbitral Awards | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210516,6767,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kuwait applies the Electronic Media Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212960,5237,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulatory Capital Bond and Sukuk Issuances in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212795,5343,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Secondments in the UAE Hotel Industry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210587,5730,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Some Practical Considerations under Bahrain Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211770,5537,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Enforceability of Article 121 of the UAE Maritime Commercial Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218146,4970,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulating Real Estate Development in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211736,5541,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Central Bank: Modernisation of Identification Procedures | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212689,5409,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Insight into the Newly-formed Dubai Economic Security Centre | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211116,5638,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Challenges of Developing New Schools in Abu Dhabi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212852,5301,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Little-Known Tool for Stealthy Contractual Parties in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212786,5350,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Saudi Arabia to Introduce New Land Tax | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211737,5540,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the Controversial “JASTA” from a Middle East Perspective | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212674,5370,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Saudi Arabia: The History of Foreign Investment | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210864,5688,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Blockchain, the Law and Dubai’s Grand Plan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212016,5509,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Enforcing an ICC Arbitral Award in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211589,5544,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the New Governance Rules in the UAE: Part III | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212649,5423,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar Stimulates TMT Sector Growth | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212602,5437,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Reducing Risk in Organising Major Sports Events in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212317,5470,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Public Sector Corruption in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211528,5588,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Iran: “The Last” Frontier Market | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212598,5441,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Development, Ownership and Operation Models for Private Sector Schools in the GCC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211773,5533,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Responsibility for Payment of Demurrage According to Kuwaiti Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212810,5330,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Judgment on Delay Damages Highlights Importance of When Contract is Terminated | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210921,5672,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Contract Drafting Insights from Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212953,5241,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Insight into Islamic Banking in Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211118,5637,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Trademark Licences in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212590,5450,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Saudi Companies Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210822,5696,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Film Incentives: A Reminder of the Basics | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212069,5496,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Guidelines for Gulf Airlines Flights Departing the EU | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212673,5371,'_yoast_wpseo_title','United Arab Emirates: 25 Years of Change | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212330,5465,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Combatting Corruption in the Diamond Industry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212848,5307,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Power of Power of Attorneys in Abu Dhabi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211149,5636,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Dangers of Pirated Software and the Risks for Employers | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211391,5604,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Role of Technology in Altering Delivery of Education | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212798,5339,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Holiday Homes and Hotel Apartments in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210689,5704,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Criminal Penalties for Commenting on the Qatar Situation | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211094,5655,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Extraterritorial Application of US Labour Laws in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211294,5608,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What Every Property Purchaser must know about Real Estate Agents in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210911,5685,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Protecting and Enforcing your Trademarks in Iran | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212060,5504,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of Document Production in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211522,5595,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai Court Rules on Liability of Banks in Relation to Faxed Authorizations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212051,5505,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Copyright Law in Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212601,5438,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Trademark Ownership Structure in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212790,5347,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Prominent Trademarks in the UAE Hospitality Sector | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210498,6779,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Have you done your Due Diligence? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212808,5332,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Lessons Learnt from the O.W.Bunker Saga | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212794,5344,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Hotel Renovations: What could possibly go wrong? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212776,5360,'_yoast_wpseo_title','URS: A Cheap and Fast Way to Combat Cyber Squatting? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211544,5576,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Rent Caps and Housing Fees | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211984,5512,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Litigating and Arbitrating Construction Disputes in Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212866,5290,'_yoast_wpseo_title','PPP’s in Dubai: A Chance to Innovate! | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211551,5570,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Introduction to Ras Al Khaimah and what it Offers to Businesses | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210788,5697,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Updating Media Buying Agreements for New Advertising Outlets | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212942,5249,'_yoast_wpseo_title','IP Cooperation and Harmonisation in the Gulf: A myth or reality? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212850,5303,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Design Protection - What Businesses Need to Know | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212061,5503,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Black Swans for Saudi Arabia’s Power Sector | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211977,5516,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulatory Updates in the DIFC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212858,5296,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Modern Slavery Act 2015: Regional Implications | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212641,5428,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Executive Regulations of the KSA Labour Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211179,5634,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Legal and Regulatory Developments in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211024,5662,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How will you be affected by the new UAE VAT regime? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(214226,6784,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(211113,5640,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Liabilities of Directors under the UAE Bankruptcy Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211582,5549,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Rise of the Gig Economy: UAE Employment Considerations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211537,5580,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Arab Health 2017: UAE Healthcare Updates | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211458,5598,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Introduces New Public Prosecution Focussing on Cyber Crime | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210989,5665,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Major Revamp of DIFC Companies Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212944,5247,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Labour Market Reform | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210915,5681,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Apparent Authority when Signing Arbitration Agreements | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212340,5459,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Is Using a VPN in the UAE Illegal? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211580,5551,'_yoast_wpseo_title','R&D and Innovations in the GCC Countries | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212867,5289,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Guide to Piracy Protection for Sports Broadcasting Rights-Holders in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212844,5310,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Currency Support and Quality Importation Initiatives in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210917,5676,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Charting the General Average in KSA | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(210918,5675,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Why Don’t You Consider Exporting to Saudi Arabia? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211587,5545,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Life Cycle of a Lease in Dubai and the DIFC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212650,5422,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Insight into the Communication Sector in Iraq | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212875,5281,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Important Judgment on Contractual Preconditions to Arbitration in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212657,5416,'_yoast_wpseo_title','YouTube Online Distribution Network | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211877,5521,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Legal Position Of Testimonials and Sponsorships Within Medical Advertising in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212881,5273,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Recruiting and Retaining Healthcare Professionals | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212676,5368,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Oman: 25 Years of Progress | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212324,5469,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Fight Against Cybercrime | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212895,5259,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of Law No. 21 for 2015 Establishing the Judicial Fees before the Dubai Courts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213072,5220,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What is a Jebel Ali Free Zone Offshore Company? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(215758,4429,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212948,5245,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Considering the Legal Position in the UAE for Publishing Photographs Online | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212781,5357,'_yoast_wpseo_title','DFSA’s Decision on MAS Clearsight: A Review | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212663,5378,'_yoast_wpseo_title','100% Corporate Ownership in Oman? