INSERT INTO `tm_wsal_metadata` (`id`, `occurrence_id`, `name`, `value`) VALUES
(275561, 26553, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-8027 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_1016569270-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"332\" height=\"332\" />Football is hugely popular across the Middle East. Its popularity has led some to invest in football clubs. When one considers the wide range of agreements between clubs, players, coaches and sponsors, the potential for disputes is clear. Satisfactory resolution of such disputes is not always easily attainable, considering the specialist nature of sports law and general scarcity of specialist in the field. Bespoke judicial bodies and arbitration centres have recently been established in response.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2015, the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee (SAOC) approved the establishment the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC). Specifically, the Generally Assembly of the SAOC approved its Board of Directors’ decision to authorize the SAOC President to take all necessary actions to establish the SSAC. The SSAC aims to contribute to the general development of the sports sector and the resolution of sport related disputes. As a result, sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the resolution of sports related disputes, has seen significant development. There is no doubt that SSAC has contributed to the preservation of the rights of parties, and the broader development of the sports sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article considers two significant regulatory regimes in the field of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - the Statute of the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC Statute) and the Rules and Procedures of the Centre of Arbitration for Sport (Rules &amp; Procedures). Further, the author considers various divisions of sports arbitration with both the ordinary and the appeal arbitration procedures of the SSAC.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Established in 2016, the SSAC is located in Riyadh, the nation’s capital. The SSAC is the highest judicial body for sports-related disputes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, specialising in the hearing of any sports-related dispute by arbitration or mediation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The legal basis of the SSAC is the SSAC Statute, its procedural rules, and any resolution issued by the SSAC’s Board of Directors. Further, the SSAC was established in line with the Olympic Charter, the statutes of International Federations, the Code of the Court of Arbitration for Sports, and the Arbitration Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This has led to a strong, and familiar, legal basis for its effective operation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC is composed of five members: one appointed by the SAOC, that individual is the President of the SSAC; one appointed by the Athletes’ Committee of the SAOC; one appointed by the Saudi Arabia Football Federation (SAFF); and two appointed by the General Assembly of the SAOC.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC does not deal with appeals arising from violations of laws of the game, criminal cases arising from sports disputes, or sports disputes that have not exhausted the internal roads via the competent judicial bodies. Final decisions may be appealed to the SSAC within 21 days of notification.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Procedures</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC Statute and the Rules &amp; Procedures are a set of procedural rules that govern SSAC procedures. The SSAC provides for three types of procedure:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Ordinary Arbitration - in which the parties have agreed to refer a sports dispute to the SSAC in accordance with an arbitration clause in a contract, or in cases where both parties agree to refer the dispute to arbitration after the dispute has arisen.</li>\r\n 	<li>Appeal Arbitration - in which a party has filed an appeal against a decision issued by a national association such as SAFF, or a judicial body related to sport, where the statutes or regulations provide an appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li>Mediation - in which each party has agreed to refer a dispute that has arisen, or a potential dispute that may arise, to an SSAC mediator.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Jurisdiction</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC has jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sport. Many types of disputes can be referred to the SSAC, including; disputes arising between the SAOC, associations, clubs, members of the boards, members of the general assembly, players, referees, coaches, intermediaries, registered media representatives, organizers of sports events, sponsoring companies, TV transmission channels, disputes relating to sports doping, contractual disputes (provided the arbitration clause refers the dispute to the SSAC), and any international sports dispute (such as may occur in connection with a foreign player or coach) in which the parties have agreed to resort to the SSAC. The SSAC accordingly enjoys wide jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sports in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This stands to generally contribute to the development of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Divisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to Article 24 of the SSAC Statute, the SSAC shall conduct the arbitration in sports-related disputes through the following arbitration divisions:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Ordinary Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to resolve sports-related disputes that may arise out of contracts containing an arbitration clause that refers any dispute to the SSAC, or out of any subsequent agreement allowing the referral of disputes to the SSAC and to resolve sports disputes that may arise between the parties to any sports matter (athletes, players, intermediaries, sponsors, administrative staff, technical staff, medical staff, sports clubs, sports federations and Olympic committees), provided that such disputes are not subject to appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Appeals Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to decide on all appeals against final decisions issued by the sports bodies after exhausting all internal legal procedures, except for football decisions, to decide on objections filed against internal decisions issued by the sports bodies, which do not have protest proceedings provided for in their statutes or regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Football Dispute Arbitration Division, which has the competence to decide on all appeals against the decisions issued by the SAFF and its committees after exhausting all its internal legal procedures, in accordance with the SAFF Rules and Regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Special Dispute Division, that may be established by the SSAC to resolve all sports-related disputes referred by the General Sport Authority (GSA).</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Mediation Division, which has the competence to mediate between and assist the concerned parties to reach settlement agreements in contractual disputes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By comparison, the SSAC’s divisions exceed the number of divisions of the Foundation of Qatar Sports Arbitration (FQSA), another regional sports arbitration body. The FQSA is composed of three divisions, which are the ordinary arbitration division, the appeals arbitration division and the mediation division. The SSAC is composed of the five divisions described above plus newly created divisions, which are the Special Dispute Division and the Football Dispute Arbitration Division. It is to be inferred that the SSAC created a new division for the sport of football because it is the most popular sport in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it is accordingly anticipated that most disputes will football related.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\" wp-image-8095 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_220904572-655x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"294\" />Applicable law and Arbitration Language</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the ordinary, appeals or football arbitration divisions, the arbitration panel must follow all of the regulations and rules of the sports body whose decision is appealed against as a means of fulfilling the principles of justice, equity and the Olympic Charter. In the event that no relevant provision is stated in those regulations, then reference may be made to the statutes or regulations of the respective International Federations (IFs) according to each individual case, however, the parties may, in the ordinary arbitration, choose the law applicable to the dispute. It can be seen that the SSAC shall apply national laws and regulations, although the international regulations can also be applied in cases where there is no relevant provision to be found in the national laws and regulations. This situation helps the arbitrators to issue decisions in line with decisions at the international level.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Arabic language shall prevail as the language before the SSAC. However, English, or any other language, may be used before SSAC with a certified Arabic translation, upon the approval by the Arbitration Panel.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Expenses and Fees</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Party requesting arbitration will be liable to pay the arbitration fees upon submitting the case to the SSAC. In case the Claimant requests an expedited procedure, then that party shall pay the applicable fees for an expedited procedure as prescribed. All fees are non-refundable. Furthermore, the party requesting arbitration shall pay the tribunal’s administrative expenses, while the losing party bears all such expenses unless an arbitral award states that the parties shall cover the expenses equally. One important rule is that the final arbitral award shall be delivered to the parties only after all the arbitrators’ costs and fees have been paid in full. Evidently, the SSAC has strong conditions in relation to fees and protects the rights of its arbitrators.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Notifications and Communications</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All notifications, reports and communications shall be made through and by the SSAC General Secretariat. In addition, all correspondence must be made in PDF format and sent to an SSAC approved e-mail address which shall be the only legal way for the SSAC to send/receive correspondence. Moreover, notifications, correspondence and communications served to the parties to the arbitration or their representatives must be made through the e-mail address previously specified by them or any other address determined in writing at a later stage or through an online filing platform. In case the notifications and communications cannot be delivered by email then they can be delivered by mail or by facsimile. Notifications and correspondence served on the parties to the arbitration shall be considered legally received if they are sent to the addressees at their SSAC-approved e-mail addresses.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Legal Nature of SSAC Awards</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Arbitration awards issued by the SSAC are final and may not be appealed before any other tribunal, whether inside or outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, unless otherwise stated in the SSAC Statute. In sports disputes in which a foreigner is a party, awards may be appealed before the International Sports Federations (IFs) or the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), if the relevant statute of an IF states that an appeal shall be made before such judicial body. In case the contract states that the arbitration is within the jurisdiction of the SSAC, then the SSAC award shall be final and non-appealable before any other authority.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC represents a significant development in sports law, not only in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but also in the Middle East. Litigants may be represented by any licensed lawyer. To date 24 specialist Saudi and Arab arbitrators have been appointed to the panel of the SSAC. Eight international arbitrators, from the list of the CAS, have been appointed to SSAC arbitral panels, demonstrating international confidence. Its wide jurisdiction, and the range of its specialized divisions, will ensure that sports disputes are resolved with high standards of efficiency and in accordance with the best international sports law dispute resolution standards.</p>\r\n <em><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8031\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_224568580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4429\" height=\"2041\" /></em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bandar Alhamidani is a Partner and key member of the Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Sports Law and Events Management team practice. Bandar has acted as an Arbitrator before CAS and SSAC. For further information, please contact Bandar Alhamidani (b.alhamidani@tamimi.com).</p>'),
(275562, 26553, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-8027 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_1016569270-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"332\" height=\"332\" />Football is hugely popular across the Middle East. Its popularity has led some to invest in football clubs. When one considers the wide range of agreements between clubs, players, coaches and sponsors, the potential for disputes is clear. Satisfactory resolution of such disputes is not always easily attainable, considering the specialist nature of sports law and general scarcity of specialist in the field. Bespoke judicial bodies and arbitration centres have recently been established in response.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2015, the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee (SAOC) approved the establishment the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC). Specifically, the Generally Assembly of the SAOC approved its Board of Directors’ decision to authorize the SAOC President to take all necessary actions to establish the SSAC. The SSAC aims to contribute to the general development of the sports sector and the resolution of sport related disputes. As a result, sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the resolution of sports related disputes, has seen significant development. There is no doubt that SSAC has contributed to the preservation of the rights of parties, and the broader development of the sports sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article considers two significant regulatory regimes in the field of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - the Statute of the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC Statute) and the Rules and Procedures of the Centre of Arbitration for Sport (Rules &amp; Procedures). Further, the author considers various divisions of sports arbitration with both the ordinary and the appeal arbitration procedures of the SSAC.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Established in 2016, the SSAC is located in Riyadh, the nation’s capital. The SSAC is the highest judicial body for sports-related disputes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, specialising in the hearing of any sports-related dispute by arbitration or mediation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The legal basis of the SSAC is the SSAC Statute, its procedural rules, and any resolution issued by the SSAC’s Board of Directors. Further, the SSAC was established in line with the Olympic Charter, the statutes of International Federations, the Code of the Court of Arbitration for Sports, and the Arbitration Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This has led to a strong, and familiar, legal basis for its effective operation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC is composed of five members: one appointed by the SAOC, that individual is the President of the SSAC; one appointed by the Athletes’ Committee of the SAOC; one appointed by the Saudi Arabia Football Federation (SAFF); and two appointed by the General Assembly of the SAOC.