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Maktoob.com</strong> in relation to market entry regulatory advice.</li>\r\n 	<li><strong>Swiss Watch Federation</strong> on enforcement of IP rights through market raids against a wide range of brands of Swiss origin.</li>\r\n 	<li><strong>Wyeth </strong>&amp;<strong> Pfizer</strong> on the strategic management of their patent portfolio across the MENA region including the prosecution of National Phase PCT patent applications.</li>\r\n 	<li><strong>Vossloh Group</strong> as regional coordinating agent for patent matters in the MENA region.</li>\r\n 	<li><strong>Caterpillar Inc</strong> in a domain name dispute against a software company operating in Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Canada.</li>\r\n 	<li><strong>Cipriani International SA</strong> on trademark oppositions and strategic advice.</li>\r\n</ul>|<strong>Trademark Prosecution</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Acting on behalf of a leader in the automotive industry in trademark clearance projects throughout Middle East and North Africa.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing a regional media group in managing their trademark and copyright portfolio globally.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing a global pharmaceutical company on managing their trademark portfolio in the UAE and successfully prosecuting all trademarks free from any office actions.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing a well-known French fashion brand in developing a protection and enforcement strategy and securing non-traditional trademark registrations in the Middle East.</li>\r\n 	<li>Acting on behalf of a global FMCG company in all its prosecution work in the UAE.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Enforcement &amp; Litigation</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Representing a well-known mobile phone brand owner since 2001 in a nationwide enforcement campaign, achieving record seizures of counterfeit goods every year.</li>\r\n 	<li>Managing a cross border enforcement campaign in respect of a well-known electronics brand across six countries in the Middle East.</li>\r\n 	<li>Obtaining a Court order in Iraq seizing counterfeit appliances in Kurdistan in favor of a well known Japanese brand.</li>\r\n 	<li>Taking successful action in Egypt against the unauthorised use of a client’s trademark in a promotional campaign of a competitor resulting in numerous raids on hypermarkets.</li>\r\n 	<li>Carrying out a successful raid against warehouses storing high end designer bags and organised raids against traders in a notorious market in Dubai.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Patents &amp; Designs (R&amp;D and Innovations)</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Representing technology suppliers clients in pioneer patent infringement and patent invalidation cases in the UAE.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing an inventor client a patent owner in a patent infringement case against a major telecommunication provider in Saudi Arabia.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing an inventor client a patent owner in defending against the opposition of his patents in front of the GCC Patent Office and the Saudi Courts.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing multinational Fortune 500 companies in patent procurement and prosecution throughout MENA.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing major local universities in patent procurement and prosecution worldwide in various fields including engineering and life sciences.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising one of the largest local governmental entity in the field of innovations on various IP and commercial related matters.</li>\r\n 	<li>Assisting a client in the acquisition of a military related technology, including conducting due diligences, assisting in capturing the technology from the seller, and assisting in the legal transfer of the technology.</li>\r\n 	<li>Providing support in the commercialisation of patents to a large industrial company in Abu Dhabi.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing a start-up company in the protection of its mobile payment technologies worldwide until the conclusion of multi million dollars worth of commercial partnership agreements.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Copyright &amp; Media</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Advising a movie production client on pirate broadcasts through channels airing on NileSat and NourSat.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising on protecting the IP in newly created cartoon characters and assisting in negotiations on the licensing and commercialisation thereof.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing a regional media group in various matters related to defamation.</li>\r\n 	<li>Successfully defending an entertainment company against a civil claim for damages in respect of a live performance by a well known singer.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising an investment company on a copyright license with a world leading manufacturer of toy bricks related to the production of a cartoon character brick set.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Competition &amp; Consumer Protection</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Advising a global technology company on compliance with competition regulation.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising global hardware manufacturer on product recalls in Qatar and the UAE.</li>\r\n 	<li>Representing a FMCG client in obtaining approval for price increase in the UAE.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a multi-national FMCG company on competition regulations in KSA in relation to acquiring a competitor.</li>\r\n 	<li>Localizing training material and conducting training on competition compliance for the Middle East team of a global cosmetic and skin care multinational.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>IP Audit and IP Transactions</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Conducting a full IP audit for major Qatar Transport.</li>\r\n 	<li>Company for all their IP assets across, trademarks, copyright, designs and domain names, and assisting them identifying their IP assets and providing the best protection methods for such assets to maximise its value.</li>\r\n 	<li>Conducting a full audit for a major UAE FMCG Company for their trademark portfolio, and assisting them to strengthen their existing portfolio and advising them on the restructure of the ownership of their trademarks.