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212865,5291,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Achieving Innovation through 3D Printing | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211844,5522,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Look at Nonconventional Trademarks for Pharmaceuticals in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211813,5523,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Investing in Dubai’s Healthcare Sector through a Clinic/Polyclinic | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213057,5222,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Future of the UAE Maritime Industry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212722,5404,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar Court of Cassation Finds Individual Company Members Can Represent Company | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212813,5325,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar: Insurers and Arbitration Clauses | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212314,5472,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar Attorney General is New Chair of \"IAACA\" | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218150,4878,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Dubai’s New Hotel Industry Initiatives | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213003,5227,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Global Market: Public Consultation on Data Protection | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212683,5362,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Reaching a Consensus on Aviation Emissions | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(215789,4281,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212652,5420,'_yoast_wpseo_title','When Property, Technology, Media and Telecommunications Meet | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212797,5340,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Market Slowdown: Time for Hotel Acquisitions? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212784,5352,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Kuwait: The Impact of the New CMA Regulations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212882,5272,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Protecting Medical & Pharmaceutical Inventions in the GCC Countries | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213106,5214,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New UAE Law against hate crimes and discrimination | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212842,5312,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Using Dispute Adjudication Boards to Resolve Construction Disputes | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212139,5489,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Supervisory Visits by the DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212816,5322,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How does Bahrain’s Financial Regulatory Approach Compare with the Rest of the GCC? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212891,5264,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Offering Flexibility to Shareholders and a Corporate Financing Tool in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212310,5475,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Competition Law in Qatar: A Closer Look | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(215785,4277,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(215787,4279,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212684,5414,'_yoast_wpseo_title','TRA Regulation of Misleading Telecommunications Advertising in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213052,5224,'_yoast_wpseo_title','ADGM Real Property Regulations and Strata Title Regulations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212951,5243,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A New UAE Data Protection Law? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212888,5267,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Legal and Regulatory Investigations to follow | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(215791,4266,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212301,5484,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Abu Dhabi Establishes English-Language Commercial Courts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212829,5319,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Upcoming Deadline to register as a Developer in Abu Dhabi | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(218152,4932,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New dots | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212835,5318,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Strength of Trademarks | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212870,5286,'_yoast_wpseo_title','European Court of Justice Decision Impacts on DIFC Data Protection | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(215786,4278,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(218716,7056,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(215790,4276,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212965,5233,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Insight into the New Jordanian Investment Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212880,5274,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Approvals required for printed healthcare advertisements across the GCC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212599,5440,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Eureka! Monetising Research in the Education Sector | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212303,5483,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Time, Payment, Performance Bonds and Termination Under the 1999 FIDIC Red Book | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212837,5316,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Gulf Airlines Competition Challenge by US and EU | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212681,5364,'_yoast_wpseo_title','How Al Tamimi’s Newsletter Evolved with the Legal Landscape it Represents | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212439,5455,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Importance of Due Diligence Exercise in the Emirate of Dubai | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212643,5426,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An Overview of the Issuing and Offering of Securities in Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212339,5460,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Regulation of Cloud Computing in Saudi Arabia | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212868,5288,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Renewal of Leases in Dubai: Insight for Landlords and Tenants | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212064,5501,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Ship Arrest in Saudi Arabia (Introduction to the Domestic Practice) | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212950,5244,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Trolling the Online Abuse Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219329,942,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212592,5448,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Bahrain Adopts New Measures For Businesses | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212720,5406,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Well-known Trademark: Bad Faith and Prior Use in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212773,5385,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Intellectual Property in the High Fashion Industry | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212172,5488,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A New Electronic Transactions Law in the DIFC | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(215788,4280,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212869,5287,'_yoast_wpseo_title','eHealth and Telemedicine in the Gulf: A Two-Part Guide | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212337,5461,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Patent Filing in Jordan, Iran and Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219328,942,'_lawyerLeaveCompany','field_5b14cd3a17e76'),
	(219327,942,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(212311,5474,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Copyright Protection in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212896,5258,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Functions of the Federal Supreme Court | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219860,1375,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Justin Carroll'),
	(219859,7429,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(211778,5528,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Treating Cosmetics as Pharmaceuticals in Qatar: Time For A Makeover? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211578,5552,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Oil & Gas: Innovation and IP Protection to Combat an Uncertain Future | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219324,7681,'_sidebar','field_59ccd0a1283de'),
	(219323,7681,'sidebar','1'),
	(219322,7681,'_sidebar_0_sidebarLinks','field_59ccd174283e1'),
	(219321,7681,'sidebar_0_sidebarLinks','2'),
	(215776,4262,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(219320,7681,'_sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_1_sidebarLink','field_59ccd1b1283e2'),
	(211570,5559,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Managing Political Risk in Iraq: The Legal Framework | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219319,7681,'sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_1_sidebarLink','522'),
	(212793,5345,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Direct Agreements in Hotel Financings | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219318,7681,'_sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_0_sidebarLink','field_59ccd1b1283e2'),
	(219317,7681,'sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_0_sidebarLink','554'),
	(212325,5468,'_yoast_wpseo_title','False Information in Company Documents May Lead to Jail | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219316,7681,'_sidebar_0_sidebarTitle','field_59ccd8b9b4f91'),
	(211571,5558,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Security Concerns in Iraq Increase Media Regulation | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219315,7681,'sidebar_0_sidebarTitle','Key Contacts'),
	(212843,5311,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Should you Mediate? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219314,7681,'_relatedArticles','field_59d349d04107c'),
	(212658,5415,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Proposal to Support FinTechs within the ADGM | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212971,5232,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Property Development in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219313,7681,'relatedArticles',''),
	(219312,7681,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(212863,5292,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Advertising with Caution: Guidelines to Medical Advertising | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219311,7681,'related_pages',''),
	(211581,5550,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Trademark Protection: Key Considerations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219310,7681,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(219309,7681,'related_pages_header',''),
	(219308,7681,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(219307,7681,'orderValue4','4'),
	(219306,7681,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(219305,7681,'file',''),
	(219304,7681,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(212312,5473,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Breach of Trust under the Kuwaiti Penal Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219303,7681,'core_values',''),
	(219302,7681,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(212796,5342,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Standard Terms for Agreement with Live Performers at a Hotel Venue in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(213118,5212,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Cyber Crimes: Fighting Unlawful Immitation and Fraudulent Schemes | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212591,5449,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Importance of Opposing Trademark Applications in Bahrain | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219301,7681,'content','<img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7675\" src=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/News-Banner-Litigation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1700\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\nHis Highness Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, in his capacity as the Chairman of the Judicial Department of Abu Dhabi, has issued Resolution No. 13 for 2018 introducing fees for auction service of movable and immovable properties sold in enforcement of judicial judgments and orders in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (the “Resolution”).\r\n\r\nThe Resolution introduces new service fee for marketing and organising auction for sale of immovable, movable and vehicles following a final judgment or order from the Courts (“Service Fee”). The Resolution introduces a fee of 5% and 4% as service fee for the sale of movable and immovable properties, respectively without a cap on the fee.\r\n\r\nThe Resolution does not specify who will pay the Service Fee and when it will be paid. However, it indicates that the payment will be made from the proceeds of the sale and shall be borne by the Judgment Debtor.\r\n\r\nIt is to be noted that the prior to this, a judge usually requests the Judgment Creditor to deposit an amount to be determined by him against the cost and expenses of the auction including lawyer’s fees. These fees were set at 2% of the sale proceeds up to a maximum of AED 30,000, which is considerably less than the new fee.\r\n\r\nThe Resolution has come into effect upon its issuance on 24 April 2018 and will be published in the Official Gazette.\r\n\r\nThe Resolution is issued based on the powers vested on the Chairman of the Judicial Department of Abu Dhabi under Article (65) of Law No. 13 of 2017 concerning the Judicial Fees payable in the Emirate.\r\n\r\nOf particular interest:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>5% of the value of the sale by auction shall be levied for the sale of immovable properties such as lands and buildings;</li>\r\n 	<li>4 % of the value of the sale of movable properties by auction such as vehicles.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nFor more information please contact our <strong><a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/litigation/\">Litigation Practice</a></strong>.'),