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC does not deal with appeals arising from violations of laws of the game, criminal cases arising from sports disputes, or sports disputes that have not exhausted the internal roads via the competent judicial bodies. Final decisions may be appealed to the SSAC within 21 days of notification.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Procedures</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC Statute and the Rules &amp; Procedures are a set of procedural rules that govern SSAC procedures. The SSAC provides for three types of procedure:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Ordinary Arbitration - in which the parties have agreed to refer a sports dispute to the SSAC in accordance with an arbitration clause in a contract, or in cases where both parties agree to refer the dispute to arbitration after the dispute has arisen.</li>\r\n 	<li>Appeal Arbitration - in which a party has filed an appeal against a decision issued by a national association such as SAFF, or a judicial body related to sport, where the statutes or regulations provide an appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li>Mediation - in which each party has agreed to refer a dispute that has arisen, or a potential dispute that may arise, to an SSAC mediator.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Jurisdiction</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC has jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sport. Many types of disputes can be referred to the SSAC, including; disputes arising between the SAOC, associations, clubs, members of the boards, members of the general assembly, players, referees, coaches, intermediaries, registered media representatives, organizers of sports events, sponsoring companies, TV transmission channels, disputes relating to sports doping, contractual disputes (provided the arbitration clause refers the dispute to the SSAC), and any international sports dispute (such as may occur in connection with a foreign player or coach) in which the parties have agreed to resort to the SSAC. The SSAC accordingly enjoys wide jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sports in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This stands to generally contribute to the development of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabian judiciary.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Divisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to Article 24 of the SSAC Statute, the SSAC shall conduct the arbitration in sports-related disputes through the following arbitration divisions:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Ordinary Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to resolve sports-related disputes that may arise out of contracts containing an arbitration clause that refers any dispute to the SSAC, or out of any subsequent agreement allowing the referral of disputes to the SSAC and to resolve sports disputes that may arise between the parties to any sports matter (athletes, players, intermediaries, sponsors, administrative staff, technical staff, medical staff, sports clubs, sports federations and Olympic committees), provided that such disputes are not subject to appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Appeals Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to decide on all appeals against final decisions issued by the sports bodies after exhausting all internal legal procedures, except for football decisions, to decide on objections filed against internal decisions issued by the sports bodies, which do not have protest proceedings provided for in their statutes or regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Football Dispute Arbitration Division, which has the competence to decide on all appeals against the decisions issued by the SAFF and its committees after exhausting all its internal legal procedures, in accordance with the SAFF Rules and Regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Special Dispute Division, that may be established by the SSAC to resolve all sports-related disputes referred by the General Sport Authority (GSA).</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Mediation Division, which has the competence to mediate between and assist the concerned parties to reach settlement agreements in contractual disputes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By comparison, the SSAC’s divisions exceed the number of divisions of the Foundation of Qatar Sports Arbitration (FQSA), another regional sports arbitration body. The FQSA is composed of three divisions, which are the ordinary arbitration division, the appeals arbitration division and the mediation division. The SSAC is composed of the five divisions described above plus newly created divisions, which are the Special Dispute Division and the Football Dispute Arbitration Division. It is to be inferred that the SSAC created a new division for the sport of football because it is the most popular sport in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it is accordingly anticipated that most disputes will football related.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\" wp-image-8095 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_220904572-655x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"294\" />Applicable law and Arbitration Language</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the ordinary, appeals or football arbitration divisions, the arbitration panel must follow all of the regulations and rules of the sports body whose decision is appealed against as a means of fulfilling the principles of justice, equity and the Olympic Charter. In the event that no relevant provision is stated in those regulations, then reference may be made to the statutes or regulations of the respective International Federations (IFs) according to each individual case, however, the parties may, in the ordinary arbitration, choose the law applicable to the dispute. From the above article it can be seen that the SSAC shall apply national laws and regulations, although the international regulations can also be applied in cases where there is no relevant provision to be found in the national laws and regulations. This situation helps the arbitrators to issue decisions in line with decisions at the international level.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Arabic language shall prevail as the language before the SSAC. However, English, or any other language, may be used before SSAC with a certified Arabic translation, upon the approval by the Arbitration Panel.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Expenses and Fees</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Party requesting arbitration will be liable to pay the arbitration fees upon submitting the case to the SSAC. In case the Claimant requests an expedited procedure, then that party shall pay the applicable fees for an expedited procedure as prescribed. All fees are non-refundable. Furthermore, the party requesting arbitration shall pay the tribunal’s administrative expenses, while the losing party bears all such expenses unless an arbitral award states that the parties shall cover the expenses equally. One important rule is that the final arbitral award shall be delivered to the parties only after all the arbitrators’ costs and fees have been paid in full. Evidently, the SSAC has strong conditions in relation to fees and protects the rights of its arbitrators.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Notifications and Communications</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All notifications, reports and communications shall be made through and by the SSAC General Secretariat. In addition, all correspondence must be made in PDF format and sent to an SSAC approved e-mail address which shall be the only legal way for the SSAC to send/receive correspondence. Moreover, notifications, correspondence and communications served to the parties to the arbitration or their representatives must be made through the e-mail address previously specified by them or any other address determined in writing at a later stage or through an online filing platform. In case the notifications and communications cannot be delivered by email then they can be delivered by mail or by facsimile. Notifications and correspondence served on the parties to the arbitration shall be considered legally received if they are sent to the addressees at their SSAC-approved e-mail addresses.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Legal Nature of SSAC Awards</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Arbitration awards issued by the SSAC are final and may not be appealed before any other tribunal, whether inside or outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, unless otherwise stated in the SSAC Statute. In sports disputes in which a foreigner is a party, awards may be appealed before the International Sports Federations (IFs) or the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), if the relevant statute of an IF states that an appeal shall be made before such judicial body. In case the contract states that the arbitration is within the jurisdiction of the SSAC, then the SSAC award shall be final and non-appealable before any other authority.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC represents a significant development in sports law, not only in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but also in the Middle East. Litigants may be represented by any licensed lawyer. To date 24 specialist Saudi and Arab arbitrators have been appointed to the panel of the SSAC. Eight international arbitrators, from the list of the CAS, have been appointed to SSAC arbitral panels, demonstrating international confidence. Its wide jurisdiction, and the range of its specialized divisions, will ensure that sports disputes are resolved with high standards of efficiency and in accordance with the best international sports law dispute resolution standards.</p>\r\n <em><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8031\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_224568580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4429\" height=\"2041\" /></em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bandar Alhamidani is a Partner and key member of the Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Sports Law and Events Management team practice. Bandar has acted as an Arbitrator before CAS and SSAC. For further information, please contact Bandar Alhamidani (b.alhamidani@tamimi.com).</p>'),
(275563, 26553, 'MetaLink', 'content'),
(275564, 26553, 'EditorLinkPost', 'https://www.tamimi.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=7952&amp;action=edit');
INSERT INTO `tm_wsal_metadata` (`id`, `occurrence_id`, `name`, `value`) VALUES
(275565, 26553, 'ReportText', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-8027 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_1016569270-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"332\" height=\"332\" />Football is hugely popular across the Middle East. Its popularity has led some to invest in football clubs. When one considers the wide range of agreements between clubs, players, coaches and sponsors, the potential for disputes is clear. Satisfactory resolution of such disputes is not always easily attainable, considering the specialist nature of sports law and general scarcity of specialist in the field. Bespoke judicial bodies and arbitration centres have recently been established in response.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2015, the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee (SAOC) approved the establishment the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC). Specifically, the Generally Assembly of the SAOC approved its Board of Directors’ decision to authorize the SAOC President to take all necessary actions to establish the SSAC. The SSAC aims to contribute to the general development of the sports sector and the resolution of sport related disputes. As a result, sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the resolution of sports related disputes, has seen significant development. There is no doubt that SSAC has contributed to the preservation of the rights of parties, and the broader development of the sports sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article considers two significant regulatory regimes in the field of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - the Statute of the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC Statute) and the Rules and Procedures of the Centre of Arbitration for Sport (Rules &amp; Procedures). Further, the author considers various divisions of sports arbitration with both the ordinary and the appeal arbitration procedures of the SSAC.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Established in 2016, the SSAC is located in Riyadh, the nation’s capital. The SSAC is the highest judicial body for sports-related disputes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, specialising in the hearing of any sports-related dispute by arbitration or mediation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The legal basis of the SSAC is the SSAC Statute, its procedural rules, and any resolution issued by the SSAC’s Board of Directors. Further, the SSAC was established in line with the Olympic Charter, the statutes of International Federations, the Code of the Court of Arbitration for Sports, and the Arbitration Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This has led to a strong, and familiar, legal basis for its effective operation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC is composed of five members: one appointed by the SAOC, that individual is the President of the SSAC; one appointed by the Athletes’ Committee of the SAOC; one appointed by the Saudi Arabia Football Federation (SAFF); and two appointed by the General Assembly of the SAOC.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC does not deal with appeals arising from violations of laws of the game, criminal cases arising from sports disputes, or sports disputes that have not exhausted the internal roads via the competent judicial bodies. Final decisions may be appealed to the SSAC within 21 days of notification.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Procedures</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC Statute and the Rules &amp; Procedures are a set of procedural rules that govern SSAC procedures. The SSAC provides for three types of procedure:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Ordinary Arbitration - in which the parties have agreed to refer a sports dispute to the SSAC in accordance with an arbitration clause in a contract, or in cases where both parties agree to refer the dispute to arbitration after the dispute has arisen.</li>\r\n 	<li>Appeal Arbitration - in which a party has filed an appeal against a decision issued by a national association such as SAFF, or a judicial body related to sport, where the statutes or regulations provide an appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li>Mediation - in which each party has agreed to refer a dispute that has arisen, or a potential dispute that may arise, to an SSAC mediator.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Jurisdiction</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC has jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sport. Many types of disputes can be referred to the SSAC, including; disputes arising between the SAOC, associations, clubs, members of the boards, members of the general assembly, players, referees, coaches, intermediaries, registered media representatives, organizers of sports events, sponsoring companies, TV transmission channels, disputes relating to sports doping, contractual disputes (provided the arbitration clause refers the dispute to the SSAC), and any international sports dispute (such as may occur in connection with a foreign player or coach) in which the parties have agreed to resort to the SSAC. The SSAC accordingly enjoys wide jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sports in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This stands to generally contribute to the development of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabian judiciary.