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a Multinational beverage corporation and manufacturer on the intellectual property portfolio due diligence in respect of its acquisition of significant equity in a regional beverage business and working extensively with external counsel to complete the due diligence report.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a UAE conglomerate on the intellectual property due diligence of its retail business Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the Dubai Financial Market. This transaction was one of the largest public offerings in the region.</li>\r\n 	<li>Advising a large Italian food manufacturer on their trademark licensing for restaurants in the GCC region.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Labelling &amp; Standards Compliance</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>On compliance with energy drink labeling and content regulation.</li>\r\n 	<li>A major multi-national client on approved food ingredients and obtaining approvals for the importation of relevant products.</li>\r\n 	<li>A major fast food franchise on applicable labeling requirements.</li>\r\n 	<li>On labeling requirements and related notifications related to a change in ingredients to a candy bar.</li>\r\n</ul>'),
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(289394, 27846, 'ReportText', '중동 지역에서 한국 기업들은 이미 80년대 이후부터 건설, 인프라, 석유 및 가스 분야에서 핵심적인 역할을 해 왔습니다.  지난 10 년간 저희 알타미미 앤 컴퍼니 (Al Tamimi &amp; Company)는 중동에서 한국기업들의 성장을 주목해 왔으며 다양한 한국 고객의 수요와 기대에 부응하기 위한 법률서비스를 제공하고자 한국전담 팀 “Korea Group”을 구성하여 운영해 오고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n이종은 변호사가 이끄는 Korea Group은 2012 년부터 한국의 수많은 대기업 계열사, 정부기관, 공기업, 중소기업 및 금융기관에 이르기까지 다양한 한국 고객들에게 중동에서 성공적으로 사업을 영위하고, 법률적 고충을 해결할 수 있도록 전략적 맞춤형 법률자문을 제공한 결과, 현재 120여개 이상의 한국업체로부터 성실한 법률 고문으로 인정받고 있습니다.  Korea Group은 한국어에 능통한 변호사 3인 및 전문스탭 2인으로 구성되어 있으며, 중동 법률 시장에 대한 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 통상적인 기업자문에서부터 대형 거래 및 각종 분쟁의 중재 및 조정 등의 전 분야에 걸쳐 다양한 문화 배경을 가진 중동지역의 전문인력과 함께 자문을 진행하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n저희 알타미미는 축적된 노하우와 광범위한 현지 네트워크 및 국제적 경험과 다양한 문화배경을 가진 변호사들이 중동의 주요 국가 9개국에 걸쳐 16개의 사무소에 포진하고 있는 바, Korea Group은 이러한 저희의 장점을 살려 각 사무소들의 전문인력과 유기적으로 협조하며 업무를 합니다.  특히 각 사무소가 위치한 국가 및 관할에서 정부의 각종 행정절차에 대한 철저한 이해력을 바탕으로 중동지역에 진출하는 고객의 귀중한 시간과 비용을 절약 할 수 있는 효율적인 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n분쟁의 경우, Korea Group은 아랍에미리트, 사우디 아라비아, 카타르, 사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 오만, 쿠웨이트, 이집트, 이라크, 요르단 등의 9 개국에서 다양한 소송, 중재 및 클레임 사안들을 자문하며 분쟁의 전략적인 운영에 밑거름을 제공합니다. 저희 Korea Group변호사들은 항시 현지 아랍권 소송 대리인과 팀을 이루어 업무를 진행하며, 고객과의 잦은 교류와 미팅을 통해 효과적이고 신속한 해결방안을 제시하고자 노력하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n아울러 한국 기업의 새로운 중동시장 진입 전략에 일조하기 위해 중동에서 사업을 구축하고 확장하는 가장 효과적인 구조에 대해 자문하며 합작 투자 및 관련 지역 라이센스 문제에 대한 폭 넓은 분석을 통해 지적 재산, 고용, 부동산 및 금융 범죄 등의 전문팀과의 협의를 통한 의견 창출을 함으로써 수준 높은 법률 자문을 고객들에게 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 한국 기업들의 이란 사업 진출에 관련된 문의에도 대응하고 있습니다. 알타미미내의  Iran Group과 공동으로 이란 현지의 법률 및 규제 환경에 관한 최신 정보를 제공하고 있으며 한국 기업과 이란기업 사이에 발생하는 법적인 사안에 보다 효과적이고 실질적인 솔루션을 제공하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Contacts:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jongeun-christina-lee/\"><strong>이종은</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Christina)</strong></a>\r\n파트너 / 한국총괄, Head of Korea Group\r\nj.lee@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jiwon-ha/\"><strong>하지원</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Jiwon)</strong></a>\r\nSenior Associate\r\nj.ha@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"><strong>송형민</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"> (James)</a>\r\n</strong>Senior Associate\r\nh.song@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"><strong>박이세</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"> (Issey)</a>\r\n</strong>Associate\r\nissey.park@tamimi.com|중동 지역에서 한국 기업들은 이미 80년대 이후부터 건설, 인프라, 석유 및 가스 분야에서 핵심적인 역할을 해 왔습니다.  지난 10 년간 저희 알타미미 앤 컴퍼니 (Al Tamimi &amp; Company)는 중동에서 한국기업들의 성장을 주목해 왔으며 다양한 한국 고객의 수요와 기대에 부응하기 위한 법률서비스를 제공하고자 한국전담 팀 “Korea Group”을 구성하여 운영해 오고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 2012 년부터 한국의 수많은 대기업 계열사, 정부기관, 공기업, 중소기업 및 금융기관에 이르기까지 다양한 한국 고객들에게 중동에서 성공적으로 사업을 영위하고, 법률적 고충을 해결할 수 있도록 전략적 맞춤형 법률자문을 제공한 결과, 현재 130여개 이상의 한국업체로부터 성실한 법률 고문으로 인정받고 있습니다.  Korea Group은 한국어에 능통한 변호사 3인 및 전문스탭 3인으로 구성되어 있으며, 중동 법률 시장에 대한 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 통상적인 기업자문에서부터 대형 거래 및 각종 분쟁의 중재 및 조정 등의 전 분야에 걸쳐 다양한 문화 배경을 가진 중동지역의 전문인력과 함께 자문을 진행하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n저희 알타미미는 축적된 노하우와 광범위한 현지 네트워크 및 국제적 경험과 다양한 문화배경을 가진 변호사들이 중동의 주요 국가 9개국에 걸쳐 16개의 사무소에 포진하고 있는 바, Korea Group은 이러한 저희의 장점을 살려 각 사무소들의 전문인력과 유기적으로 협조하며 업무를 합니다.  특히 각 사무소가 위치한 국가 및 관할에서 정부의 각종 행정절차에 대한 철저한 이해력을 바탕으로 중동지역에 진출하는 고객의 귀중한 시간과 비용을 절약 할 수 있는 효율적인 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n분쟁의 경우, Korea Group은 아랍에미리트, 사우디 아라비아, 카타르, 사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 오만, 쿠웨이트, 이집트, 이라크, 요르단 등의 9 개국에서 다양한 소송, 중재 및 클레임 사안들을 자문하며 분쟁의 전략적인 운영에 밑거름을 제공합니다. 저희 Korea Group변호사들은 항시 현지 아랍권 소송 대리인과 팀을 이루어 업무를 진행하며, 고객과의 잦은 교류와 미팅을 통해 효과적이고 신속한 해결방안을 제시하고자 노력하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n아울러 한국 기업의 새로운 중동시장 진입 전략에 일조하기 위해 중동에서 사업을 구축하고 확장하는 가장 효과적인 구조에 대해 자문하며 합작 투자 및 관련 지역 라이센스 문제에 대한 폭 넓은 분석을 통해 지적 재산, 고용, 부동산 및 금융 범죄 등의 전문팀과의 협의를 통한 의견 창출을 함으로써 수준 높은 법률 자문을 고객들에게 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 한국 기업들의 이란 사업 진출에 관련된 문의에도 대응하고 있습니다. 알타미미내의  Iran Group과 공동으로 이란 현지의 법률 및 규제 환경에 관한 최신 정보를 제공하고 있으며 한국 기업과 이란기업 사이에 발생하는 법적인 사안에 보다 효과적이고 실질적인 솔루션을 제공하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Contacts:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jongeun-christina-lee/\"><strong>이종은</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Christina)</strong></a>\r\n파트너 / 한국총괄, Head of Korea Group\r\nj.lee@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jiwon-ha/\"><strong>하지원</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Jiwon)</strong></a>\r\nSenior Associate\r\nj.ha@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"><strong>송형민</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"> (James)</a>\r\n</strong>Senior Associate\r\nh.song@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"><strong>박이세</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"> (Issey)</a>\r\n</strong>Associate\r\nissey.park@tamimi.com'),