	(219300,7681,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(219299,7681,'content_description',''),
	(219298,7681,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(219297,7681,'content_header',''),
	(219296,7681,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(219295,7681,'orderValue3','3'),
	(219294,7681,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(219293,7681,'timeline',''),
	(219292,7681,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(211557,5568,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Implied Jurisdiction of the DIFC Court to Appoint an Arbitral Tribunal | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219291,7681,'timeline_header',''),
	(219290,7681,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(219289,7681,'orderValue2','2'),
	(219288,7681,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(219287,7681,'stats_list',''),
	(219286,7681,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(219285,7681,'orderValue1','1'),
	(219284,7681,'_author_email','field_59ccae9dc0484'),
	(219273,7681,'newsPractices','638'),
	(219274,7681,'_newsPractices','field_59e8a0e952a26'),
	(219275,7681,'pageBanner',''),
	(219276,7681,'_pageBanner','field_59d238c922b29'),
	(219277,7681,'design_option','portrait'),
	(219278,7681,'_design_option','field_59ca2523205ee'),
	(219279,7681,'image','7676'),
	(219280,7681,'_image','field_59ccae6ec0481'),
	(219281,7681,'author_name',''),
	(212593,5446,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Investing in Iran’s Education Sector | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219282,7681,'_author_name','field_59ccae90c0483'),
	(219283,7681,'author_email',''),
	(212851,5302,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Egypt Introduces for the First Time a Secured Transactions Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219272,7680,'_wp_attached_file','2017/10/Al-Khobar.pdf'),
	(212961,5238,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Jordan Banking Law: Highlights and Amendments | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212789,5348,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Iran’s Emerging Hospitality Market | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212981,5230,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Using Venue Access to Control Coverage of Sporting Events | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212854,5299,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Part I: How does Bahrain’s Financial Regulatory Approach Compare with the Rest of the GCC? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219268,7674,'sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_1_sidebarLink','522'),
	(219267,7674,'_sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_0_sidebarLink','field_59ccd1b1283e2'),
	(219264,7674,'sidebar_0_sidebarTitle','Key Contacts'),
	(219265,7674,'_sidebar_0_sidebarTitle','field_59ccd8b9b4f91'),
	(219266,7674,'sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_0_sidebarLink','554'),
	(212655,5418,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Importance of Expert Evidence in Disputes Involving Technology and Software Matters | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212849,5306,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Debts Arising from Gambling Contracts are Uncollectable in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219269,7674,'_sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_1_sidebarLink','field_59ccd1b1283e2'),
	(219270,7674,'sidebar_0_sidebarLinks','2'),
	(219271,7674,'_sidebar_0_sidebarLinks','field_59ccd174283e1'),
	(219258,7679,'_wp_attached_file','2017/09/Untitled-1.jpg'),
	(219259,7679,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:300;s:6:\"height\";i:300;s:4:\"file\";s:22:\"2017/09/Untitled-1.jpg\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:1:{s:9:\"thumbnail\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:22:\"Untitled-1-150x150.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:150;s:6:\"height\";i:150;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),
	(212883,5271,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Administrative Options in Kuwait for Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219253,7676,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:500;s:6:\"height\";i:500;s:4:\"file\";s:31:\"2018/07/Newsroom-Litigation.jpg\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:2:{s:9:\"thumbnail\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:31:\"Newsroom-Litigation-150x150.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:150;s:6:\"height\";i:150;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}s:6:\"medium\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:31:\"Newsroom-Litigation-300x300.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:300;s:6:\"height\";i:300;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),
	(219252,7676,'_wp_attached_file','2018/07/Newsroom-Litigation.jpg'),
	(212638,5430,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Registration of Trademark Owners Under Egyptian Ministerial Decree 43/2016 | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(211774,5532,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Enforceability of Bank Facility Agreements in Qatar | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212597,5442,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Gap between Education, Talent and Technology in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219251,7675,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:1700;s:6:\"height\";i:400;s:4:\"file\";s:34:\"2018/07/News-Banner-Litigation.jpg\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:4:{s:9:\"thumbnail\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:34:\"News-Banner-Litigation-150x150.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:150;s:6:\"height\";i:150;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}s:6:\"medium\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:33:\"News-Banner-Litigation-300x71.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:300;s:6:\"height\";i:71;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}s:12:\"medium_large\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:34:\"News-Banner-Litigation-768x181.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:768;s:6:\"height\";i:181;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}s:5:\"large\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:35:\"News-Banner-Litigation-1024x241.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:1024;s:6:\"height\";i:241;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),
	(219250,7675,'_wp_attached_file','2018/07/News-Banner-Litigation.jpg'),
	(219249,7674,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(212670,5373,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Redundancy: GCC Considerations | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219248,7674,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(219247,7674,'_sidebar','field_59ccd0a1283de'),
	(219246,7674,'sidebar','1'),
	(219245,7674,'_relatedArticles','field_59d349d04107c'),
	(219244,7674,'relatedArticles',''),
	(219243,7674,'_related_pages','field_59b6434af4880'),
	(219242,7674,'related_pages',''),
	(219241,7674,'_related_pages_header','field_59b6441e3cc94'),
	(219240,7674,'related_pages_header',''),
	(219239,7674,'_orderValue4','field_59d2096a8ff34'),
	(219238,7674,'orderValue4','4'),
	(219237,7674,'_file','field_59b64c10f6600'),
	(219236,7674,'file',''),
	(219235,7674,'_core_values','field_59b64ab071de4'),
	(219234,7674,'core_values',''),
	(219233,7674,'_content','field_59b649b5c8b2b'),
	(213083,5218,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An update on the DIFC Courts | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212308,5477,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Accepted Logos Under Egypt Trademark Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212878,5276,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Entering the healthcare sector in Kuwait | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212877,5277,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Egypt: New Committee for Investment Contract disputes | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212304,5482,'_yoast_wpseo_title','What is the Secret Behind a Quick Judgment in Qatar? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212890,5265,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Can Islamic and Conventional Financing Co-exist? | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212783,5355,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Annulment of Arbitral Award against Egyptian Satirist Bassem Youssef | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219232,7674,'content','His Highness Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, in his capacity as the Chairman of the Judicial Department of Abu Dhabi, has issued Resolution No. 13 for 2018 introducing fees for auction service of movable and immovable properties sold in enforcement of judicial judgments and orders in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (the “Resolution”).\r\n\r\nThe Resolution introduces new service fee for marketing and organising auction for sale of immovable, movable and vehicles following a final judgment or order from the Courts (“Service Fee”). The Resolution introduces a fee of 5% and 4% as service fee for the sale of movable and immovable properties, respectively without a cap on the fee.\r\n\r\nThe Resolution does not specify who will pay the Service Fee and when it will be paid. However, it indicates that the payment will be made from the proceeds of the sale and shall be borne by the Judgment Debtor.\r\n\r\nIt is to be noted that the prior to this, a judge usually requests the Judgment Creditor to deposit an amount to be determined by him against the cost and expenses of the auction including lawyer’s fees. These fees were set at 2% of the sale proceeds up to a maximum of AED 30,000, which is considerably less than the new fee.\r\n\r\nThe Resolution has come into effect upon its issuance on 24 April 2018 and will be published in the Official Gazette.\r\n\r\nThe Resolution is issued based on the powers vested on the Chairman of the Judicial Department of Abu Dhabi under Article (65) of Law No. 13 of 2017 concerning the Judicial Fees payable in the Emirate.\r\n\r\nOf particular interest:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>5% of the value of the sale by auction shall be levied for the sale of immovable properties such as lands and buildings;</li>\r\n 	<li>4 % of the value of the sale of movable properties by auction such as vehicles.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nFor more information please contact our <strong><a href=\"http://localhost:8888/tamimi/practice/litigation/\">Litigation Practice</a></strong>.'),
	(221785,7674,'_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms',''),
	(221788,7830,'sidebar_0_sidebarLinks_0_sidebarLink','838'),
	(219632,7439,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(212941,5250,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The New Abu Dhabi Property Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212654,5419,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Crowdfunding Platforms in the UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219231,7674,'_content_description','field_59b641c07f473'),
	(219230,7674,'content_description',''),
	(219229,7674,'_content_header','field_59b641b57f472'),
	(219228,7674,'content_header',''),
	(219227,7674,'_orderValue3','field_59d2094f8ff33'),
	(219226,7674,'orderValue3','3'),
	(219225,7674,'_timeline','field_59b63b29266de'),
	(219224,7674,'timeline',''),
	(219223,7674,'_timeline_header','field_59b63de5b74bf'),
	(219222,7674,'timeline_header',''),
	(219221,7674,'_orderValue2','field_59d0c6f6175b8'),
	(219220,7674,'orderValue2','2'),
	(219219,7674,'_stats_list','field_59b6372466bcc'),
	(219218,7674,'stats_list',''),
	(219217,7674,'_orderValue1','field_59d0c6e5175b5'),
	(219216,7674,'orderValue1','1'),
	(219215,7674,'_author_email','field_59ccae9dc0484'),
	(219214,7674,'author_email',''),
	(219213,7674,'_author_name','field_59ccae90c0483'),
	(212977,5231,'_yoast_wpseo_title','An analysis: Overtime provisions in Egypt | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212900,5252,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Security for Costs in DIFC Litigation | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212668,5374,'_yoast_wpseo_title','A Quick Guide to the New Abu Dhabi Strata Law | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219212,7674,'author_name',''),
	(212804,5336,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Governance: A Necessity for the Family in Business | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212963,5236,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Egypt: Acquisition of Listed Companies | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219211,7674,'_image','field_59ccae6ec0481'),