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Divisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to Article 24 of the SSAC Statute, the SSAC shall conduct the arbitration in sports-related disputes through the following arbitration divisions:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Ordinary Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to resolve sports-related disputes that may arise out of contracts containing an arbitration clause that refers any dispute to the SSAC, or out of any subsequent agreement allowing the referral of disputes to the SSAC and to resolve sports disputes that may arise between the parties to any sports matter (athletes, players, intermediaries, sponsors, administrative staff, technical staff, medical staff, sports clubs, sports federations and Olympic committees), provided that such disputes are not subject to appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Appeals Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to decide on all appeals against final decisions issued by the sports bodies after exhausting all internal legal procedures, except for football decisions, to decide on objections filed against internal decisions issued by the sports bodies, which do not have protest proceedings provided for in their statutes or regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Football Dispute Arbitration Division, which has the competence to decide on all appeals against the decisions issued by the SAFF and its committees after exhausting all its internal legal procedures, in accordance with the SAFF Rules and Regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Special Dispute Division, that may be established by the SSAC to resolve all sports-related disputes referred by the General Sport Authority (GSA).</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Mediation Division, which has the competence to mediate between and assist the concerned parties to reach settlement agreements in contractual disputes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By comparison, the SSAC’s divisions exceed the number of divisions of the Foundation of Qatar Sports Arbitration (FQSA), another regional sports arbitration body. The FQSA is composed of three divisions, which are the ordinary arbitration division, the appeals arbitration division and the mediation division. The SSAC is composed of the five divisions described above plus newly created divisions, which are the Special Dispute Division and the Football Dispute Arbitration Division. It is to be inferred that the SSAC created a new division for the sport of football because it is the most popular sport in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it is accordingly anticipated that most disputes will football related.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\" wp-image-8095 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_220904572-655x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"294\" />Applicable law and Arbitration Language</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the ordinary, appeals or football arbitration divisions, the arbitration panel must follow all of the regulations and rules of the sports body whose decision is appealed against as a means of fulfilling the principles of justice, equity and the Olympic Charter. In the event that no relevant provision is stated in those regulations, then reference may be made to the statutes or regulations of the respective International Federations (IFs) according to each individual case, however, the parties may, in the ordinary arbitration, choose the law applicable to the dispute. From the above article it can be seen that the SSAC shall apply national laws and regulations, although the international regulations can also be applied in cases where there is no relevant provision to be found in the national laws and regulations. This situation helps the arbitrators to issue decisions in line with decisions at the international level.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Arabic language shall prevail as the language before the SSAC. However, English, or any other language, may be used before SSAC with a certified Arabic translation, upon the approval by the Arbitration Panel.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Expenses and Fees</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Party requesting arbitration will be liable to pay the arbitration fees upon submitting the case to the SSAC. In case the Claimant requests an expedited procedure, then that party shall pay the applicable fees for an expedited procedure as prescribed. All fees are non-refundable. Furthermore, the party requesting arbitration shall pay the tribunal’s administrative expenses, while the losing party bears all such expenses unless an arbitral award states that the parties shall cover the expenses equally. One important rule is that the final arbitral award shall be delivered to the parties only after all the arbitrators’ costs and fees have been paid in full. Evidently, the SSAC has strong conditions in relation to fees and protects the rights of its arbitrators.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Notifications and Communications</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All notifications, reports and communications shall be made through and by the SSAC General Secretariat. In addition, all correspondence must be made in PDF format and sent to an SSAC approved e-mail address which shall be the only legal way for the SSAC to send/receive correspondence. Moreover, notifications, correspondence and communications served to the parties to the arbitration or their representatives must be made through the e-mail address previously specified by them or any other address determined in writing at a later stage or through an online filing platform. In case the notifications and communications cannot be delivered by email then they can be delivered by mail or by facsimile. Notifications and correspondence served on the parties to the arbitration shall be considered legally received if they are sent to the addressees at their SSAC-approved e-mail addresses.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Legal Nature of SSAC Awards</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Arbitration awards issued by the SSAC are final and may not be appealed before any other tribunal, whether inside or outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, unless otherwise stated in the SSAC Statute. In sports disputes in which a foreigner is a party, awards may be appealed before the International Sports Federations (IFs) or the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), if the relevant statute of an IF states that an appeal shall be made before such judicial body. In case the contract states that the arbitration is within the jurisdiction of the SSAC, then the SSAC award shall be final and non-appealable before any other authority.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC represents a significant development in sports law, not only in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but also in the Middle East. Litigants may be represented by any licensed lawyer. To date 24 specialist Saudi and Arab arbitrators have been appointed to the panel of the SSAC. Eight international arbitrators, from the list of the CAS, have been appointed to SSAC arbitral panels, demonstrating international confidence. Its wide jurisdiction, and the range of its specialized divisions, will ensure that sports disputes are resolved with high standards of efficiency and in accordance with the best international sports law dispute resolution standards.</p>\r\n <em><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8031\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_224568580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4429\" height=\"2041\" /></em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bandar Alhamidani is a Partner and key member of the Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Sports Law and Events Management team practice. Bandar has acted as an Arbitrator before CAS and SSAC. For further information, please contact Bandar Alhamidani (b.alhamidani@tamimi.com).</p>|<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-8027 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_1016569270-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"332\" height=\"332\" />Football is hugely popular across the Middle East. Its popularity has led some to invest in football clubs. When one considers the wide range of agreements between clubs, players, coaches and sponsors, the potential for disputes is clear. Satisfactory resolution of such disputes is not always easily attainable, considering the specialist nature of sports law and general scarcity of specialist in the field. Bespoke judicial bodies and arbitration centres have recently been established in response.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2015, the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee (SAOC) approved the establishment the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC). Specifically, the Generally Assembly of the SAOC approved its Board of Directors’ decision to authorize the SAOC President to take all necessary actions to establish the SSAC. The SSAC aims to contribute to the general development of the sports sector and the resolution of sport related disputes. As a result, sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the resolution of sports related disputes, has seen significant development. There is no doubt that SSAC has contributed to the preservation of the rights of parties, and the broader development of the sports sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article considers two significant regulatory regimes in the field of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - the Statute of the Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre (SSAC Statute) and the Rules and Procedures of the Centre of Arbitration for Sport (Rules &amp; Procedures). Further, the author considers various divisions of sports arbitration with both the ordinary and the appeal arbitration procedures of the SSAC.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Saudi Sport Arbitration Centre</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Established in 2016, the SSAC is located in Riyadh, the nation’s capital. The SSAC is the highest judicial body for sports-related disputes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, specialising in the hearing of any sports-related dispute by arbitration or mediation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The legal basis of the SSAC is the SSAC Statute, its procedural rules, and any resolution issued by the SSAC’s Board of Directors. Further, the SSAC was established in line with the Olympic Charter, the statutes of International Federations, the Code of the Court of Arbitration for Sports, and the Arbitration Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This has led to a strong, and familiar, legal basis for its effective operation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC is composed of five members: one appointed by the SAOC, that individual is the President of the SSAC; one appointed by the Athletes’ Committee of the SAOC; one appointed by the Saudi Arabia Football Federation (SAFF); and two appointed by the General Assembly of the SAOC.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC does not deal with appeals arising from violations of laws of the game, criminal cases arising from sports disputes, or sports disputes that have not exhausted the internal roads via the competent judicial bodies. Final decisions may be appealed to the SSAC within 21 days of notification.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Procedures</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC Statute and the Rules &amp; Procedures are a set of procedural rules that govern SSAC procedures. The SSAC provides for three types of procedure:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Ordinary Arbitration - in which the parties have agreed to refer a sports dispute to the SSAC in accordance with an arbitration clause in a contract, or in cases where both parties agree to refer the dispute to arbitration after the dispute has arisen.</li>\r\n 	<li>Appeal Arbitration - in which a party has filed an appeal against a decision issued by a national association such as SAFF, or a judicial body related to sport, where the statutes or regulations provide an appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li>Mediation - in which each party has agreed to refer a dispute that has arisen, or a potential dispute that may arise, to an SSAC mediator.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>SSAC Jurisdiction</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC has jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sport. Many types of disputes can be referred to the SSAC, including; disputes arising between the SAOC, associations, clubs, members of the boards, members of the general assembly, players, referees, coaches, intermediaries, registered media representatives, organizers of sports events, sponsoring companies, TV transmission channels, disputes relating to sports doping, contractual disputes (provided the arbitration clause refers the dispute to the SSAC), and any international sports dispute (such as may occur in connection with a foreign player or coach) in which the parties have agreed to resort to the SSAC. The SSAC accordingly enjoys wide jurisdiction to hear any dispute related to sports in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This stands to generally contribute to the development of sports law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Divisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to Article 24 of the SSAC Statute, the SSAC shall conduct the arbitration in sports-related disputes through the following arbitration divisions:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Ordinary Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to resolve sports-related disputes that may arise out of contracts containing an arbitration clause that refers any dispute to the SSAC, or out of any subsequent agreement allowing the referral of disputes to the SSAC and to resolve sports disputes that may arise between the parties to any sports matter (athletes, players, intermediaries, sponsors, administrative staff, technical staff, medical staff, sports clubs, sports federations and Olympic committees), provided that such disputes are not subject to appeal before the SSAC.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Appeals Arbitration Division, which shall carry out its tasks in accordance with the following powers: to decide on all appeals against final decisions issued by the sports bodies after exhausting all internal legal procedures, except for football decisions, to decide on objections filed against internal decisions issued by the sports bodies, which do not have protest proceedings provided for in their statutes or regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Football Dispute Arbitration Division, which has the competence to decide on all appeals against the decisions issued by the SAFF and its committees after exhausting all its internal legal procedures, in accordance with the SAFF Rules and Regulations.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Special Dispute Division, that may be established by the SSAC to resolve all sports-related disputes referred by the General Sport Authority (GSA).</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Mediation Division, which has the competence to mediate between and assist the concerned parties to reach settlement agreements in contractual disputes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By comparison, the SSAC’s divisions exceed the number of divisions of the Foundation of Qatar Sports Arbitration (FQSA), another regional sports arbitration body. The FQSA is composed of three divisions, which are the ordinary arbitration division, the appeals arbitration division and the mediation division. The SSAC is composed of the five divisions described above plus newly created divisions, which are the Special Dispute Division and the Football Dispute Arbitration Division. It is to be inferred that the SSAC created a new division for the sport of football because it is the most popular sport in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it is accordingly anticipated that most disputes will football related.