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(289456, 27851, 'MetaValueNew', '중동 지역에서 한국 기업들은 이미 80년대 이후부터 건설, 인프라, 석유 및 가스 분야에서 핵심적인 역할을 해 왔습니다.  지난 10 년간 저희 알타미미 앤 컴퍼니 (Al Tamimi &amp; Company)는 중동에서 한국기업들의 성장을 주목해 왔으며 다양한 한국 고객의 수요와 기대에 부응하기 위한 법률서비스를 제공하고자 한국전담 팀 “Korea Group”을 구성하여 운영해 오고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 2012 년부터 한국의 수많은 대기업 계열사, 정부기관, 공기업, 중소기업 및 금융기관에 이르기까지 다양한 한국 고객들에게 중동에서 성공적으로 사업을 영위하고, 법률적 고충을 해결할 수 있도록 전략적 맞춤형 법률자문을 제공한 결과, 현재 130여개 이상의 한국업체로부터 성실한 법률 고문으로 인정받고 있습니다.  Korea Group은 한국어에 능통한 변호사 3인 및 전문스탭 3인으로 구성되어 있으며, 중동 법률 시장에 대한 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 통상적인 기업자문에서부터 대형 거래 및 각종 분쟁의 중재 및 조정 등의 전 분야에 걸쳐 다양한 문화 배경을 가진 중동지역의 전문인력과 함께 자문을 진행하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n저희 알타미미는 축적된 노하우와 광범위한 현지 네트워크 및 국제적 경험과 다양한 문화배경을 가진 변호사들이 중동의 주요 국가 9개국에 걸쳐 16개의 사무소에 포진하고 있는 바, Korea Group은 이러한 저희의 장점을 살려 각 사무소들의 전문인력과 유기적으로 협조하며 업무를 합니다.  특히 각 사무소가 위치한 국가 및 관할에서 정부의 각종 행정절차에 대한 철저한 이해력을 바탕으로 중동지역에 진출하는 고객의 귀중한 시간과 비용을 절약 할 수 있는 효율적인 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n분쟁의 경우, Korea Group은 아랍에미리트, 사우디 아라비아, 카타르, 사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 오만, 쿠웨이트, 이집트, 이라크, 요르단 등의 9 개국에서 다양한 소송, 중재 및 클레임 사안들을 자문하며 분쟁의 전략적인 운영에 밑거름을 제공합니다. 저희 Korea Group변호사들은 항시 현지 아랍권 소송 대리인과 팀을 이루어 업무를 진행하며, 고객과의 잦은 교류와 미팅을 통해 효과적이고 신속한 해결방안을 제시하고자 노력하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n아울러 한국 기업의 새로운 중동시장 진입 전략에 일조하기 위해 중동에서 사업을 구축하고 확장하는 가장 효과적인 구조에 대해 자문하며 합작 투자 및 관련 지역 라이센스 문제에 대한 폭 넓은 분석을 통해 지적 재산, 고용, 부동산 및 금융 범죄 등의 전문팀과의 협의를 통한 의견 창출을 함으로써 수준 높은 법률 자문을 고객들에게 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 한국 기업들의 이란 사업 진출에 관련된 문의에도 대응하고 있습니다. 알타미미내의  Iran Group과 공동으로 이란 현지의 법률 및 규제 환경에 관한 최신 정보를 제공하고 있으며 한국 기업과 이란기업 사이에 발생하는 법적인 사안에 보다 효과적이고 실질적인 솔루션을 제공하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Contacts:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jiwon-ha/\"><strong>하지원</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Jiwon)</strong></a>\r\nSenior Associate\r\nj.ha@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"><strong>송형민</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"> (James)</a>\r\n</strong>Senior Associate\r\nh.song@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"><strong>박이세</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"> (Issey)</a>\r\n</strong>Associate\r\nissey.park@tamimi.com'),
(289457, 27851, 'MetaValueOld', '중동 지역에서 한국 기업들은 이미 80년대 이후부터 건설, 인프라, 석유 및 가스 분야에서 핵심적인 역할을 해 왔습니다.  지난 10 년간 저희 알타미미 앤 컴퍼니 (Al Tamimi &amp; Company)는 중동에서 한국기업들의 성장을 주목해 왔으며 다양한 한국 고객의 수요와 기대에 부응하기 위한 법률서비스를 제공하고자 한국전담 팀 “Korea Group”을 구성하여 운영해 오고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 2012 년부터 한국의 수많은 대기업 계열사, 정부기관, 공기업, 중소기업 및 금융기관에 이르기까지 다양한 한국 고객들에게 중동에서 성공적으로 사업을 영위하고, 법률적 고충을 해결할 수 있도록 전략적 맞춤형 법률자문을 제공한 결과, 현재 130여개 이상의 한국업체로부터 성실한 법률 고문으로 인정받고 있습니다.  Korea Group은 한국어에 능통한 변호사 3인 및 전문스탭 3인으로 구성되어 있으며, 중동 법률 시장에 대한 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 통상적인 기업자문에서부터 대형 거래 및 각종 분쟁의 중재 및 조정 등의 전 분야에 걸쳐 다양한 문화 배경을 가진 중동지역의 전문인력과 함께 자문을 진행하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n저희 알타미미는 축적된 노하우와 광범위한 현지 네트워크 및 국제적 경험과 다양한 문화배경을 가진 변호사들이 중동의 주요 국가 9개국에 걸쳐 16개의 사무소에 포진하고 있는 바, Korea Group은 이러한 저희의 장점을 살려 각 사무소들의 전문인력과 유기적으로 협조하며 업무를 합니다.  특히 각 사무소가 위치한 국가 및 관할에서 정부의 각종 행정절차에 대한 철저한 이해력을 바탕으로 중동지역에 진출하는 고객의 귀중한 시간과 비용을 절약 할 수 있는 효율적인 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n분쟁의 경우, Korea Group은 아랍에미리트, 사우디 아라비아, 카타르, 사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 오만, 쿠웨이트, 이집트, 이라크, 요르단 등의 9 개국에서 다양한 소송, 중재 및 클레임 사안들을 자문하며 분쟁의 전략적인 운영에 밑거름을 제공합니다. 저희 Korea Group변호사들은 항시 현지 아랍권 소송 대리인과 팀을 이루어 업무를 진행하며, 고객과의 잦은 교류와 미팅을 통해 효과적이고 신속한 해결방안을 제시하고자 노력하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n아울러 한국 기업의 새로운 중동시장 진입 전략에 일조하기 위해 중동에서 사업을 구축하고 확장하는 가장 효과적인 구조에 대해 자문하며 합작 투자 및 관련 지역 라이센스 문제에 대한 폭 넓은 분석을 통해 지적 재산, 고용, 부동산 및 금융 범죄 등의 전문팀과의 협의를 통한 의견 창출을 함으로써 수준 높은 법률 자문을 고객들에게 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 한국 기업들의 이란 사업 진출에 관련된 문의에도 대응하고 있습니다. 알타미미내의  Iran Group과 공동으로 이란 현지의 법률 및 규제 환경에 관한 최신 정보를 제공하고 있으며 한국 기업과 이란기업 사이에 발생하는 법적인 사안에 보다 효과적이고 실질적인 솔루션을 제공하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Contacts:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jongeun-christina-lee/\"><strong>이종은</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Christina)</strong></a>\r\n파트너 / 한국총괄, Head of Korea Group\r\nj.lee@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jiwon-ha/\"><strong>하지원</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Jiwon)</strong></a>\r\nSenior Associate\r\nj.ha@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"><strong>송형민</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"> (James)</a>\r\n</strong>Senior Associate\r\nh.song@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"><strong>박이세</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"> (Issey)</a>\r\n</strong>Associate\r\nissey.park@tamimi.com'),
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(289460, 27851, 'ReportText', '중동 지역에서 한국 기업들은 이미 80년대 이후부터 건설, 인프라, 석유 및 가스 분야에서 핵심적인 역할을 해 왔습니다.  지난 10 년간 저희 알타미미 앤 컴퍼니 (Al Tamimi &amp; Company)는 중동에서 한국기업들의 성장을 주목해 왔으며 다양한 한국 고객의 수요와 기대에 부응하기 위한 법률서비스를 제공하고자 한국전담 팀 “Korea Group”을 구성하여 운영해 오고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 2012 년부터 한국의 수많은 대기업 계열사, 정부기관, 공기업, 중소기업 및 금융기관에 이르기까지 다양한 한국 고객들에게 중동에서 성공적으로 사업을 영위하고, 법률적 고충을 해결할 수 있도록 전략적 맞춤형 법률자문을 제공한 결과, 현재 130여개 이상의 한국업체로부터 성실한 법률 고문으로 인정받고 있습니다.  Korea Group은 한국어에 능통한 변호사 3인 및 전문스탭 3인으로 구성되어 있으며, 중동 법률 시장에 대한 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 통상적인 기업자문에서부터 대형 거래 및 각종 분쟁의 중재 및 조정 등의 전 분야에 걸쳐 다양한 문화 배경을 가진 중동지역의 전문인력과 함께 자문을 진행하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n저희 알타미미는 축적된 노하우와 광범위한 현지 네트워크 및 국제적 경험과 다양한 문화배경을 가진 변호사들이 중동의 주요 국가 9개국에 걸쳐 16개의 사무소에 포진하고 있는 바, Korea Group은 이러한 저희의 장점을 살려 각 사무소들의 전문인력과 유기적으로 협조하며 업무를 합니다.  특히 각 사무소가 위치한 국가 및 관할에서 정부의 각종 행정절차에 대한 철저한 이해력을 바탕으로 중동지역에 진출하는 고객의 귀중한 시간과 비용을 절약 할 수 있는 효율적인 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n분쟁의 경우, Korea Group은 아랍에미리트, 사우디 아라비아, 카타르, 사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 오만, 쿠웨이트, 이집트, 이라크, 요르단 등의 9 개국에서 다양한 소송, 중재 및 클레임 사안들을 자문하며 분쟁의 전략적인 운영에 밑거름을 제공합니다. 저희 Korea Group변호사들은 항시 현지 아랍권 소송 대리인과 팀을 이루어 업무를 진행하며, 고객과의 잦은 교류와 미팅을 통해 효과적이고 신속한 해결방안을 제시하고자 노력하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n아울러 한국 기업의 새로운 중동시장 진입 전략에 일조하기 위해 중동에서 사업을 구축하고 확장하는 가장 효과적인 구조에 대해 자문하며 합작 투자 및 관련 지역 라이센스 문제에 대한 폭 넓은 분석을 통해 지적 재산, 고용, 부동산 및 금융 범죄 등의 전문팀과의 협의를 통한 의견 창출을 함으로써 수준 높은 법률 자문을 고객들에게 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 한국 기업들의 이란 사업 진출에 관련된 문의에도 대응하고 있습니다. 