<p>As well as increased activity in the private sector, governments  across the region are recognising an urgent need for updated social and  economic infrastructure in sectors including health, housing, transport,  water/wastewater, hospitality and tourism and energy.</p>
<p>Against this backdrop, this article briefly considers some of the key  legal characteristics of the Middle East construction market.</p>
<p>Apart from a few exceptions (such as Saudi Arabia and Oman), Middle  Eastern legal systems are founded upon principles of civil law  (primarily derived from Egyptian law which, in turn, was heavily  influenced by the French legal system) and are therefore codified.&nbsp; In  the UAE, for example, the UAE Civil Code has a specific chapter entitled  &ldquo;Muqawala&rdquo;, which contains provisions governing the relationships  between the participants in a construction project.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Projects across the Middle East are procured on a variety of bases,  including lump sum turnkey, construction management and management  contracting variants, EPCM and traditional direct contracting.&nbsp; FIDIC  forms of contract (the standard developed by the International  Federation of Consulting Engineers) are commonly used as the base  project documents but are usually heavily amended to favour the  Employer.&nbsp; Additionally, as there are a large number of common law  trained lawyers practising in the Middle East, contracts are  significantly influenced by common law principles.&nbsp; This creates  difficulties as, unless used so widely as to constitute local custom or  practice, certain common law principles do not fit neatly under local  law and may be unworkable or ultimately, unenforceable.&nbsp;</p>
<p>A good example of this is liquidated damages. In common law  jurisdictions, parties are free to commercially agree rates of  liquidated damages and the courts will enforce whatever is agreed  provided that it is loosely a genuine pre-estimate of the loss  suffered.&nbsp; However, in most Middle East jurisdictions, parties may  petition the court to either increase or decrease the agreed liquidated  damages so as to accurately reflect the true extent of any loss or harm  suffered. &nbsp;</p>
<p>The concept of &ldquo;good faith&rdquo; is a key area of difference.&nbsp; Although  &ldquo;good faith&rdquo; has doubtful legal meaning in a common law setting, it is  an important codified principle in Middle Eastern civil codes and courts  have the power (which they frequently use) to prohibit conduct they  consider falls short of the standards imposed by this far-reaching  principle of law.</p>
<p>An equivalent remedy to damages in tort for economic loss is  generally available while serious complications can arise if a contract  is terminated other than by mutual consent, by court order or at law.  This has obvious implications for some customary clauses like  termination for convenience.&nbsp; There are, of course, many other features  of the law in Middle Eastern countries that have an important bearing on  matters of contract and law to parties involved in construction  projects that we have not touched on this short note.</p>
<p>Differences in concept and approach may come as a surprise to those  unfamiliar with the nuances of the Middle East.&nbsp; When things go wrong,  how are disputes resolved?&nbsp; Arbitration is the most common form of  dispute resolution in contracts involving international parties (Saudi  Arabia is a notable exception to this for a number of reasons) and, as  well as arbitration pursuant to international rules of arbitration,  there are a number of well respected local arbitral bodies including the  Dubai International Arbitration Centre and the DIFC/LCIA Arbitration  Centre.&nbsp; In the absence of an arbitration clause, the default position  is that disputes are resolved by local courts, where proceedings are  conducted in Arabic, in a civil law setting.&nbsp; There is no system of  precedent, although decisions of the highest court typically have  persuasive authority. &nbsp;</p>
<p>Alternative dispute resolution is in its relative infancy in the  Middle East, with methods such as mediation rarely used.&nbsp; There are  reasons for this, including a lack of confidence in the application of  the concept of &ldquo;without prejudice&rdquo;, which is obviously enshrined in  common law countries.&nbsp; Methods tend to be generally more conservative  than those employed in the common law world.</p>
<p>It is imperative that stakeholders obtain expert local law advice  prior to entering into contracts in the Middle East.&nbsp; Naturally, parties  should do the same at the earliest possible stage if an existing  contractual relationship is turning, or has turned, sour.</p>
<p>Al Tamimi &amp; Company&rsquo;s Construction &amp; Engineering team offers  an unrivalled mix of the highest calibre English and Arabic speaking  lawyers who have practiced in numerous jurisdictions in the Middle East  and across the world and advised on a wide range of major projects (from  inception to completion) and project disputes.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the largest law firm in the Middle East  that was established in Dubai in 1989.&nbsp; As well as having offices across  the UAE, we have fully serviced offices in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,  Jordan, Qatar and Iraq.</p>
<p>All enquires and comments on this article should be addressed to Adam Balchin, Regional Head of Construction and Engineering.</p>
<p><em>Published in Asian Legal Business February edition.</em></p>