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\" wp-image-8095 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_220904572-655x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"294\" />Applicable law and Arbitration Language</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the ordinary, appeals or football arbitration divisions, the arbitration panel must follow all of the regulations and rules of the sports body whose decision is appealed against as a means of fulfilling the principles of justice, equity and the Olympic Charter. In the event that no relevant provision is stated in those regulations, then reference may be made to the statutes or regulations of the respective International Federations (IFs) according to each individual case, however, the parties may, in the ordinary arbitration, choose the law applicable to the dispute. It can be seen that the SSAC shall apply national laws and regulations, although the international regulations can also be applied in cases where there is no relevant provision to be found in the national laws and regulations. This situation helps the arbitrators to issue decisions in line with decisions at the international level.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Arabic language shall prevail as the language before the SSAC. However, English, or any other language, may be used before SSAC with a certified Arabic translation, upon the approval by the Arbitration Panel.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Arbitration Expenses and Fees</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Party requesting arbitration will be liable to pay the arbitration fees upon submitting the case to the SSAC. In case the Claimant requests an expedited procedure, then that party shall pay the applicable fees for an expedited procedure as prescribed. All fees are non-refundable. Furthermore, the party requesting arbitration shall pay the tribunal’s administrative expenses, while the losing party bears all such expenses unless an arbitral award states that the parties shall cover the expenses equally. One important rule is that the final arbitral award shall be delivered to the parties only after all the arbitrators’ costs and fees have been paid in full. Evidently, the SSAC has strong conditions in relation to fees and protects the rights of its arbitrators.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Notifications and Communications</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All notifications, reports and communications shall be made through and by the SSAC General Secretariat. In addition, all correspondence must be made in PDF format and sent to an SSAC approved e-mail address which shall be the only legal way for the SSAC to send/receive correspondence. Moreover, notifications, correspondence and communications served to the parties to the arbitration or their representatives must be made through the e-mail address previously specified by them or any other address determined in writing at a later stage or through an online filing platform. In case the notifications and communications cannot be delivered by email then they can be delivered by mail or by facsimile. Notifications and correspondence served on the parties to the arbitration shall be considered legally received if they are sent to the addressees at their SSAC-approved e-mail addresses.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Legal Nature of SSAC Awards</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Arbitration awards issued by the SSAC are final and may not be appealed before any other tribunal, whether inside or outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, unless otherwise stated in the SSAC Statute. In sports disputes in which a foreigner is a party, awards may be appealed before the International Sports Federations (IFs) or the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), if the relevant statute of an IF states that an appeal shall be made before such judicial body. In case the contract states that the arbitration is within the jurisdiction of the SSAC, then the SSAC award shall be final and non-appealable before any other authority.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SSAC represents a significant development in sports law, not only in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but also in the Middle East. Litigants may be represented by any licensed lawyer. To date 24 specialist Saudi and Arab arbitrators have been appointed to the panel of the SSAC. Eight international arbitrators, from the list of the CAS, have been appointed to SSAC arbitral panels, demonstrating international confidence. Its wide jurisdiction, and the range of its specialized divisions, will ensure that sports disputes are resolved with high standards of efficiency and in accordance with the best international sports law dispute resolution standards.</p>\r\n <em><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8031\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_224568580.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4429\" height=\"2041\" /></em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bandar Alhamidani is a Partner and key member of the Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Sports Law and Events Management team practice. Bandar has acted as an Arbitrator before CAS and SSAC. For further information, please contact Bandar Alhamidani (b.alhamidani@tamimi.com).</p>'),
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(275921, 26589, 'ReportText', 'Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8128\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_509472535-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8127\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_498755845-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8130\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_779654593-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8126\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_455965843-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out under the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8123\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_342657950-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" />Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable actions by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.|Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8128 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_509472535-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"301\" />A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft  wp-image-8127\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_498755845-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"327\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8130 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_779654593-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"326\" />Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft  wp-image-8126\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_455965843-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"495\" height=\"353\" />Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out under the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8123 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_342657950-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"372\" height=\"376\" />Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable actions by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.'),
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(272186, 26248, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8046\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_641258596.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4928\" height=\"1748\" />The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Commerce and Investment (\"MoCI\") issued a Guiding Charter for Family Owned Businesses (\"Charter\") on 02-08-1439H corresponding to 18-04-2018G.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article will provide a summary of the key provisions of the Charter and the added benefits it will bring to family owned businesses in Saudi Arabia (\"FOBs\" or the \"Company\" as the case may be).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">FOBs play an important role in Saudi Arabia’s economy, investment environment and job market. However, despite their various contributions to the economy, FOBs have at times failed to realize their full potential due to various factors some of which include a lack of transparency with respect to the management and operations of the Company, inadequate succession planning and the absence of a well-defined dispute resolution mechanism for addressing conflicts within the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Charter is not binding, the issuance of the Charter is a welcome development as its main aim is to promote the growth of FOBs in Saudi Arabia, and provide them with a set of guiding principles that will allow them to operate in line with international best practices and standards.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>To which Companies does the Charter apply?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter is intended for use by FOBs that are incorporated as closed joint stock companies in Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">FOBs that are listed on the Saudi Arabian stock exchange (the \"Tadawul\") as open joint stock companies are already subject to the Capital Market Authority’s corporate governance regulations.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the vast majority of FOBs operating in Saudi Arabia are not listed on the Tadawul. MoCI therefore recognized a need to fill this gap by establishing protocols for FOBs to follow.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Saudi Arabian Companies Law issued by Royal Decree no. M/3 dated 28-01-1437H corresponding to 11-11-2015G (as amended) (the \"Companies Law\") will take precedence over the provisions of the Charter as the Charter is meant to be complementary to the Companies Law and provide a set of guiding principles for FOBs to implement in conjunction with their existing regulatory obligations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>What are the Charter’s Objectives?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The objectives of the Charter include the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a guiding framework for FOBs to operate in an efficient and growth-oriented manner in conformance with international best practices and standards.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a common vision for family members with respect to the Company’s values and strategic objectives.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Enhance accountability and control mechanisms for the shareholders of FOBs.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Set-up well-defined strategies and protocols that promote transparency and govern the interaction of the family within the Company.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Achieve a proper and fair balance between the interests of the family members and the interests of the Company.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Put succession plans into place (for both ownership and management) to ensure their survival and orderly transition.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a well-defined mechanism for the timely resolution of any family disputes that may occur, and to ensure that such disputes do not impede decision-making within the Company.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Shareholders’ Assemblies</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similar to what is provided in the Companies Law, shareholder meetings are conducted through the Ordinary General Assembly and Extraordinary General Assembly (collectively referred to as the \"Shareholders’ Assemblies\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Shareholders’ Assemblies are required to hold all of their meetings in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law and the Company’s articles of association.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Resolutions passed during any meeting held by the Shareholders’ Assemblies are valid and binding upon all of the family members in the Company, regardless of whether such family members attended the meetings in which the resolutions were issued.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board is entitled to submit a written request to the Board of Directors to invite the Ordinary General Assembly (or the Extraordinary General Assembly as the case may be) to convene provided the written request contains justifications for convening the Ordinary General Assembly. In the event the Board of Directors fails to respond to the Family Board’s written request, then the Family Board (discussed in further detail below) is entitled to seek the written approval of family members representing at least 5% of the Company’s share capital in order to obligate the Board of Directors to invite the Ordinary General Assembly to convene.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure that the Company operates in an institutional manner, family members are prohibited from taking any adverse actions that would prevent the Shareholders’ Assemblies from exercising their functions set out in the Companies Law, the Company’s articles of association and Charter.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Family Board</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter prescribes the formation of a Family Board. The Family Board’s competencies include the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Monitor the overall performance of the Board of Directors and ensure they are compliant with the provisions of the Companies Law and the articles of association of the Company. For this purpose, the Family Board can provide an opinion on potential candidates for the Board of Directors. They also have the authority to investigate whether any member of the Board of Directors is engaging in an activity that is detrimental to the Company such as whether there is a potential conflict of interest or unauthorized disclosure of the Company’s trade secrets.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Resolve any disputes that arise between family members that may affect the Company’s operations (further details on the dispute resolution mechanism will be provided below).</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Consider recommendations from family members for the investment of the Company’s assets and presenting them to the Board of Directors for their approval.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Take any necessary actions to ensure that new generations of family members are trained and prepared to manage the Company in the future.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The competencies of the Family Board cannot be in direct conflict with the competencies of the Shareholders’ Assemblies and Board of Directors under the Companies Law, the articles of association of the Company and the Charter.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is recommended for a Family Board to be formed when there are more than 12 family members in the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure the Family Board exercises its competencies in an effective manner, there should not be more than 6 Family Board members. Members of the Family Board are elected by secret ballot at a special meeting held for this purpose. Members should be elected based on their personal and professional capabilities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A member of the Family Board is not permitted to be a member of the Board of Directors or the executive team of the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The term of the Family Board members is restricted to 3 years, and a member is not permitted to be on the Family Board for more than 2 consecutive terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Elections for Family Board members take place under the direction of an Election Committee consisting of 5 family members or any other members appointed by the Ordinary General Assembly. A member appointed to the Election Committee is prohibited from serving as a Family Board member. The Election Committee is required to hold elections for the Family Board members at least 25 days prior to the end of their term. The Election Committee should ensure that the election process is held transparently and impartially.