알타미미내의  Iran Group과 공동으로 이란 현지의 법률 및 규제 환경에 관한 최신 정보를 제공하고 있으며 한국 기업과 이란기업 사이에 발생하는 법적인 사안에 보다 효과적이고 실질적인 솔루션을 제공하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Contacts:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jongeun-christina-lee/\"><strong>이종은</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Christina)</strong></a>\r\n파트너 / 한국총괄, Head of Korea Group\r\nj.lee@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jiwon-ha/\"><strong>하지원</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Jiwon)</strong></a>\r\nSenior Associate\r\nj.ha@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"><strong>송형민</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"> (James)</a>\r\n</strong>Senior Associate\r\nh.song@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"><strong>박이세</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"> (Issey)</a>\r\n</strong>Associate\r\nissey.park@tamimi.com|중동 지역에서 한국 기업들은 이미 80년대 이후부터 건설, 인프라, 석유 및 가스 분야에서 핵심적인 역할을 해 왔습니다.  지난 10 년간 저희 알타미미 앤 컴퍼니 (Al Tamimi &amp; Company)는 중동에서 한국기업들의 성장을 주목해 왔으며 다양한 한국 고객의 수요와 기대에 부응하기 위한 법률서비스를 제공하고자 한국전담 팀 “Korea Group”을 구성하여 운영해 오고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 2012 년부터 한국의 수많은 대기업 계열사, 정부기관, 공기업, 중소기업 및 금융기관에 이르기까지 다양한 한국 고객들에게 중동에서 성공적으로 사업을 영위하고, 법률적 고충을 해결할 수 있도록 전략적 맞춤형 법률자문을 제공한 결과, 현재 130여개 이상의 한국업체로부터 성실한 법률 고문으로 인정받고 있습니다.  Korea Group은 한국어에 능통한 변호사 3인 및 전문스탭 3인으로 구성되어 있으며, 중동 법률 시장에 대한 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 통상적인 기업자문에서부터 대형 거래 및 각종 분쟁의 중재 및 조정 등의 전 분야에 걸쳐 다양한 문화 배경을 가진 중동지역의 전문인력과 함께 자문을 진행하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n저희 알타미미는 축적된 노하우와 광범위한 현지 네트워크 및 국제적 경험과 다양한 문화배경을 가진 변호사들이 중동의 주요 국가 9개국에 걸쳐 16개의 사무소에 포진하고 있는 바, Korea Group은 이러한 저희의 장점을 살려 각 사무소들의 전문인력과 유기적으로 협조하며 업무를 합니다.  특히 각 사무소가 위치한 국가 및 관할에서 정부의 각종 행정절차에 대한 철저한 이해력을 바탕으로 중동지역에 진출하는 고객의 귀중한 시간과 비용을 절약 할 수 있는 효율적인 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n분쟁의 경우, Korea Group은 아랍에미리트, 사우디 아라비아, 카타르, 사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 오만, 쿠웨이트, 이집트, 이라크, 요르단 등의 9 개국에서 다양한 소송, 중재 및 클레임 사안들을 자문하며 분쟁의 전략적인 운영에 밑거름을 제공합니다. 저희 Korea Group변호사들은 항시 현지 아랍권 소송 대리인과 팀을 이루어 업무를 진행하며, 고객과의 잦은 교류와 미팅을 통해 효과적이고 신속한 해결방안을 제시하고자 노력하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n아울러 한국 기업의 새로운 중동시장 진입 전략에 일조하기 위해 중동에서 사업을 구축하고 확장하는 가장 효과적인 구조에 대해 자문하며 합작 투자 및 관련 지역 라이센스 문제에 대한 폭 넓은 분석을 통해 지적 재산, 고용, 부동산 및 금융 범죄 등의 전문팀과의 협의를 통한 의견 창출을 함으로써 수준 높은 법률 자문을 고객들에게 제공하고 있습니다.\r\n\r\nKorea Group은 한국 기업들의 이란 사업 진출에 관련된 문의에도 대응하고 있습니다. 알타미미내의  Iran Group과 공동으로 이란 현지의 법률 및 규제 환경에 관한 최신 정보를 제공하고 있으며 한국 기업과 이란기업 사이에 발생하는 법적인 사안에 보다 효과적이고 실질적인 솔루션을 제공하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Contacts:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/jiwon-ha/\"><strong>하지원</strong> <strong>변호사</strong><strong> (Jiwon)</strong></a>\r\nSenior Associate\r\nj.ha@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"><strong>송형민</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/hyungmin-james-song/\"> (James)</a>\r\n</strong>Senior Associate\r\nh.song@tamimi.com\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"><strong>박이세</strong> <strong>변호사</strong></a><strong><a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/issey-park/\"> (Issey)</a>\r\n</strong>Associate\r\nissey.park@tamimi.com'),
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(290051, 27907, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
(290052, 27907, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
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(290055, 27907, 'ReportText', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>|<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
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(290107, 27911, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>');
INSERT INTO `tm_wsal_metadata` (`id`, `occurrence_id`, `name`, `value`) VALUES
(290108, 27911, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
(290109, 27911, 'MetaLink', 'content'),
(290110, 27911, 'EditorLinkPost', 'https://www.tamimi.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=8182&amp;action=edit'),
(290111, 27911, 'ReportText', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>|<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
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(290213, 27919, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
(290214, 27919, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
(290215, 27919, 'MetaLink', 'content'),
(290216, 27919, 'EditorLinkPost', 'https://www.tamimi.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=8182&amp;action=edit'),
(290217, 27919, 'ReportText', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>|<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the UAE, commercial agents are granted numerous statutory rights under the Commercial Agency Law (Federal Law No. 18 of 1981, as amended).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">These rights are designed to protect an agent who may devote considerable effort and costs to build a profitable market for products or services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In many cases in the UAE, a terminated agent may use the Commercial Agency Law to prevent a foreign principal from registering a replacement agent unless the original agent is paid what is due under the original commercial agency agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In two recent cases, Federal Supreme Court Case 811 of 2017 and Federal Supreme Court Case 814 of 2017 both dated 27 March 2018, the agent’s performance was poor and it was clear that he was in breach of a commercial agency agreement. As a result, he was terminated and the commercial agency struck off the Ministry of Economy’s register. The Federal Supreme Court found that the agent was unable to prove that the termination was unjustified and was not entitled to receive compensation from the principal. The agent was also unable to preclude the principals from registering a replacement agent.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Background</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In the early 1980s, two principals (the \"Principals\") appointed an agent (the \"Original Agent\"), to represent them in the UAE. The Original Agent agreed to distribute, sell, and provide services on behalf of the two Principals in relation to three brands, two for Principal 1 and the third for Principal 2.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2004, problems arose when the Original Agent failed to pay for shipments within the timeframe agreed (30-90 days). As a result, the Principals obtained guarantees from the Original Agent and sent regular reminders to pay on time. The Principals continued to send shipments (because of the guarantees) and warned the Original Agent that he would be in breach of their commercial agency agreement if he continued to default. If he continued to be in default, the Principals would terminate the agreement.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent defaulted under the agreement and a letter of termination was sent to him. The letter included a notice period for the Original Agent to improve and comply with the payment terms agreed upon and to settle all outstanding payments, failing which the agreement would be terminated. The parties attempted but failed to resolve their issues amicably and the Original Agent continued to breach the payment terms.