	(219210,7674,'image','7676'),
	(212665,5377,'_yoast_wpseo_title','New Kuwait Trademark Registration Procedures | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219209,7674,'_design_option','field_59ca2523205ee'),
	(219208,7674,'design_option','portrait'),
	(212859,5295,'_yoast_wpseo_title','UAE Labour Market Reform Update: What Employers Need to Know | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219207,7674,'_pageBanner','field_59d238c922b29'),
	(219206,7674,'pageBanner',''),
	(219205,7674,'_newsPractices','field_59e8a0e952a26'),
	(219204,7674,'newsPractices','638'),
	(219203,7674,'_edit_last','5'),
	(219202,7674,'_edit_lock','1531901306:5'),
	(212306,5478,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Mixed-Use Projects in Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(212872,5284,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Qatar: Dispute Resolution Clauses | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(207990,7347,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Jane Rahman is a Senior Counsel in the Arbitration team. She has represented clients in arbitration proceedings under ICSID, UNCITRAL, ICC, LCIA and Milan Chamber of Commerce Rules.'),
	(207992,7344,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Andrew has a wide array of experience advising clients in the sports and events sector on sponsorship; broadcasting; merchandising; licensing; player contracts; intermediary issues; athlete endorsement; disciplinary issues; regulatory matters and disputes. Email him at a.moroney@tamimi.com'),
	(207995,7308,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Anuj is an Indian qualified lawyer with a 5-year experience in indirect tax. He is a member of Corporate Commercial Tax Team. Prior to joining Al Tamimi & Company, Anuj was working at a leading tax law firm in New Delhi, India.'),
	(207998,7306,'_yoast_wpseo_title','Anna Robinson | Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions | Dubai Maze Tower, UAE | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(207999,7306,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Anna is experienced in many areas of corporate work including regional private equity and venture capital funding, local and cross-border mergers and acquisitions and joint ventures.'),
	(208001,7238,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Eslam is a skilled litigator and is experienced in litigation proceedings, civil and commercial disputes before all courts. He specialises in criminal cases and his expertize involves liaising closely with the authorities including police and the public prosecution.'),
	(208003,7225,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Nazanin advises clients on wide range of Iran-related matters including sanctions, the implication of JCPOA and OFAC prohibited exports, imports, transshipment and trade related transactions involving Iran.'),
	(208005,7178,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Issey Park is an Associate in the Arbitration Department in Dubai. He is also affiliated with the Korea Group. Issey’s practice focuses on International Dispute Resolution. His interests include in particular International Arbitration and Private International Law.'),
	(208007,7169,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ayed is a qualified practicing lawyer with significant experience in all aspects of corporate including, joint ventures, establishing new entities, corporate restructuring, corporate governance, liquidation and general corporate matters.'),
	(208010,7164,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Marja Boman is a Senior Associate in the Regional Financial Crime Practice in Dubai. She has qualified in Finland in addition to holding the qualification of a Solicitor in England and Wales.'),
	(208012,7155,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohamed specialises in litigation and dispute resolutions. He has particular expertise in complex corporate and commercial disputes. He also has considerable experience in reviewing and drafting civil and commercial agreements.'),
	(208014,7144,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Janet is a UK and Malaysian qualified lawyer. Janet specialises in advising on VAT and corporate tax aspects in a broad range of industry sectors, including finance, luxury retail, real estate and telecommunications.'),
	(208016,7109,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Xavier is a lawyer qualified in Spain, with over 5 years of international tax experience. Xavier has advised a wide-range of clients including financial institutions, large multinationals, family offices and local companies in Spain.'),
	(208018,7099,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Samer has over 15 years’ litigation and arbitration experience with a particular focus on corporate, commercial, labour, administrative, regulatory, Criminal, and real estate matters.'),
	(208021,7097,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Adham specialises in M&A, joint ventures, capital market transactions, corporate structuring, SPAs, due diligences, and project finance. He also has particular expertise in conflict of laws and international litigation and investment arbitration.'),
	(208023,7093,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Inas Farah is an Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Cairo. She has over six years of legal experience and works on a broad range of corporate and commercial matters.'),
	(208026,7084,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Hassan Al Jarrah is the Head of the Corporate Structuring practice in Abu Dhabi. Hassan has extensive experience working in a broad range of corporate and commercial matters.'),
	(208028,7081,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Amro Abashar is an Associate in the Litigation practice in Dubai. Amro specialises in handling real estate, civil and commercial disputes before all courts and special committees of the UAE. He also has particular expertise in relation to enforcement/nullification proceedings of arbitration awards.'),
	(208031,7080,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Osama Shabaan is an associate in the intellectual Property in Abu Dhabi. Osama is also a member of the Egyptian Bar Association and International Bar Association. He specialises in IP matters especially litigation and enforcement and related corporate matters.'),
	(208033,7066,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Allaeddin (Dean) Jaloudi is an Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Dubai. Dean specialises in corporate, transactional, and capital markets matters in the UAE and Kuwait. He also has experience in corporate and transactional matters in Saudi Arabia.'),
	(208035,7063,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohamed is a Senior Associate in Al Tamimi & Company’s Litigation Department specialising in legislative drafting and litigation. He has more than 20 years experience working in both the government and private sector, drafting legislation and contracts and representing these sectors before all courts.'),
	(208038,7056,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Samarth Chaddha is an Associate in our Banking and Finance practice in Dubai. In addition to general transaction experience, Samarth has experience assisting Indian and international banks and global financial institutions on questions of banking law.'),
	(208040,6932,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Dr. Khaled Attia is a Partner and Head of Dispute Resolution Group in Cairo Office. Khaled has over 23 years of experience in the legal field.'),
	(219200,7673,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:300;s:6:\"height\";i:300;s:4:\"file\";s:30:\"2017/09/Bandar-Al-Hamidani.jpg\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:1:{s:9:\"thumbnail\";a:4:{s:4:\"file\";s:30:\"Bandar-Al-Hamidani-150x150.jpg\";s:5:\"width\";i:150;s:6:\"height\";i:150;s:9:\"mime-type\";s:10:\"image/jpeg\";}}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),
	(208043,6853,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Saif is a bilingual, highly experienced and skilled litigator with extensive knowledge of the law and judicial system. His expertise involves claims and arbitration proceedings relating to construction, corporate matters, banking, and enforcement of foreign awards and more.'),
	(219199,7673,'_wp_attached_file','2017/09/Bandar-Al-Hamidani.jpg'),
	(219198,667,'_related_pages_21_page','field_59b64384f4881'),
	(208047,6820,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208048,6820,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208050,6820,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Nasouh Raslan is an Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Abu Dhabi. Before switching to law, he acquired private sector experience in the food & beverage industry and in strategy consulting.'),
	(219197,667,'related_pages_21_page','878'),
	(219196,1568,'_related_pages_4_page','field_59b64384f4881'),
	(219195,1568,'related_pages_4_page','798'),
	(219194,798,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(219193,798,'_lawyerSectors_1_lawyerSector','field_59d20ca2810cd'),
	(219192,798,'lawyerSectors_1_lawyerSector','667'),
	(208061,6697,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sergejs is an Associate in Al Tamimi & Company’s Arbitration team in Dubai. He specialises in international arbitration and all aspects of international dispute settlement with a focus on international commercial, investment and energy laws.'),
	(219191,798,'_lawyerSectors_0_lawyerSector','field_59d20ca2810cd'),
	(219190,798,'lawyerSectors_0_lawyerSector','1568'),
	(219189,798,'_lawyerLeaveCompany','field_5b14cd3a17e76'),
	(211574,5556,'_yoast_wpseo_title','The Pharmaceutical Sector in Jordan | Al Tamimi & Company'),
	(219188,798,'_yst_prominent_words_version','1'),
	(225680,8108,'_wp_attached_file','2018/08/shutterstock_574104421-2.jpg'),
	(208109,6218,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208110,6218,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208111,6218,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208112,6218,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208113,6218,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208114,6218,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208116,6218,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ammar Al Humairi is an Associate in the Corporate structuring practice. He is based in Baghdad. Ammar completed several programs training with Tamimi & co for the last 3 years.'),
	(208117,5746,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208118,5746,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208119,5746,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208120,5746,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208122,5746,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Abdelrahman Sherif is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Abu Dhabi. He has over 6 years of post-qualified experience focusing on areas of mergers and acquisitions, corporate, commercial and real estate joint ventures.'),
	(208123,1868,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208124,1868,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208125,1868,'contact_no2',''),
	(208126,1868,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208127,1868,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208128,1868,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208129,1868,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208130,1868,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208132,1868,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Khaled Albelooshi is a Litigation lawyer based on the Ras Al Khaimah office. Khaled worked for more than 14 years in the Ministry of the Interior and specialized in criminal investigation and forensic research with the ability to deal with the crime scene, specializes in negotiations and settlement of other cases.'),
	(208133,1850,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208134,1850,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208135,1850,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208136,1850,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208137,1850,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208138,1850,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208140,1850,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Hala Khaled Bakhsh is an Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Riyadh. She is a bilingual lawyer fluent in both English and Arabic. She drafted numerous term sheets, joint ventures agreements, shareholders agreements, share purchase agreements and subscription agreements for a number of clients.'),
	(208142,1677,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohamed Khodeir is a Corporate Commercial Partner at Al Tamimi & Company handling expansion of the corporate commercial practise across the region. Mohamed has been involved in the firm’s regional expansion, previously managing two of Al Tamimi’s largest offices outside the UAE.'),
	(208143,1544,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208144,1544,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208145,1544,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208146,1544,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208147,1544,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208148,1544,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208150,1544,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Matthew Heaton is the Head of Office in Qatar, and he also forms part of Qatar’s Banking & Finance practice. Matthew has broad experience of all aspects of finance law, acting for both borrowers and lenders.'),
	(208151,1543,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208152,1543,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208153,1543,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208154,1543,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208156,1543,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Bachir A Chakra is a Senior Associate in the Intellectual Property (IP) practice in Dubai. He has over 11 years of transactional and advisory experience and works on a broad range of IP contentious and non-contentious matters.'),