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board should have a Chairman and Deputy-Chairman. They are selected by the Family Board members through secret ballot under the supervision of the Election Committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board is required to hold at least 4 meetings each financial year. The Family Board should hold a special meeting prior to any meeting held by the Shareholders’ Assemblies in order to consider the agenda items and to make any recommendations it considers necessary within the scope of its competencies.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The majority of the Family Board members should be present in order for a meeting to be valid. Resolutions issued by the Family Board will need to be approved by a majority of the members present at the meeting. In the event of a deadlock, the Chairman will have the casting vote. The Chairman will invite the Family Board to convene when requested to do so by 2 or more members.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Family Board members are entitled to receive remuneration for attending meetings. Remuneration will be equivalent to what is prescribed to Board of Directors members who attend meetings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As referenced above, the Charter prescribes a multi-tiered mechanism for the resolution of any disputes that may occur between family members.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initially, private discussions are held between members of the Family Board to determine the reasons for the dispute and the most optimal way forward to resolving the dispute. The Family Board assigns the Chairman or one of its members who do not have any involvement in the dispute to take the lead in amicably resolving the dispute. The Family Board member assigned to resolve the dispute will then hold discussions with the disputing parties in an effort to resolve the dispute in a manner that is in the best interests of both the family members and the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the event the dispute cannot be settled amicably, a conciliation body consisting of non-family members will be formed in an attempt to settle the dispute in a fair and impartial manner. The Family Board, in consultation with the disputing members, will determine the scope and composition of the conciliation body.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">If the conciliation body referred to in the preceding paragraph cannot be formed or is unable to resolve the dispute, the Family Board will recommend the disputing parties to resolve their dispute through arbitration or a court. The Family Board will need to take necessary measures to ensure that this does not have an adverse effect on the Company’s operations. The Family Board should continue to make an effort to resolve the dispute until a final binding decision is issued by the arbitration tribunal or court. When a final binding decision is issued, the Family Board should ensure that this decision is implemented.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Board of Directors</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similar to what is provided in the Companies Law, the Board of Directors has wide ranging authority to manage the affairs of the Company and maximize its value. All shareholders are prohibited from interfering with the Board’s functions or the executive team of the Company, unless they are members of the Board or the executive team.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Board members of the Company will be elected by the Ordinary General Assembly. The recommended number of Board members should be between 5 and 9.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A Chairman and a Deputy Chairman will need to be elected by the Board of Directors through secret ballot. The Chairman of the Board of Directors is not permitted to hold an executive position within the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">When electing Board members, the Ordinary General Assembly should take into consideration each candidate’s personal and professional capabilities such as his or her ability to lead, competence, financial expertise and medical fitness.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The term of the Board of Directors cannot exceed 3 years. Board members may be re-elected for 1 or more terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The CEO of the Company is selected through a resolution issued by the Board of Directors. It is not permissible for the CEO to be the Chairman or Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Board of Directors has the authority to form an Advisory Board to assist it with its functions. The members of the Advisory Board should have the necessary experience and competence to assist the Board of Directors in developing strategic objectives to ensure the Company’s continuity and growth. The Board of Directors is tasked with establishing the bylaws for the Advisory Board which must then be submitted to the Ordinary General Assembly for approval.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Board of Directors has the authority to form additional committees as it deems necessary to assist it with its functions.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8047\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_737881615-Converted-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3967\" height=\"1751\" /></strong></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Sale of Shares</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Any shareholder who intends to sell all or part of his or her shares in the Company will be required to notify all of the shareholders in writing through the Board of Directors. Each shareholder may exercise their priority right to purchase the shares put up for sale within 30 days from the date of notification. In the event 30 days elapse and no shareholder exercises his or her right to purchase the shares, the shareholder may proceed to sell the shares to a third party. It should be noted that this procedure will not be applicable to any transfer of shares by legal inheritance.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Company Policy</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A human resources policy should be developed for the Company that contains clear rules for employing a family member, which will address issues such as qualifications, experience, performance, evaluation and termination.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is not permissible to create a position for the specific purpose of appointing a family member. Additionally, it is not permissible to terminate, without a valid justification, an employee who is not a family member in order to replace him or her with a family member instead.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The salary of an employee, whether or not a member of the family, should be commensurate with the employee’s position, responsibilities, academic qualifications and level of performance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The work of a family member employed in the Company should not be subject to the supervision of another family member. In addition, no more than 1 member of the family should work in the same department unless it is in the best interests of the Company.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Additional Provisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A family member is entitled to submit a proposal to amend the Charter. The Family Board will assess the proposal to amend the Charter and prepare a report on its findings which will be presented to the Ordinary General Assembly for its consideration and approval.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The articles of association of the Company should be amended in order to be commensurate with the provisions of the Charter.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter should be reviewed by shareholders on a regular basis.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is advisable for the Charter to include the names and signatures of each shareholder of the Company on the final page.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\nIn conclusion, even though the Charter is merely a guide and is not mandatory for FOBs operating in Saudi Arabia, its issuance is nevertheless a positive development as it will raise a general awareness amongst FOBs of the importance of implementing proper governance frameworks and point the way to international best practice and standards and allow them to increase their contribution to the local economy. It may also provide a roadmap for the enactment of future legislation that will be binding on FOBs.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;'),
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(272497, 26277, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8048\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_775810141.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6000\" height=\"1520\" />In May 2017, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority issued version 1.0 of its Cyber Security Framework. Noting the importance of the need to safeguard sensitive data and transactions to ensure confidence in the Saudi financial sector, the Framework was designed to enable SAMA regulated entities (basically, banks, insurance companies and finance companies) to identify and address cyber security risks. In this article, we summarise key aspects of the Framework.</em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is based on SAMA requirements and industry standards (including ISO, BASEL and PCI-DSS). Its stated objectives are to create a common approach for addressing cyber security, to achieve an appropriate maturity level of cyber security controls, and to ensure cyber security risks are properly managed. It supersedes all prior SAMA circulars relating to cyber security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Entities subject to the Framework include all banks, all insurance and reinsurance companies, all financing companies, all credit bureaus, and the Saudi financial market infrastructure. The Framework also has some degree of application to subsidiaries and the personnel of such entities, as well as to third party contractors and customers.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Cyber security is defined in the Framework as:</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance, and technologies that can be used to protect the member organization’s information assets against internal and external threats.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The ‘information assets’ to which the Framework relates include electronic information, hardcopies, applications, software, databases, computers and machines such as ATMs, data storage devices, and networks and other technical infrastructure.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The three basic premises upon which the Framework has been developed are confidentiality, integrity and availability. More specifically, confidentiality refers to information assets being accessible only to those who are authorised, and protected from unintended or unauthorised disclosure; integrity refers to information assets being accurate, complete and processed correctly, and protected from unauthorised modification; and availability refers to information assets being resilient and accessible, and protected from unauthorised disruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework prescribes key cyber security principles and objectives to be embedded and achieved by each regulated entity. These are broken down in terms of four main cyber security ‘domains’: Leadership &amp; Governance, Risk Management &amp; Compliance, Operations &amp; Technology, and Third Party considerations. The Framework also contemplates regulated entities meeting a minimum level of cyber security maturity (the criteria of which are specified in detail in the Framework), and to subject themselves to periodic self-assessments, reviewed by SAMA.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Leadership &amp; Governance</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework contemplates the implementation of a board-endorsed, defined cyber security governance structure to lead the overall approach to cyber security within the regulated entity. As well as establishing a cybersecurity committee (with representatives from all relevant departments in the organisation), regulated entities also need to establish a cyber security function, independent of the information technology function, and led by a Chief Information Security Officer who is a Saudi national and sufficiently qualified for the CISO role.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Each regulated entity needs to define a cyber security strategy aligned with its own strategic objectives and the broader banking sector’s cyber security strategy. It must also develop a cyber security policy to document and communicate its cyber security commitment and objectives. The policy should be considered in the development of other corporate policies (such as HR policies and IT policies), based on best practices, and supported by detailed security standards. The policy also needs to ensure that information is classified appropriate to its importance, and protected in line with the entity’s risk appetite. Owners need to be appointed for all information assets, and all stakeholders need to be made aware of cyber security. The policy also needs to contain requirements that ensure compliance with regulatory and contractual obligations, and provide for reporting of cyber security breaches and suspected weaknesses.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The ultimate responsibility for cyber security lies with the regulated entity’s board of directors. This responsibility ranges from ensuring an appropriate budget is available for cyber security measures, through to endorsing the entity’s cyber security governance, strategy and policy. The entity’s cyber security committee is responsible at a more operational level.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework imposes an obligation on regulated entities to ensure that relevant stakeholders are aware of, and understand, their cyber security responsibilities. It requires the development of an organisational culture of cyber security risk awareness, enabling personnel, third parties and customers to protect the regulated entity’s information assets. Additionally, it requires the implementation of training to ensure that personnel are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to protect the entity’s information assets (including by operating the entity’s systems securely) and to meet its cyber security responsibilities. Cyber security needs to be an integrated part of the regulated entity’s project management methodology, enabling the entity to identify and address cyber security risks as part of any project.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Risk Management &amp; Compliance</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework describes risk management as the ongoing process of identifying, analyzing, responding to, monitoring and reviewing risks. To manage cyber security risks, the Framework requires regulated entities to undertake cyber security risk identification (identification of their cyber security risks), risk analysis (assessment of the likelihood of occurrence, and the resulting impact), risk response (determining the appropriate response to cyber security risks), and monitoring and review (monitoring the risk treatment and review of the effectiveness of the cyber security control).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure cyber security risks are properly managed to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of a regulated entity’s information assets, and to ensure alignment of the cyber security risk management process with the entity’s enterprise risk management process, each regulated entity is required to define, approve and implement a cyber security risk management process.