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">According to the Commercial Agency Law, the Minister of Economy is permitted to cancel a commercial agency arrangement if material reasons exist to terminate. The Minister at the time cancelled the commercial agency arrangement based on the letter of termination. Three letters were sent (one for each brand) and the Principals encashed the guarantees in lieu of the outstanding invoices.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three administrative cases (two against Principal 1 and one against Principal 2) seeking a declaration that the Minister’s decision was null and void and asking for reinstatement as the agent in the Commercial Agency Register maintained by the Ministry of Economy. The agent argued that, according to Article 14 of the UAE Commercial Agency Law, a meeting should have been called first within 60 days of the letter of termination to address the Principals’ reasons for its request to deregister and to give the Original Agent an opportunity to respond to those reasons. However, the Ministry failed to call such meeting within the 60 day timeframe and the Original Agent argued that the requirements under the law were therefore not met.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance rejected the Original Agent’s claim and held that the Ministry’s duty was satisfied because of the communications exchanged between the parties. The Original Agent appealed the decision to the Court of Appeal, where he argued that the Court of First Instance was incorrect. He argued that calling a meeting was merely a formality but it existed to protect the rights of the agent. The Principals appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">New agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">After the Ministry struck the Original Agent from the Commercial Agency Register, the Principals appointed new agents (the \"New Agents\"). Principal 1 appointed two agents for the emirate of Sharjah and the Northern Emirates and a second for the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Principal 2 appointed an agent for the whole of the UAE. Both New Agents were registered in the Commercial Agency Register.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of First Instance judgment on the Original Agent’s request to cancel the registration of the New Agents</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed an action to declare the Minister’s decision null and void and also to cancel the registrations of the New Agents. His request was rejected by the Court of First Instance.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">One of the remedies sought by the Original Agent in addition to the request to nullify the Ministry’s decision was the request to be reinstated in the Commercial Agency Register. However, the Court refused this on the basis that the New Agents had already been registered. The Court of First Instance did not issue a decision to cancel the new agency and the Original Agent then filed an appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Court of Appeal</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Original Agent and declared the Minister’s decision null and void.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However, the Court of Appeal refused to issue a decision on the deregistration of the New Agents on the basis that this issue was not addressed by the Court of First Instance at the time of issuing its judgment. The Court further ruled that, as this issue was overlooked by the Court of First Instance, the Original Agent could not appeal the Court of First Instance’s decision. He must therefore go back to the Court of First Instance to seek a remedy.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court, who requested that the matter be referred to three experts (one for each brand). All three experts said that the Original Agent was in breach of his obligations and not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although the Original Agent won a judgment in its favour, the New Agents were still registered in the Commercial Agency Register. The Original Agent asked the Execution Court to enforce the Court of Appeal judgment and requested to be reinstated as agent, reiterating that the Minister’s decision was declared invalid and therefore the effect of its decision should also be declared null and void. This request was rejected.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 1</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent filed three claims (one for each brand) against the Principals. The total claim amount was approximately AED 600 million (representing loss of earnings and expenses).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance referred the cases to a panel of experts. The new panel of experts (like the previous panel) concluded that the Original Agent was in breach of the agreements and caused substantial loss to the Principals. The three experts reported that the breaches had been brought to the attention of the Original Agent to no avail. Therefore, they were not entitled to compensation. The Court of First Instance dismissed the three claims and the Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the Court of First Instance judgment. The Original Agent again went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Compensation claims by the Original Agent: Part 2</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In 2014, the Original Agent filed three new lawsuits. In the new cases, he claimed approximately a total of AED 5 billion. The Original Agent also included the Ministry, the New Agents and the Principals as defendants to the action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Principals raised many defences including res judicata (as this new case was similar to the previous case already decided) and limitation on the grounds the claim was time-barred because the termination was in 2005 and the new claim was filed in 2014. In addition, the Principals also argued that the case should be rejected because of the Original Agent’s breach of his agreement and the fact that there is no standing to sue (there is no relationship between the New Agents and the Original Agent).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Court of First Instance accepted the New Agents’ defences and rejected the case against the Ministry. The Original Agent appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal rejected the Original Agent’s appeal.