	(208157,1229,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208158,1229,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208159,1229,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208160,1229,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208162,1229,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Zeinab Shohdy is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Egypt. Zeinab has experience in acquisition transactions, due diligence processes, drafting of pertinent reports and high level issues reports and more.'),
	(208163,1130,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208164,1130,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208166,1130,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohammad is a competent lawyer with specialty in litigation. He has practiced on several high level cases and showed that he response sharply and actually. He litigated on behalf of clients on a range of areas of the law, such as Commercial, Civil, Labour, Arbitration, Malpractice and Criminal.'),
	(208168,957,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Essam Al Tamimi established what is now the largest law firm in the Middle East, Al Tamimi & Company and currently holds the position of Senior Partner at the firm. He has over thirty-four years of experience in litigation and arbitration in the UAE and the GCC countries covering almost all fields of law.'),
	(208169,956,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208170,956,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208172,956,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Waleed Shalabi is a Senior Associate in the Regional Financial Crime practice in Dubai. Using his extensive knowledge of the UAE laws and regulations, Waleed provides excellent and efficient assistance to both corporate and individual clients.'),
	(208173,955,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208174,955,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208176,955,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Rita Jaballah is a Partner in Al Tamimi & Company’s Dispute Resolution practice and leads its Dubai International Financial Centre Courts practice group. Rita has extensive experience of handling complex, high value local and international disputes.'),
	(208177,954,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208178,954,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208179,954,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208180,954,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208182,954,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Osama Daneshyar is a Senior Associate in the Regional Financial Crime practice in Dubai. Specialising in criminal law, he had appeared in many of the most complex and high profile cases, several of which were reported in the Law Reports.'),
	(208183,952,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208184,952,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208186,952,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohammad is a professional lawyer who has more than seventeen years of experience in practicing law; he is a specialist in litigation and disputes resolution.'),
	(208188,949,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohamed Abou Sakr is employed with Al Tamimi & Company for the last 14 years. He is a Senior Counsel in the Dispute Resolution Department who primarily advises on litigation matters.'),
	(208189,948,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208190,948,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208191,948,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208192,948,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208194,948,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Khalid AlSuwaidi is a Senior Associate in the Regional Financial Crime practice in Dubai. Khalid served for almost twenty years with the Police Force in Dubai and has amassed a wealth of experience and expertise in financial crime, with a special focus on anti-money laundering and combatting the financing of terrorism.'),
	(208195,947,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208196,947,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208197,947,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208198,947,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208200,947,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Khalid is a Partner and the Head of the Financial Crime practice in Dubai. Khalid has extensive experience representing government owned corporations, financial institutions and high profile clients in corporate commercial fraud, bribery and money laundering cases including multiple jurisdictions.'),
	(208202,946,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ibtissem Lassoued is a Partner in the Regional Financial Crime practice in Dubai. Ibtissem has extensive experience advising a variety of clientele on a spectrum of white collar crime matters which have spanned the globe.'),
	(219182,7671,'_lawyerLocations_0_lawyerLocation','field_59d5f4e7bdd6e'),
	(208240,938,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Willem is a Partner in the Corporate Commercial group and has over 12 years of transactional and advisory experience working on a broad range of contentious and non-contentious corporate and commercial matters.'),
	(208241,937,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208242,937,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208243,937,'contact_no2',''),
	(208244,937,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208245,937,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208246,937,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208247,937,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208248,937,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208250,937,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Wajd Najjar is an associate in the Corporate Structuring Department in Dubai. Her experience included advising corporate clients on a wide range of Jordanian laws, including the commercial law, companies’ law, competition law, baking law and employment law.'),
	(208252,936,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Vincent is a British national and has over 20 years experience of handling aviation commercial disputes, advising on government and regulatory matters as advisor to airlines and aviation trade bodies, and advising on all aspects of aviation finance , aviation commercial matters, transport and insurance.'),
	(208254,935,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Tom is a Partner and the firm’s Head of Arbitration based in the Dubai office. He is experienced in international commercial arbitration, international investment disputes, state-to-state arbitration, and foreign sovereign immunity issues.'),
	(208255,934,'lawyerVideos_0_lawyerVideo',''),
	(208256,934,'_lawyerVideos_0_lawyerVideo','field_5a03eb7c4a9ee'),
	(208258,934,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Tariq qualified as a lawyer in Amman, Jordan in 2008. Tariq has been involved in numerous ship arrest cases and cargo claims, as well as a number of aviation and insurance disputes.'),
	(208259,932,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208260,932,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208261,932,'contact_no2',''),
	(208262,932,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208263,932,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208264,932,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208265,932,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208266,932,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208268,932,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Tarek AlAyyashi is an Associate in the Corporate Structuring department. Tarek is involved in various transactions, assisted in corporate due diligences; assisted in preparation of transaction documents for share acquisition of corporate entities in UAE main land and more!'),
	(208269,931,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208270,931,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208271,931,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208272,931,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208274,931,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Tara Marlow is Head of our regional Real Estate, Hotels & Leisure practices. Tara accepted the role of general counsel of the hotels division of a Dubai based hotel development and asset management company.'),
	(219180,7671,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208276,930,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208277,930,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208278,930,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208279,930,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208280,930,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208281,930,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208283,930,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Taiba Al Safar is an Emirati lawyer currently practicing with the Litigation department as a Senior Associate. Taiba Al Safar has over ten years of legal experience in handling diverse civil, commercial and criminal litigation.'),
	(208284,929,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208285,929,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208286,929,'contact_no2',''),
	(208287,929,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208288,929,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208289,929,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208290,929,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208291,929,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208293,929,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Suzzane Abdullah is an Associate in the Litigation practice in Dubai. Suzanne has extensive experience in litigation/advisory aspects related to Civil, Commercial, Companies, IP/IT, Construction, Banking, Insurance and Arbitration etc.).'),
	(208295,928,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Stuart is a UK-qualified Solicitor, He has nearly 20 years’ experience gained in the Middle East, South East Asia and the United Kingdom, working in both private practice and in-house legal roles.'),
	(208296,927,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208297,927,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208298,927,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208299,927,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208300,927,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208301,927,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208303,927,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Steve Bainbridge is the Head of the Sports & Events Management sector. Steve is also a member of the Hotels & Leisure group. Steve has experience advising on a wide array of transactions underpinning the sports sector from sponsorship deals to athlete endorsement agreements and more.'),
	(208304,926,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208305,926,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208306,926,'contact_no2',''),
	(208307,926,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208308,926,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208309,926,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208310,926,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208311,926,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208313,926,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Stephen Jiew is a Senior Associate in the Intellectual Property practice in Dubai. Stephen gained invaluable experience in IP prosecution and contentious matters for a diverse range of US and Japanese MNCs in the biotechnology and electronics sectors.'),
	(208314,925,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208315,925,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208316,925,'contact_no2',''),
	(208317,925,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208318,925,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208319,925,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208320,925,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208321,925,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208323,925,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Stephany Malhame is a bilingual litigator practicing as an Associate in the firm’s DIFC Litigation department. She notably focuses on banking, finance, corporate and commercial disputes.'),
	(208324,924,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208325,924,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208326,924,'contact_no2',''),
	(208327,924,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208328,924,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208329,924,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208330,924,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208331,924,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208333,924,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Siri Hashem is a shipping and maritime lawyer based in the Dubai office of Al Tamimi & Company. Sari has solid field experience in arbitration preparation regarding ship-owners, insurance companies, traders and P&I clubs.'),
	(208334,923,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208335,923,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208336,923,'contact_no2',''),
	(208337,923,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208338,923,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208339,923,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208340,923,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208341,923,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208343,923,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Shiraz Khan is a Senior Tax advisor in the Tax practice in Dubai. Shiraz specialises in advising on international tax structuring and tax aspects of cross-border M&A, private equity, structured finance, Islamic finance and real estate transactions.'),