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This involves identification (and treatment) of the entity’s cyber security risks and threats, bearing in mind the relevant information assets of the entity, as well as its existing cyber security controls and vulnerabilities, and the likelihood of occurrence of the risks identified and the likely resulting impact. The Framework contemplates this exercise being performed on a rolling basis, so as to ensure its continued effectiveness.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities are also required to establish a process whereby they identify, communicate and comply with the cyber security implications of relevant regulations, and adopt mandatory local and international industry standards.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">There is an expectation that information assets of regulated entities will be subjected to thorough, independent and regular cyber security audits, in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and the Framework.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Operations &amp; Technology</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework makes it is necessary for regulated entities to ensure that security requirements for their information assets are defined, approved and implemented.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities are required to incorporate cyber security requirements into their human resources processes. At a minimum, these should include: cyber security awareness training for personnel at induction and during their employment, personnel agreements setting out cyber security responsibilities and obligations of non-disclosure, post-employment cyber security implications (such as revocation of access rights, and obligations to return access badge, tokens, mobile devices, all electronic and physical information). The Framework also provides for requirements relating to Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policies, so as to ensure that business and sensitive information is securely handled by personnel when using personal devices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">There is also an obligation to ensure appropriate physical security, by ensuring that all facilities that host information assets are physically protected. These should include: physical entry controls, monitoring and surveillance (e.g., CCTV), protection of data centres and data rooms, environmental protection, and consideration of the physical protection of information assets during their lifecycles (such as during transportation and destruction, and by avoiding unauthorized access and data leakage). The secure disposal of information assets is also contemplated, so as to ensure that business, customer and other information, is protected from unintended or unauthorized disclosure when no longer required.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">More generally, there is an obligation to ensure that access to information assets is restricted in line with need to know/have principles. This requirement brings with it a need to ensure that identity and access be managed and controlled.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities need to know what information assets they have, and where (both physically and logically) they are located, in order to ensure cyber security. The Framework requires regulated entities to maintain an accurate and up-to-date inventory, including location and other relevant details, of all information assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities are also required to define their cyber security architecture, outlining the cyber security requirements in their enterprise architecture and addressing the design principles for developing cyber security capabilities. They also need to make sure that they follow and review their cyber security architecture. Similarly, regulated entities need to make sure that cyber security controls are formally documented and implemented for all applications, and that the compliance is monitored and effectiveness evaluated on a regular basis.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Cyber security standards for infrastructure components need to be documented, and compliance monitored. This needs to include all instances of infrastructure (e.g., workstations, laptops, tablets, mobile devices, virtual machines, servers, operating systems, firewalls, network devices, wireless networks, email gateways, external connections, databases, file-shares, PBX), and it needs to cover all relevant locations, including data centres, disaster recovery sites and offices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Regulated entities need to define, approve, implement and monitor cyber security standards for payment systems and electronic banking services in order to safeguard the confidentiality and integrity of shared banking systems and customer information and transactions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Third party considerations</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is almost certain that regulated entities will need to engage with third party service providers (including the likes of information services providers, outsourcing providers, cloud computing service providers, technology vendors and governmental agencies) in order to deliver their services. If such engagements do not respect the types of cyber security mechanisms that the regulated entities have implemented, then such engagements could bring with them cyber security risks. With this in mind, the Framework introduces expectations with regard to the engagement of third parties. These can be broadly categorised as contract and vendor management considerations, outsourcing considerations and cloud computing considerations. We consider this in more detail in a separate article.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The SAMA Cyber Security Framework, which was developed in coordination with a leading consultancy firm, provides a very clear outline of what SAMA expects, in terms of cyber security, of the entities that it regulates. Just as the types of technology being used in the financial services sector will continue to develop, the volume and nature of cyber security risks to financial services sector business will continue to develop. SAMA’s Cyber Security Framework should go some way to ensuring that businesses operating in the financial services sector are aware of the nature and scope of their information assets and the potential cyber risks to such assets. The processes implemented in compliance with the Framework will also provide a mechanism for future-proofing regulated financial services businesses against new cyber risks as they develop.</p>\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications team regularly advises on issues relating to cyber security, including regulatory compliance and breach notification obligations. For further information please contact Nick O’Connell, Partner (n.oconnell@tamimi.com) or Andrew Fawcett, Senior Counsel (a.fawcett@tamimi.com)</em>');
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(272187, 26248, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8046\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_641258596.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4928\" height=\"1748\" />The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Commerce and Investment (\"MoCI\") issued a Guiding Charter for Family Owned Businesses (\"Charter\") on 02-08-1439H corresponding to 18-04-2018G.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This article will provide a summary of the key provisions of the Charter and the added benefits it will bring to family owned businesses in Saudi Arabia (\"FOBs\" or the \"Company\" as the case may be).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">FOBs play an important role in Saudi Arabia’s economy, investment environment and job market. However, despite their various contributions to the economy, FOBs have at times failed to realize their full potential due to various factors some of which include a lack of transparency with respect to the management and operations of the Company, inadequate succession planning and the absence of a well-defined dispute resolution mechanism for addressing conflicts within the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Charter is not binding, the issuance of the Charter is a welcome development as its main aim is to promote the growth of FOBs in Saudi Arabia, and provide them with a set of guiding principles that will allow them to operate in line with international best practices and standards.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>To which Companies does the Charter apply?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter is intended for use by FOBs that are incorporated as closed joint stock companies in Saudi Arabia.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">FOBs that are listed on the Saudi Arabian stock exchange (the \"Tadawul\") as open joint stock companies are already subject to the Capital Market Authority’s corporate governance regulations.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the vast majority of FOBs operating in Saudi Arabia are not listed on the Tadawul. MoCI therefore recognized a need to fill this gap by establishing protocols for FOBs to follow.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Saudi Arabian Companies Law issued by Royal Decree no. M/3 dated 28-01-1437H corresponding to 11-11-2015G (as amended) (the \"Companies Law\") will take precedence over the provisions of the Charter as the Charter is meant to be complementary to the Companies Law and provide a set of guiding principles for FOBs to implement in conjunction with their existing regulatory obligations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>What are the Charter’s Objectives?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The objectives of the Charter include the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a guiding framework for FOBs to operate in an efficient and growth-oriented manner in conformance with international best practices and standards.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a common vision for family members with respect to the Company’s values and strategic objectives.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Enhance accountability and control mechanisms for the shareholders of FOBs.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Set-up well-defined strategies and protocols that promote transparency and govern the interaction of the family within the Company.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Achieve a proper and fair balance between the interests of the family members and the interests of the Company.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Put succession plans into place (for both ownership and management) to ensure their survival and orderly transition.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Provide a well-defined mechanism for the timely resolution of any family disputes that may occur, and to ensure that such disputes do not impede decision-making within the Company.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Shareholders’ Assemblies</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similar to what is provided in the Companies Law, shareholder meetings are conducted through the Ordinary General Assembly and Extraordinary General Assembly (collectively referred to as the \"Shareholders’ Assemblies\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Shareholders’ Assemblies are required to hold all of their meetings in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law and the Company’s articles of association.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Resolutions passed during any meeting held by the Shareholders’ Assemblies are valid and binding upon all of the family members in the Company, regardless of whether such family members attended the meetings in which the resolutions were issued.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board is entitled to submit a written request to the Board of Directors to invite the Ordinary General Assembly (or the Extraordinary General Assembly as the case may be) to convene provided the written request contains justifications for convening the Ordinary General Assembly. In the event the Board of Directors fails to respond to the Family Board’s written request, then the Family Board (discussed in further detail below) is entitled to seek the written approval of family members representing at least 5% of the Company’s share capital in order to obligate the Board of Directors to invite the Ordinary General Assembly to convene.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure that the Company operates in an institutional manner, family members are prohibited from taking any adverse actions that would prevent the Shareholders’ Assemblies from exercising their functions set out in the Companies Law, the Company’s articles of association and Charter.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Family Board</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter prescribes the formation of a Family Board. The Family Board’s competencies include the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Monitor the overall performance of the Board of Directors and ensure they are compliant with the provisions of the Companies Law and the articles of association of the Company. For this purpose, the Family Board can provide an opinion on potential candidates for the Board of Directors. They also have the authority to investigate whether any member of the Board of Directors is engaging in an activity that is detrimental to the Company such as whether there is a potential conflict of interest or unauthorized disclosure of the Company’s trade secrets.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Resolve any disputes that arise between family members that may affect the Company’s operations (further details on the dispute resolution mechanism will be provided below).</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Consider recommendations from family members for the investment of the Company’s assets and presenting them to the Board of Directors for their approval.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Take any necessary actions to ensure that new generations of family members are trained and prepared to manage the Company in the future.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The competencies of the Family Board cannot be in direct conflict with the competencies of the Shareholders’ Assemblies and Board of Directors under the Companies Law, the articles of association of the Company and the Charter.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is recommended for a Family Board to be formed when there are more than 12 family members in the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order to ensure the Family Board exercises its competencies in an effective manner, there should not be more than 6 Family Board members. Members of the Family Board are elected by secret ballot at a special meeting held for this purpose. Members should be elected based on their personal and professional capabilities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A member of the Family Board is not permitted to be a member of the Board of Directors or the executive team of the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The term of the Family Board members is restricted to 3 years, and a member is not permitted to be on the Family Board for more than 2 consecutive terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Elections for Family Board members take place under the direction of an Election Committee consisting of 5 family members or any other members appointed by the Ordinary General Assembly. A member appointed to the Election Committee is prohibited from serving as a Family Board member. The Election Committee is required to hold elections for the Family Board members at least 25 days prior to the end of their term. The Election Committee should ensure that the election process is held transparently and impartially.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board should have a Chairman and Deputy-Chairman. They are selected by the Family Board members through secret ballot under the supervision of the Election Committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Family Board is required to hold at least 4 meetings each financial year. The Family Board should hold a special meeting prior to any meeting held by the Shareholders’ Assemblies in order to consider the agenda items and to make any recommendations it considers necessary within the scope of its competencies.