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Supreme Court of Cassation (final time)</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Original Agent appealed to the Supreme Court for the second time. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Court of Appeal judgment based on the grounds set out in the Court of Appeal decision.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Summary of case</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In summary, the Court of Appeal in all matters filed by the Original Agent referred the matter to a panel of experts.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">All three panels confirmed that the Original Agent had committed many breaches such as non-payment of invoices, poor management of the business, lack of customer service and therefore the agent was not entitled to any compensation.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Accordingly, the Federal Supreme Court issued its judgment.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It rejected the appeal of the Original Agent and upheld the Court of First Instance judgment in its entirety.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">It held that the cases should have been filed as a tort claim as it was a request for compensation for a wrongful act because of the alleged wrongful termination.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Original Agent did not substantiate his claims and provide proof of damages allegedly suffered as a result of the agency being struck off the Commercial Agency Register.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The New Agents’ involvement in the dispute had no legal basis. The New Agents were not a party to the dispute nor was there any evidence of any damage caused by the New Agents’ appointment.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">As confirmed by the panel of experts, the Original Agent had breached the terms of the agency agreement by failing to make timely payments to the Principals and did not report declining sales until the business incurred a major loss.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">The Court of First Instance was correct in dismissing the action against the Principals.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Comments</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The outcome of the case was excellent for the Principals.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The decision confirms that notwithstanding the protections afforded to agents, agents who choose not to perform as expected will not benefit from the protections provided under the Commercial Agency Law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This case also demonstrates the importance of substantiating any claims against a non-performing agent to justify termination.</p>'),
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(290601, 27949, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Taking a lead on the regulation of crypto assets in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (\"ADGM\"), the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (\"FSRA\") issued <em>Guidance on Regulation of Crypto Asset Activities in ADGM</em> (the \"Regulations\"). The Regulations are supplementary to and should be read in conjunction with FSRA’s <em>Guidance on Regulation of Initial Coin/Token Offerings and Virtual Currencies under the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015</em> issued on 9 October 2017 (the \"ICO Guidance\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations together with applicable rules and regulations governing crypto assets, as issued by the FSRA, provides for a comprehensive Spot Crypto Asset Framework (the \"Framework\"). The Regulation sets out and limits the FSRA’s approach to the regulation of crypto asset activities in and from the ADGM, including activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians and intermediaries engaged in crypto asset activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For purposes of the Regulations and the Framework, <em>Crypto Assets</em> are a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded and functions as a: (a) medium of exchange; (b) unit of account; and/or (c) a store of value. These: (i) do not have a legal tender status in any jurisdiction; (ii) are neither issued nor guaranteed by any jurisdiction and fulfil its functions only by agreement within the community of users of such assets; and (iii) are distinguished from fiat currencies including electronic money.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initial Coin Offerings</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is not intended to apply to initial token or coin offerings (\"ICOs\") and such offerings will continue to be regulated in accordance with the ICO Guidance. The ICO Guidance clarifies the nature of token offerings (utility or security) that are permissible in the ADGM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Objectives of the Framework</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While, the fact that crypto assets can be created, stored and transferred without the need of any third party makes it attractive for its users, it also raises significant regulatory concerns for regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies worldwide, particularly in relation to money laundering, terrorism financing, consumer protection, market abuse, amongst other risks.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA under the Framework addresses these risks in addition to issues that may arise in connection with protection of client money, safe custody, technology governance and disclosure and transparency, which makes it an attractive and comparatively secure jurisdiction for conducting crypto related activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding that crypto assets are deemed as commodities and are not considered a \"Specified Investment\" (for purposes of Financial Services and Markets Regulations, 2015, as may be amended from time to time (FSMR)), to ensure adequate consumer protection, while meeting demands in this market space, the FSRA has rightly provided for certain activities associated with crypto assets to be regulated. The diagram sets out FSRA’s approach in relation to different type of digital assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Operating a Crypto Asset Business</h3>\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Who can Operate a Crypto Asset Business (\"OCAB\") in and from the ADGM?</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">new applicants;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">authorised persons (i.e. persons authorised to carry on other regulated activities within the ADGM); and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">recognised investment exchanges.