	(208344,922,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208345,922,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208346,922,'contact_no2',''),
	(208347,922,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208348,922,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208349,922,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208350,922,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208351,922,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208353,922,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sherif Rahman is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Dubai. Sherif has been involved in many sophisticated corporate structuring and restructuring deals in the United Arab Emirates and the region.'),
	(208355,921,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Shaikha Buhumaid is an Associate in the Litigation department at Al Tamimi & Company in Dubai (DIFC office) since 2016. She is advising and handling litigation matters relating to real estate, commercial and civil disputes as well as various criminal matters.'),
	(208357,919,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sara is a Senior Associate with Al Tamimi & Company based in the Dubai office. Sara’s practice focuses on arbitration and complex litigation. Sara regularly advises and represents clients in international and domestic arbitration proceedings.'),
	(208359,918,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208360,918,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208361,918,'contact_no2',''),
	(208362,918,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208363,918,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208364,918,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208365,918,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208366,918,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208368,918,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sana Saleem is an Associate in the Technology, Media and Telecommunications practice in Dubai. Sana has advised clients across the full range of technology, media and telecommunication matters including technology transactions, privacy and data protection, electronic signatures and e-commerce and more.'),
	(219179,7671,'_yoast_wpseo_content_score','30'),
	(208370,917,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208371,917,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208373,917,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Samir heads up the firm’s employment department, which is the largest team of specialist employment lawyers in the Middle East. His practice covers the full range of employment law issues, contentious and non-contentious.'),
	(219178,7671,'_relatedArticles','field_59d349d04107c'),
	(219177,7671,'relatedArticles',''),
	(219176,7671,'_lawyerCountryDesks','field_59d20ce7810cf'),
	(219175,7671,'lawyerCountryDesks',''),
	(219174,7671,'_lawyerSectors','field_59d20ca2810cc'),
	(219173,7671,'lawyerSectors',''),
	(219172,7671,'_practices','field_59b277d9c6f54'),
	(219171,7671,'practices','1'),
	(219170,7671,'_admission','field_59b2711bb4391'),
	(219169,7671,'admission','2008 – Sindh High Court Bar Association\r\n\r\n2005 – Karachi Bar Association'),
	(219168,7671,'_education','field_59b2710ab4390'),
	(219167,7671,'education','2004 – <em>Bachelor of Law</em>, Karachi University'),
	(208388,915,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208389,915,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208390,915,'contact_no2',''),
	(208391,915,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208392,915,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208393,915,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208394,915,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208395,915,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208397,915,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Partner Samer Qudah heads the Corporate Structuring Department of Al Tamimi & Company. Samer has extensive experience in structuring and restructuring entities and businesses for clients operating throughout the Gulf and the broader Middle East region.'),
	(219166,7671,'_languages','field_59b270e3b438f'),
	(219165,7671,'languages','<ul>\r\n 	<li>English</li>\r\n 	<li>Urdu</li>\r\n</ul>'),
	(217558,946,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(219164,7671,'_recent_dealsexperience','field_59b27091b438e'),
	(208403,914,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208404,914,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208405,914,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208406,914,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208408,914,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Samantha is an Associate in the Real Estate practice joining Al Tamimi & Company. Samantha’ s experience includes advising on acquisitions and disposals of various high value property transactions with complex trust structures, real estate aspects of corporate transactions.'),
	(216339,888,'_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords','[]'),
	(208421,913,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208422,913,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208423,913,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208424,913,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208425,913,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208426,913,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208428,913,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sakshi Puri is a Senior Associate in the Banking and Finance practice in Dubai. Sakshi is also a member of the Education group. She\'s involved with syndicated lending transactions for asset finance, acquisition finance and project finance.'),
	(219163,7671,'recent_dealsexperience','<ul>\r\n 	<li>Advising a <strong>company involved in the restaurant business</strong> on the restructuring of its company in Qatar</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a <strong>company involved in trading of electrical equipment and electrical cables</strong> on the restructuring of its company in Qatar</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a <strong>multinational company on setting up a manufacturing facility</strong> in Qatar</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a <strong>company involved in the textile business</strong> on the restructuring of its company in Qatar</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a company on the various options available to it to establish a presence in Qatar</li>\r\n</ul>'),
	(208432,911,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sakher is a member of the Transport and Insurance team based in Dubai. He is highly involved in shipping, maritime and insurance matters. Sakher’s experience as Marine and Insurance lawyer is focused on the litigation and dispute resolution aspects.'),
	(208433,910,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208434,910,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208435,910,'contact_no2',''),
	(208436,910,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208437,910,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208438,910,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208439,910,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208440,910,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208442,910,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Sabrina is an English-qualified Associate specialising in employment law; she is also an Employment Representative within the Al Tamimi Healthcare Sector Group. She advises foreign and local companies on all aspects of employment law in the UAE.'),
	(208443,909,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208444,909,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208445,909,'contact_no2',''),
	(208446,909,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208447,909,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208448,909,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208449,909,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208450,909,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208452,909,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ruta is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Structuring department. Prior to joining Al Tamimi & Company, Ruta practiced as an advocate in the High Court of Mumbai and was appointed a Government Pleader for the State of Maharashtra, India.'),
	(208453,908,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208454,908,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208455,908,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208456,908,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208457,908,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208458,908,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208460,908,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ruksana is a Senior Associate within Al Tamimi & Company’s Corporate and Commercial Department. Clients Ruksana has advised include Financial Institutions, Government entities, Charities and local companies in the UK.'),
	(208461,907,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208462,907,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208463,907,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208464,907,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208466,907,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Robert Roberts is an Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Dubai. Rob’s practice focuses on negotiating and drafting various commercial agreements. In particular, Rob regularly advises both principals and agents on the impact of local laws, particularly the UAE Commercial Agency Law.'),
	(208468,906,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Richard Catling is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Dubai. He is experienced in many aspects of corporate work including domestic and international mergers and acquisitions in various industries.'),
	(208469,904,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208470,904,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208471,904,'contact_no2',''),
	(208472,904,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208473,904,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208474,904,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208475,904,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208476,904,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208478,904,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Rashid Obaid Ali is an Associate in the Banking & Finance practice in Dubai. He\'s dealing with Dubai Police to Issue a magazine for Al Tamimi.'),
	(208479,903,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208480,903,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208481,903,'contact_no2',''),
	(208482,903,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208483,903,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208484,903,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208485,903,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208486,903,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208488,903,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Rasha specialises in intellectual property rights with an emphasis on trademarks and copyright in the UAE and the Middle East region in general. Rasha advises both local and international clients across a range of sectors including FMCG, medial, auto manufacturing, real estate, and more.'),
	(208489,902,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208490,902,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208491,902,'contact_no2',''),
	(208492,902,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208493,902,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208494,902,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208495,902,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208496,902,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208498,902,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Rachel Hill is an Associate in the Employment practice in Dubai. At Al Tamimi, Rachel specialises in various labour disputes and is the first port of call when an employment matter turns litigious.'),
	(208499,901,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208500,901,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208501,901,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208502,901,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208503,901,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208504,901,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208506,901,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Peter Smith is a Senior Associate in the Litigation practice in Dubai. Peter is a barrister with experience of a wide range of commercial disputes, including banking and finance, technology and construction, and professional negligence.'),
	(208507,899,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208508,899,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208509,899,'contact_no2',''),
	(208510,899,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208511,899,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208512,899,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208513,899,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208514,899,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208516,899,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Omer Khan is a Partner in the Corporate Structuring Department. Omer has led teams involved in numerous reorganisations driven by economic efficiencies, exit strategy (private placement and IPO), share and business sales, investment platforms and family succession.'),