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The majority of the Family Board members should be present in order for a meeting to be valid. Resolutions issued by the Family Board will need to be approved by a majority of the members present at the meeting. In the event of a deadlock, the Chairman will have the casting vote. The Chairman will invite the Family Board to convene when requested to do so by 2 or more members.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Family Board members are entitled to receive remuneration for attending meetings. Remuneration will be equivalent to what is prescribed to Board of Directors members who attend meetings.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As referenced above, the Charter prescribes a multi-tiered mechanism for the resolution of any disputes that may occur between family members.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initially, private discussions are held between members of the Family Board to determine the reasons for the dispute and the most optimal way forward to resolving the dispute. The Family Board assigns the Chairman or one of its members who do not have any involvement in the dispute to take the lead in amicably resolving the dispute. The Family Board member assigned to resolve the dispute will then hold discussions with the disputing parties in an effort to resolve the dispute in a manner that is in the best interests of both the family members and the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the event the dispute cannot be settled amicably, a conciliation body consisting of non-family members will be formed in an attempt to settle the dispute in a fair and impartial manner. The Family Board, in consultation with the disputing members, will determine the scope and composition of the conciliation body.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">If the conciliation body referred to in the preceding paragraph cannot be formed or is unable to resolve the dispute, the Family Board will recommend the disputing parties to resolve their dispute through arbitration or a court. The Family Board will need to take necessary measures to ensure that this does not have an adverse effect on the Company’s operations. The Family Board should continue to make an effort to resolve the dispute until a final binding decision is issued by the arbitration tribunal or court. When a final binding decision is issued, the Family Board should ensure that this decision is implemented.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Board of Directors</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Similar to what is provided in the Companies Law, the Board of Directors has wide ranging authority to manage the affairs of the Company and maximize its value. All shareholders are prohibited from interfering with the Board’s functions or the executive team of the Company, unless they are members of the Board or the executive team.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Board members of the Company will be elected by the Ordinary General Assembly. The recommended number of Board members should be between 5 and 9.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A Chairman and a Deputy Chairman will need to be elected by the Board of Directors through secret ballot. The Chairman of the Board of Directors is not permitted to hold an executive position within the Company.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">When electing Board members, the Ordinary General Assembly should take into consideration each candidate’s personal and professional capabilities such as his or her ability to lead, competence, financial expertise and medical fitness.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The term of the Board of Directors cannot exceed 3 years. Board members may be re-elected for 1 or more terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The CEO of the Company is selected through a resolution issued by the Board of Directors. It is not permissible for the CEO to be the Chairman or Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Board of Directors has the authority to form an Advisory Board to assist it with its functions. The members of the Advisory Board should have the necessary experience and competence to assist the Board of Directors in developing strategic objectives to ensure the Company’s continuity and growth. The Board of Directors is tasked with establishing the bylaws for the Advisory Board which must then be submitted to the Ordinary General Assembly for approval.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Board of Directors has the authority to form additional committees as it deems necessary to assist it with its functions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8047\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_737881615-Converted-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3967\" height=\"1751\" /></p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Sale of Shares</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Any shareholder who intends to sell all or part of his or her shares in the Company will be required to notify all of the shareholders in writing through the Board of Directors. Each shareholder may exercise their priority right to purchase the shares put up for sale within 30 days from the date of notification. In the event 30 days elapse and no shareholder exercises his or her right to purchase the shares, the shareholder may proceed to sell the shares to a third party. It should be noted that this procedure will not be applicable to any transfer of shares by legal inheritance.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Company Policy</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A human resources policy should be developed for the Company that contains clear rules for employing a family member, which will address issues such as qualifications, experience, performance, evaluation and termination.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is not permissible to create a position for the specific purpose of appointing a family member. Additionally, it is not permissible to terminate, without a valid justification, an employee who is not a family member in order to replace him or her with a family member instead.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The salary of an employee, whether or not a member of the family, should be commensurate with the employee’s position, responsibilities, academic qualifications and level of performance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The work of a family member employed in the Company should not be subject to the supervision of another family member. In addition, no more than 1 member of the family should work in the same department unless it is in the best interests of the Company.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Additional Provisions</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A family member is entitled to submit a proposal to amend the Charter. The Family Board will assess the proposal to amend the Charter and prepare a report on its findings which will be presented to the Ordinary General Assembly for its consideration and approval.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The articles of association of the Company should be amended in order to be commensurate with the provisions of the Charter.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Charter should be reviewed by shareholders on a regular basis.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is advisable for the Charter to include the names and signatures of each shareholder of the Company on the final page.</p>\r\n&nbsp;<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\nIn conclusion, even though the Charter is merely a guide and is not mandatory for FOBs operating in Saudi Arabia, its issuance is nevertheless a positive development as it will raise a general awareness amongst FOBs of the importance of implementing proper governance frameworks and point the way to international best practice and standards and allow them to increase their contribution to the local economy. It may also provide a roadmap for the enactment of future legislation that will be binding on FOBs.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;'),
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(276112, 26608, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-7982 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"837\" />If an employer decides to terminate a construction contract entered into with a main contractor, and to appoint a new main contractor, will the former main contractor be legally entitled to prevent the employer from appointing the new main contractor, pending the evaluation of the site or it is an absolute right of the employer to appoint a new contractor following the termination of the construction contract?</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We explore in this article whether a main contractor can prevent the appointment of a new main contractor based on our recent experience advising and representing a main contractor before the Dubai Urgent Matters Court (\"<strong>DUMC</strong>\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Background of dispute</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">An employer entered into a construction contract with a main contractor to construct a number of villas in a prime location in Dubai.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The contract was based on FIDIC (1987) with particular conditions. The main contractor almost completed the project, and was ready to initiate the testing and commissioning for the project. According to the last interim payment certificate, the consultant had certified that around 87% of the main contractor’s works had been successfully completed.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Due to the existence of several disputes between the employer and the contractor relating to the latter’s claim for variations, extension of time, prolongation costs, and overdue payments related to work done on site, the employer terminated the contract. Following the termination, the main contractor applied to DUMC to appoint engineering experts to visit the site, evaluate the percentage of work done, record the status of the work done and scope of the material and equipment on site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The main contractor sought legal representation when the employer tried to evict the main contractor from the site. Following our advice, a notice was served on the employer warning the employer that, among other things, the site status should remain as is until the DUMC appoints an engineering experts’ committee to visit the site and record the work done and material and equipment on site. The notice also made it clear to the employer that no new contactor should enter the site, pending the inspection by the aforesaid engineering experts committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The employer opted to disregard the notice, and decided to appoint a new main contractor. Consequently, the employer applied to the appropriate authority in Dubai to substitute the main contractor with another one in the records of the authority.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company, as legal counsel for the main contractor, immediately drafted a request to the DUMC highlighting the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the certification by the project’s consultant confirmed that construction was approximately 87% completed;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had purportedly terminated the contract, and alleged that the main contractor had breached its contractual obligations;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">following the purported termination, the main contractor had applied to the DUMC to appoint an engineering experts’ committee to record the work done on site and the material and equipment on site;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had attempted to evict the main contractor from the site, and the employer had accordingly been notified that the site’s status should remain as is and no new main contractor should be appointed until the DUMC appointed engineering experts committee had examined and recorded the works done on site and the material and equipment on site; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had not responded to the notice, and had applied to the relevant authority to change the main contractor with a new one which would allow this new contractor to enter upon and disturb the site.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Having regard to the above, the DUMC were requested to issue an order addressed to the relevant authority rejecting the employer’s request to substitute the main contractor with a new one thereby preventing the new main contractor from interfering with the site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-8133 size-full\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Main-Contractor-Quote-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"948\" height=\"372\" /></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Dubai Urgent Matters Court’s Decision</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The DUMC issued its decision within 72 hours, and accepted Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s request that the site should be left undisturbed pending the appointment of the engineering experts’ committee in accordance with the main contractor’s case before Dubai Court and addressed an order to the relevant authority to suspend the employer’s request to change the main contractor.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although employers may have the right to terminate a construction contract entered into with the main contractor, an employer should not engage a new main contractor until the work done on site and the material and equipment on site have been recorded by an expert agreed between the parties or appointed by the UAE Courts.</p>\r\n<em>For further information please contact <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ahmad-ghoneim/\">Ahmad Ghoneim</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.ghoneim@tamimi.com\">a.ghoneim@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
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(277677, 26749, 'PostUrl', 'http://www.tamimi.com/law-update-articles/the-calm-after-the-storm-saudi-arabias-anti-corruption-tornado-and-the-investor-impact/'),
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(277680, 26749, 'MetaValueNew', '<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8156 size-full\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_483404143dj.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2961\" height=\"1905\" />Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong> </strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8151\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/WQA-01.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2501\" height=\"1288\" />\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8150 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/sd-933x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"569\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-8149 aligncenter\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fd-1024x918.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"514\" height=\"461\" />\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-8147 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/AQW-01-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"564\" height=\"564\" />\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out unde</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">r the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable acti</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">ons by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8152 \" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fvb-1024x754.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"787\" height=\"579\" />A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8154 size-full\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_754968694-Converted.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2105\" height=\"972\" />'),
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(288042, 27734, 'MetaValueNew', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6.</strong> The level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.  <strong>YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.');