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Amongst these, applicants that qualify for authorisation under the Framework will be granted a Financial Service Permission (\"FSP\") to carry on regulated activity of OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">OCAB permits undertaking of one or more crypto asset activities, which include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">buying, selling or exercising any right in accepted crypto assets (whether as principal or agent);</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">managing accepted crypto assets belonging to another person;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">making arrangements with a view to another person (whether as principal or agent) buying, selling or providing custody of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">marketing of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">advising on the merits of buying or selling of accepted crypto assets or any rights conferred by such buying or selling; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">operating a crypto asset exchange or operating as a crypto asset custodian.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA’s approach to the regulatory treatment of crypto assets in the ADGM is encouraging. The Framework makes it evident that: (a) crypto asset activities may only be permitted in connection with crypto assets that are categorised as \"Accepted Crypto Assets\" i.e. those crypto assets that fulfil criteria prescribed by the FSRA; and (b) any person dealing with such accepted crypto assets including intermediaries (such as brokers/dealers, asset managers, crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians) involved in dealing, managing or arranging Accepted Crypto Assets, would require an FSP to operate in and from the ADGM.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However: (i) creation or administration of crypto assets; (ii) development, dissemination or use of software for the purpose of creating or mining a crypto asset; (iii) transmission of crypto assets; (iv) loyalty points scheme denominated in crypto assets; and (v) such other activity as may be determined by the FSRA to not constitute OCAB, shall not constitute OCAB and therefore will not be subject to the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Crypto Asset Exchanges and Crypto Asset Custodians</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst most of the crypto asset activities are subject to similar regulations within the Framework, the FRSA considers the crypto asset activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges and crypto asset custodians a key crypto activity in the ADGM. Therefore the Framework levies specific additional requirements applicable to such participants.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Exchanges</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to the requirements applicable to other crypto asset activities, additional requirements for a crypto asset exchange would include substantial commercial, governance, compliance, technical, information technology and human resources presence within the ADGM. A recognised investment exchange may operate as a crypto asset exchange, as part of the regulated activity of OCAB, provided that recognition order of such exchange includes a stipulation, permitting it to do so. In such cases, such exchanges would be subject to the Framework (including fees applicable for conducting OCAB) in addition to other regulations and fees (including market infrastructure rule), it already is subject to.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Custodians</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As regards crypto asset custodians, the FRSA has taken a similar approach to that of other custodian activities permitted within the ADGM. In order to afford the same protection the FSRA offers to other similar products within the FSMR (including relevant rule books) it has widened the scope of definitions of \"Providing Custody\", \"Client Assets\", \"Client Investments\" and \"Investment Business\" (as defined under the FSMR) to include crypto assets and OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fees</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fees for OCAB are comparatively higher than most other regulated activities within the ADGM. In addition to the fees applicable to crypto asset exchanges, a trading fees is levied on such exchanges, which is payable on a monthly basis. This is calculated as a percentage of trades conducted for each month.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations are a welcome change and seem to address regulatory requirements around crypto asset activities within the ADGM. We are hopeful that this would encourage other financial regulators within the region to issue regulations and therefore provide options to potential applicants.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s banking and finance team regularly advises on issues in relation to crypto assets. For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/divya-abrol-gambhir/\">Divya Abrol Gambhir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.abrol@tamimi.com\">d.abrol@tamimi.com</a>) or Mr. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ashish-banga/\">Ashish Banga</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.banga@tamimi.com\">a.banga@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
(290602, 27949, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Taking a lead on the regulation of crypto assets in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (\"ADGM\"), the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (\"FSRA\") issued <em>Guidance on Regulation of Crypto Asset Activities in ADGM</em> (the \"Regulations\"). The Regulations are supplementary to and should be read in conjunction with FSRA’s <em>Guidance on Regulation of Initial Coin/Token Offerings and Virtual Currencies under the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015</em> issued on 9 October 2017 (the \"ICO Guidance\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations together with applicable rules and regulations governing crypto assets, as issued by the FSRA, provides for a comprehensive Spot Crypto Asset Framework (the \"Framework\"). The Regulation sets out and limits the FSRA’s approach to the regulation of crypto asset activities in and from the ADGM, including activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians and intermediaries engaged in crypto asset activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For purposes of the Regulations and the Framework, <em>Crypto Assets</em> are a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded and functions as a: (a) medium of exchange; (b) unit of account; and/or (c) a store of value. These: (i) do not have a legal tender status in any jurisdiction; (ii) are neither issued nor guaranteed by any jurisdiction and fulfil its functions only by agreement within the community of users of such assets; and (iii) are distinguished from fiat currencies including electronic money.