	(208517,898,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208518,898,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208519,898,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208520,898,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208521,898,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208522,898,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208524,898,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Omar Omar is a Partner and Head of the Transport practice in Dubai. Omar is also a member of the Projects group. Omar’s experience as a marine lawyer and advocate covers almost all aspects of the industry.'),
	(208525,897,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208526,897,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208528,897,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Omar Obeidat is a Partner and Head of Intellectual Property in Dubai. Omar’s main field of specialization is in Intellectual Property laws covering advisory, enforcement, litigation and prosecution.'),
	(208529,896,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208530,896,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208531,896,'contact_no2',''),
	(208532,896,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208533,896,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208534,896,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208535,896,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208536,896,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208538,896,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Nour Kanawati is an Associate in the Corporate Commercial practice in Dubai. Nour works in various aspects of corporate commercial advice, mainly focusing on corporate projects.'),
	(208539,894,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208540,894,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208541,894,'contact_no2',''),
	(208542,894,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208543,894,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208544,894,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208545,894,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208546,894,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208548,894,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Noff Al Khafaji is an Associate in the Commercial Structuring Department and has over 5 years of corporate structuring experience, working on a variety of corporate and advisory matters for both national and multinational clients.'),
	(208550,893,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Nick has been with Al Tamimi & Company for about ten years, initially specialising in intellectual property, but for most of his time with the firm as a key member of the Technology, Media & Telecommunications team.'),
	(208551,892,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208552,892,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208553,892,'contact_no2',''),
	(208554,892,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208555,892,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208556,892,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208557,892,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208558,892,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208560,892,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Nawal is a senior associate in Al Tamimi’s Corporate Commercial Practice who has been extensively involved in major M&A, corporate restructuring, family business, IPOs and other capital market transactions in the UAE.'),
	(208561,891,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208562,891,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208563,891,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208564,891,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208566,891,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Natalie Jones is a Senior Associate in the Employment & Incentives practice in Dubai. Natalie is also a member of the Hotel & Leisure sector group. She advises clients throughout the UAE (onshore and in the free zones) in respect of all aspects of UAE employment law compliance.'),
	(208568,890,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Naief Yahia is a Partner in the Dispute Resolution Department. Naief uses his wide knowledge of local laws, commercial and legal acumen and practical experience to the best of his abilities in conducting all commercial and civil litigation cases with the commercial reality and the clients’ interest in mind.'),
	(208569,889,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208570,889,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208571,889,'contact_no2',''),
	(208572,889,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208573,889,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208574,889,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208575,889,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208576,889,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208578,889,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mustafa Ahmed is an Associate in our Banking and Finance practice in Dubai. Mustafa has experience assisting clients in project finance transactions in the power and infrastructure sectors in the UAE and Pakistan.'),
	(208579,888,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208580,888,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208581,888,'contact_no2',''),
	(208582,888,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208583,888,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208584,888,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208585,888,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208586,888,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208588,888,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Muhammad is an Associate in the Litigation practice in Dubai. Muhammad has been involved in a wide range of cases before the DIFC and UAE Courts, ranging from shareholders’ disputes to the enforcement of an Islamic finance agreement.'),
	(208589,886,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208590,886,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208591,886,'contact_no2',''),
	(208592,886,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208593,886,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208594,886,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208595,886,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208596,886,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208598,886,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mohieeldin ElBana is a Senior Associate in the Dispute Resolution Department. Mohieeldin is a business oriented lawyer with hands-on experience in various areas of practice (including: construction, commercial, Information Technology, Intellectual Property and corporate related matters).'),
	(208647,879,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208648,879,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208649,879,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208650,879,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208652,879,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mark Brown is a Senior Associate in the Banking and Finance practice in Dubai. Mark is a specialist banking and finance lawyer with significant experience advising financial institutions with respect to transactional lending, product development, customer insolvency and legislative change.'),
	(208654,878,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mariam is a Fulbright Scholar and a member of the Intellectual Property team in the Dubai office and works on a broad range of both contentious and non-contentious IP matters. She advises both local and international clients on the protection of their IP.'),
	(208656,877,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Margaret advises banks and other financial institutions on various regulatory and ongoing compliance issues including authorisations, conduct of business rules, marketing of financial products, customer documentation, anti-money laundering, regulatory investigations and more.'),
	(208657,876,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208658,876,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208659,876,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208660,876,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208661,876,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208662,876,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208664,876,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Manel specializes in Intellectual Property with a strong focus on brand protection; management of global IP portfolios and alternative dispute resolution for domain names.'),
	(208665,874,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208666,874,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208667,874,'contact_no2',''),
	(208668,874,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208669,874,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208670,874,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208671,874,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208672,874,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208674,874,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Mamoon Khan is a partner in the Banking department at Al Tamimi & Company having specialised in Banking, Corporate Lending, Project Finance and Aircraft Finance transactions.'),
	(221610,874,'_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms',''),
	(208675,873,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208676,873,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208677,873,'contact_no2',''),
	(208678,873,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208679,873,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208680,873,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208681,873,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208682,873,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208684,873,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Malek joined Al Tamimi’s Transport & Insurance team as a senior associate. He is a qualified attorney and has a particular interest in commercial litigation, insurance, aviation and telecommunications laws.'),
	(219162,7671,'_biography','field_59b27064b438d'),
	(208686,872,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208687,872,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208688,872,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208689,872,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208691,872,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Malek is an Associate in the Real Estate practice in Dubai and a member of the Hotel and Leisure Sector Group. Malek gained extensive experience advising domestic and international clients on a broad range of corporate and transactional matters across a number of sectors, in particular, Hotels and Real Estate.'),
	(208693,870,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208694,870,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208695,870,'contact_no2',''),
	(208696,870,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208697,870,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208698,870,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208699,870,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208700,870,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208702,870,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Maitha Al Hashimi is an Associate in the Litigation practice in Dubai.'),
	(208703,868,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208704,868,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208705,868,'contact_no2',''),
	(208706,868,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208707,868,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208708,868,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208709,868,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208710,868,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208712,868,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Lama Majdalani is an Associate in the Senior Partner’s Office based in Dubai. Lama’s role does not focus on one area of expertise as the department deals with all kinds of legal services comprising litigation strategies, arbitration proceedings and commercial advisory.'),
	(208713,867,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208714,867,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208715,867,'contact_no2',''),
	(208716,867,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208717,867,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208718,867,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208719,867,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208720,867,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208722,867,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Laila El Shentenawi is a qualified Lawyer in Egypt and a Senior Associate in Al Tamimi & Company’s Arbitration & Dispute Resolution team. She is also a member of Al Tamimi’s Sports Law Group.'),
	(208723,866,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208724,866,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208725,866,'contact_no2',''),
	(208726,866,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208727,866,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208728,866,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208729,866,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208730,866,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208732,866,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Khaled is an attorney-at-law member of the Egyptian Bar Association. He handles all types of litigation matters ranging from commercial matters, to civil matters, construction disputes and real estate cases. He possesses a wide range of legal commercial experience.'),
	(208734,864,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Justin Ede is a Senior Associate in the Arbitration practice in Dubai. Justin specialises in handling complex international arbitrations pursuant to leading institutional rules, including the ICC, LCIA, DIAC, ADCCAC, HKIAC as well as subject to the UNCITRAL rules.'),