INSERT INTO `tm_wsal_metadata` (`id`, `occurrence_id`, `name`, `value`) VALUES
(288043, 27734, 'MetaValueOld', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\r\n<strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6.</strong> The level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.  <strong>YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(288046, 27734, 'ReportText', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\r\n<strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6.</strong> The level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.  <strong>YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.|The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6.</strong> The level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.  <strong>YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(288176, 27746, 'MetaValueNew', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6. YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(287988, 27730, 'MetaValueNew', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\r\n<strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6.</strong> The level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.  <strong>YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li><strong>COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\nYou can ask us for a copy of the information we hold about you, and you can also ask us to correct any incorrect personal information that we hold about you, so that it is accurate and up-to-date. If you would like to make a request of this nature, please contact <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n 	<li><strong>PURPOSES</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n\r\n(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.\r\n\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n 	<li><strong>SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) - or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. In relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n<ol start=\"5\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n 	<li><strong>INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n<ol start=\"7\">\r\n 	<li><strong>COOKIES</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer\'s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n<ol start=\"8\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n<ol start=\"9\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(287992, 27730, 'ReportText', 'The website <a href=\"http://www.tamimi.com\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6<sup>th</sup> Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, \"we\", \"us\", \"our\"), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li><strong>COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\nYou can ask us for a copy of the information we hold about you, and you can also ask us to correct any incorrect personal information that we hold about you, so that it is accurate and up-to-date. If you would like to make a request of this nature, please contact <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n 	<li><strong>PURPOSES</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n\r\n(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.\r\n\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n 	<li><strong>SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) - or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. In relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n<ol start=\"5\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n 	<li><strong>INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n<ol start=\"7\">\r\n 	<li><strong>COOKIES</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer\'s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n<ol start=\"8\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n<ol start=\"9\">\r\n 	<li><strong>CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></li>\r\n</ol>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.|The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\r\n<strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6.</strong> The level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.  <strong>YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(242907, 23789, 'ReportText', '<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Bahrain’s new Law on the Protection of Personal Data was published on 19 July 2018, and will come into effect on 1 August 2019</strong>.</span>\r\n\r\nThe Law will require a variety of changes to the way businesses process personal data in Bahrain or about residents of Bahrain. Historically, data protection has not been a high priority topic for most businesses in Bahrain, with the limited exception of international entities subject to data protection requirements in other jurisdictions in which they operate. While the publication of the new Law provides a considerable lead-in period within which entities subject to the Law will need to comply, the fact that the Law creates criminal offences means that compliance is all the more important and should be treated as a high priority.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Application</strong></span>\r\n\r\n<strong>\r\n</strong>Bahrain’s Data Protection Law describes the legal protection of personal privacy as among the main constitutional rights of the person, and notes that it should be protected, particularly in the context of the increasing use of electronic/digital means for processing information. The Law applies to:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Every individual residing normally in Bahrain or having a workplace in Bahrain, and every legal person (corporate) having a place of business in the Kingdom of Bahrain; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Every individual not residing normally in Bahrain or having a workplace in Bahrain, and every legal person (corporate) not having a place of business in the Kingdom of Bahrain, where such persons are processing data using means available in Bahrain, except where such processing means are solely for the purpose of passing data through Bahrain.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Criminal provisions</strong></span><strong>\r\n\r\n</strong>The Law criminalises a variety of acts that would, at most, be the subject of administrative penalties in data protection laws elsewhere. Penalties generally comprise up to one year in prison and/or a fine of between BHD 1,000 and BHD 20,000 (between about USD 2,600 to about USD 53,000) (or a fine only in the case of corporate entities). The following are examples of activities that attract criminal penalties under the Law:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Processing sensitive personal data in violation of the provision specifying requirements for processing sensitive personal data;</li>\r\n 	<li>Transferring personal data outside Bahrain contrary to the provisions specifying requirements for transfers to jurisdictions that provide an adequate level of data protection, and associated exceptions;</li>\r\n 	<li>Processing personal data without notifying the new Data Protection Authority in accordance with the provision that sets out the obligation to notify the Authority before commencing any data processing activities (except where certain exceptions apply), or failing to update such notification to the Authority;</li>\r\n 	<li>Processing personal data contrary to the provision that requires prior authorization from the Authority before processing personal data in certain circumstances;</li>\r\n 	<li>Providing false or misleading information to the Authority or to a data subject, or withholding relevant information from the Authority, or otherwise hindering the Authority’s work; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Disclosing any data or information accessed due to work, or using the same for own benefit or for the benefit of others unreasonably and in violation of the provisions of this law.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Security considerations</strong></span>\r\n\r\nGenerally, the security of processing provisions, and the confidentiality provisions, appear to be fairly standard. Data controllers are required to apply technical and organizational measures capable of protecting personal data against unintentional or unauthorized destruction, accidental loss, unauthorized alteration, disclosure or access, or any other form of processing. The measures adopted need to be appropriate, bearing in mind the nature of the data in question and the risks associated with processing it.\r\n\r\nData controllers are required to engage only data processors who provide sufficient guarantees regarding the application of technical and organisational measures. Importantly, there is an obligation on data controllers to take steps to verify compliance with such measures, and to enter into a written contract with the data processor requiring that the data processor shall only process data in accordance with the instructions of the data controller, and in accordance with the data controller’s requirements with regard to security and confidentiality.\r\n\r\nThere does not appear to be any specific obligation to notify the Authority in the event of a data breach incident. It is possible that this level of detail might be addressed in the regulations, or that the Authority is expected to address breaches only in the event that they become aware of them, and when the circumstances indicate a breach of the obligation to use suitable technical and organizational security measures.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Data Protection Supervisor</strong></span>\r\n\r\nThe Law contemplates a role of ‘Data Protection Supervisor’ (not a data protection officer type role) intended to act as an independent and impartial intermediary between the data controller and the Authority. The data protection supervisor will help the data controller fulfil its rights and obligations, and coordinate between the data controller and the Authority. It will also be required to verify the data controller’s processing in compliance with the law, alert the data controller to any apparent non-compliance to enable the issue to be addressed, and alert the Authority where such non-compliance has not been addressed within a specified timeframe.\r\n\r\nThe concept of a data protection supervisor has the potential to result in a whole new industry in the Bahrain market. The regulations setting out the requirements for the registration of data protection supervisors may shed greater light on what is anticipated, in terms of who might be able to fulfil such roles. The most natural development may be for the role to be filled by consulting/audit firms with expertise in data protection related issues.\r\n\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company regularly advises on data protection issues across the Middle East. For further information about the new Data Protection Law in Bahrain, or assistance in ensuring compliance, please do not hesitate to contact us.</em>|<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Bahrain’s new Law on the Protection of Personal Data was published on 19 July 2018, and will come into effect on 1 August 2019</strong>.</span>\r\n\r\nThe Law will require a variety of changes to the way businesses process personal data in Bahrain or about residents of Bahrain. Historically, data protection has not been a high priority topic for most businesses in Bahrain, with the limited exception of international entities subject to data protection requirements in other jurisdictions in which they operate. 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The Law applies to:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Every individual residing normally in Bahrain or having a workplace in Bahrain, and every legal person (corporate) having a place of business in the Kingdom of Bahrain; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Every individual not residing normally in Bahrain or having a workplace in Bahrain, and every legal person (corporate) not having a place of business in the Kingdom of Bahrain, where such persons are processing data using means available in Bahrain, except where such processing means are solely for the purpose of passing data through Bahrain.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Criminal provisions</strong></span>\r\n\r\nThe Law criminalises a variety of acts that would, at most, be the subject of administrative penalties in data protection laws elsewhere. Penalties generally comprise up to one year in prison and/or a fine of between BHD 1,000 and BHD 20,000 (between about USD 2,600 to about USD 53,000) (or a fine only in the case of corporate entities). The following are examples of activities that attract criminal penalties under the Law:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Processing sensitive personal data in violation of the provision specifying requirements for processing sensitive personal data;</li>\r\n 	<li>Transferring personal data outside Bahrain contrary to the provisions specifying requirements for transfers to jurisdictions that provide an adequate level of data protection, and associated exceptions;</li>\r\n 	<li>Processing personal data without notifying the new Data Protection Authority in accordance with the provision that sets out the obligation to notify the Authority before commencing any data processing activities (except where certain exceptions apply), or failing to update such notification to the Authority;</li>\r\n 	<li>Processing personal data contrary to the provision that requires prior authorization from the Authority before processing personal data in certain circumstances;</li>\r\n 	<li>Providing false or misleading information to the Authority or to a data subject, or withholding relevant information from the Authority, or otherwise hindering the Authority’s work; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Disclosing any data or information accessed due to work, or using the same for own benefit or for the benefit of others unreasonably and in violation of the provisions of this law.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Security considerations</strong></span>\r\n\r\nGenerally, the security of processing provisions, and the confidentiality provisions, appear to be fairly standard. Data controllers are required to apply technical and organizational measures capable of protecting personal data against unintentional or unauthorized destruction, accidental loss, unauthorized alteration, disclosure or access, or any other form of processing. The measures adopted need to be appropriate, bearing in mind the nature of the data in question and the risks associated with processing it.\r\n\r\nData controllers are required to engage only data processors who provide sufficient guarantees regarding the application of technical and organisational measures. Importantly, there is an obligation on data controllers to take steps to verify compliance with such measures, and to enter into a written contract with the data processor requiring that the data processor shall only process data in accordance with the instructions of the data controller, and in accordance with the data controller’s requirements with regard to security and confidentiality.\r\n\r\nThere does not appear to be any specific obligation to notify the Authority in the event of a data breach incident. It is possible that this level of detail might be addressed in the regulations, or that the Authority is expected to address breaches only in the event that they become aware of them, and when the circumstances indicate a breach of the obligation to use suitable technical and organizational security measures.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #00578f;\"><strong>Data Protection Supervisor</strong></span>\r\n\r\nThe Law contemplates a role of ‘Data Protection Supervisor’ (not a data protection officer type role) intended to act as an independent and impartial intermediary between the data controller and the Authority. The data protection supervisor will help the data controller fulfil its rights and obligations, and coordinate between the data controller and the Authority. 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For further information about the new Data Protection Law in Bahrain, or assistance in ensuring compliance, please do not hesitate to contact us.</em>'),
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