	(208736,863,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208737,863,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208738,863,'contact_no2',''),
	(208739,863,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208740,863,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208741,863,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208742,863,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208743,863,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208745,863,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Justin Carroll is a Senior Associate in the Transport and Insurance practice in Dubai. Justin is also a member of the Healthcare group.'),
	(208747,862,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Jongeun (Christina) Lee has led the Korea Group at the firm since 2012 and advises a wide range of Korean companies on contentious and non-contentious matters in the Middle East region.'),
	(208748,861,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208749,861,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208751,861,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Jody oversees the banking practice in the Al Tamimi offices throughout the Middle East, including the GCC, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt. He has extensive experience in advising regulators, banks, finance companies, investment banks and other financial institutions.'),
	(208752,860,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208753,860,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208754,860,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208755,860,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208757,860,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Jeremy Scott is a Partner in the Real Estate practice. Since arriving in the GCC, Jeremy has worked with some of the region’s largest real estate developers on a wide range of transactional, litigious and planning matters.'),
	(208758,857,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208759,857,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208760,857,'contact_no2',''),
	(208761,857,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208762,857,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208763,857,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208764,857,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208765,857,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208767,857,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Jassim Abdullah is a Partner in the Litigation practice in Dubai. He specialises in civil, commercial and Sharia litigation and appears before both the federal and local courts of the UAE.'),
	(208768,856,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208769,856,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208770,856,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208771,856,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208772,856,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208773,856,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208775,856,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','James is a specialist shipping lawyer in the firm’s Transport & Insurance team. He represents clients in a range of instructions in the merchant shipping, yacht, and offshore sectors and has notable experience in the areas of ship finance and commercial shipping.'),
	(208777,855,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Izabella Szadkowska is a partner in Al Tamimi & Company’s Corporate Structuring Department. She specialises in corporate and commercial work, M&A transactions and also provides corporate restructuring, ownership restriction and trust structures advice and assistance.'),
	(208778,853,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208779,853,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208780,853,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208781,853,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208783,853,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ian specialises in all aspects of real estate and hotels and leisure related matters throughout the GCC. Ian has acted for a wide range of clients including institutional and other types of property investors, property developers, financial institutions, government bodies and more.'),
	(208784,852,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208785,852,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208786,852,'contact_no2',''),
	(208787,852,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208788,852,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208789,852,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208790,852,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208791,852,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208793,852,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Hussain Eisa Al Shiri is a partner and the Co- Head of Litigation in Al Tamimi & Company. His practice focuses on resolving commercial disputes though litigation and has experience with handling disputes on contractual law, intellectual property, maritime, transport, insurance, banking trademark law and criminal law.'),
	(208794,851,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208795,851,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208796,851,'contact_no2',''),
	(208797,851,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208798,851,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208799,851,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208800,851,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208801,851,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208803,851,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Hussain Almatrood is a US trained lawyer working in the litigation department at Al Tamimi & Company. He is advising on and handling litigation matters relating to real estate, commercial and civil disputes as well as various criminal and estate planning issues.'),
	(208804,850,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208805,850,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208806,850,'contact_no2',''),
	(208807,850,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208808,850,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208809,850,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208810,850,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208811,850,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208813,850,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Husam Hourani is the Managing Partner at Al Tamimi & Company. He has over 20 years of experience advising clients on banking and finance related matters, family structuring, succession planning, IPOs in the United Arab Emirates.'),
	(208814,849,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208815,849,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208816,849,'contact_no2',''),
	(208817,849,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208818,849,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208819,849,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208820,849,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208821,849,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208823,849,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Hiam is a UAE national lawyer practicing within the Litigation Department of Al Tamimi & Company as an Associate at areas of civil, corporate, criminal, construction and commercial disputes.'),
	(208826,848,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208827,848,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208829,848,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Hassan Arab is Partner and Co-Head of Litigation at Al Tamimi & Company. As an arbitrator, he has extensive experience and arbitrated several claims under leading international arbitration institutions.'),
	(208831,847,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Gordon has worked in the Middle East for a number of years and has wide experience in advising upon contentious and non-contentious matters. A key part of Gordon’s practice involves advising clients within the banking and financial services sector including compensation and benefit advice.'),
	(208832,846,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208833,846,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208834,846,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208835,846,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208837,846,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Gary is head of Al Tamimi & Company’s Corporate and Commercial practice. Gary is a highly experienced corporate lawyer who has practised in both advisory and transactional settings for more than 25 years, with 11 years’ experience in the Middle East.'),
	(208838,845,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208839,845,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208840,845,'contact_no2',''),
	(208841,845,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208842,845,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208843,845,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208844,845,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208845,845,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208847,845,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Fiona Robertson is a Senior Associate in the Technology, Media and Telecommunications practice in Dubai. Fiona is also a member of the Education, Sports and Events Management, Projects, Rail and Hotels & Leisure sector groups.'),
	(208848,844,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208849,844,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208850,844,'contact_no2',''),
	(208851,844,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208852,844,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208853,844,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208854,844,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208855,844,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208857,844,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Fatma Moosa is an Emirati lawyer currently practicing with the Litigation department as a Senior Associate. Fatma has been involved in all aspects of Litigation matters. Fatma is also an authorized Private Notary and she provides notary services to clients approaching the Al Tamimi Private Notary.'),
	(208859,842,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Fady Ghanem is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Dubai. Fady is also a member of the Hotels & Leisure group. Fady is an experienced Tax and Corporate lawyer.'),
	(208860,841,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208861,841,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208862,841,'contact_no2',''),
	(208863,841,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208864,841,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208865,841,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208866,841,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208867,841,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208869,841,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Eman Ahmed is working with Al Tamimi & Company since 1998 and is practicing within the Litigation Department as a Senior Associate in areas of corporate, civil, criminal and specializing in Labor and Employment Disputes.'),
	(208870,840,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208871,840,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208872,840,'contact_no2',''),
	(208873,840,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208874,840,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208875,840,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208876,840,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208877,840,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208879,840,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Ehab Morcos is a Senior Associate in the Corporate Structuring practice in Dubai. Ehab has extensive experience in all legal issues relating to joint ventures, commercial agreements, and the establishment of various corporate entities in the UAE.'),
	(208880,838,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208881,838,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208882,838,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208883,838,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208884,838,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208885,838,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208887,838,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Divya Abrol Gambhir is part of Al Tamimi & Company’s Banking and Finance Department and heads the Firm’s financial regulatory and securities practice in the UAE. Divya has extensive experience in Regulatory Practice, Private Banking, Structured Finance, Capital Markets including Debt Capital Markets and more.'),
	(208889,837,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Dipali Maldonado is a Senior Associate in the Senior Partner’s Office. Dipali is also a member of Al Tamimi and Company’s Education sector. Dipali has extensive experience of advising corporates, high profile and high net worth individuals and family offices on all aspects of their businesses.'),
	(208890,836,'lawyerVideos',''),
	(208891,836,'_lawyerVideos','field_5a03eb674a9ed'),
	(208892,836,'contact_no2',''),
	(208893,836,'_contact_no2','field_59f5c1a356dbe'),
	(208894,836,'laywerSocialURL',''),
	(208895,836,'_laywerSocialURL','field_5a0032c8c81fa'),
	(208896,836,'laywerHideArticles','0'),
	(208897,836,'_laywerHideArticles','field_5a30f6c2de9d1'),
	(208899,836,'_yoast_wpseo_metadesc','Diego Carmona is an Associate in the Litigation practice based in Dubai. His main areas of expertise are Banking, Real Estate and Financial mis-selling disputes with regulatory aspects before the DIFC Courts, Dubai Courts and International Arbitral Tribunals.');