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initial Coin Offerings</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is not intended to apply to initial token or coin offerings (\"ICOs\") and such offerings will continue to be regulated in accordance with the ICO Guidance. The ICO Guidance clarifies the nature of token offerings (utility or security) that are permissible in the ADGM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Objectives of the Framework</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While, the fact that crypto assets can be created, stored and transferred without the need of any third party makes it attractive for its users, it also raises significant regulatory concerns for regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies worldwide, particularly in relation to money laundering, terrorism financing, consumer protection, market abuse, amongst other risks.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA under the Framework addresses these risks in addition to issues that may arise in connection with protection of client money, safe custody, technology governance and disclosure and transparency, which makes it an attractive and comparatively secure jurisdiction for conducting crypto related activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding that crypto assets are deemed as commodities and are not considered a \"Specified Investment\" (for purposes of Financial Services and Markets Regulations, 2015, as may be amended from time to time (FSMR)), to ensure adequate consumer protection, while meeting demands in this market space, the FSRA has rightly provided for certain activities associated with crypto assets to be regulated. The diagram sets out FSRA’s approach in relation to different type of digital assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Operating a Crypto Asset Business</h3>\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h4>\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Who can Operate a Crypto Asset Business (\"OCAB\") in and from the ADGM?</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">new applicants;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">authorised persons (i.e. persons authorised to carry on other regulated activities within the ADGM); and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">recognised investment exchanges.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Amongst these, applicants that qualify for authorisation under the Framework will be granted a Financial Service Permission (\"FSP\") to carry on regulated activity of OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">OCAB permits undertaking of one or more crypto asset activities, which include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">buying, selling or exercising any right in accepted crypto assets (whether as principal or agent);</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">managing accepted crypto assets belonging to another person;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">making arrangements with a view to another person (whether as principal or agent) buying, selling or providing custody of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">marketing of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">advising on the merits of buying or selling of accepted crypto assets or any rights conferred by such buying or selling; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">operating a crypto asset exchange or operating as a crypto asset custodian.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA’s approach to the regulatory treatment of crypto assets in the ADGM is encouraging. The Framework makes it evident that: (a) crypto asset activities may only be permitted in connection with crypto assets that are categorised as \"Accepted Crypto Assets\" i.e. those crypto assets that fulfil criteria prescribed by the FSRA; and (b) any person dealing with such accepted crypto assets including intermediaries (such as brokers/dealers, asset managers, crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians) involved in dealing, managing or arranging Accepted Crypto Assets, would require an FSP to operate in and from the ADGM.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However: (i) creation or administration of crypto assets; (ii) development, dissemination or use of software for the purpose of creating or mining a crypto asset; (iii) transmission of crypto assets; (iv) loyalty points scheme denominated in crypto assets; and (v) such other activity as may be determined by the FSRA to not constitute OCAB, shall not constitute OCAB and therefore will not be subject to the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Crypto Asset Exchanges and Crypto Asset Custodians</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst most of the crypto asset activities are subject to similar regulations within the Framework, the FRSA considers the crypto asset activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges and crypto asset custodians a key crypto activity in the ADGM. Therefore the Framework levies specific additional requirements applicable to such participants.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Exchanges</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to the requirements applicable to other crypto asset activities, additional requirements for a crypto asset exchange would include substantial commercial, governance, compliance, technical, information technology and human resources presence within the ADGM. A recognised investment exchange may operate as a crypto asset exchange, as part of the regulated activity of OCAB, provided that recognition order of such exchange includes a stipulation, permitting it to do so. In such cases, such exchanges would be subject to the Framework (including fees applicable for conducting OCAB) in addition to other regulations and fees (including market infrastructure rule), it already is subject to.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Custodians</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As regards crypto asset custodians, the FRSA has taken a similar approach to that of other custodian activities permitted within the ADGM. In order to afford the same protection the FSRA offers to other similar products within the FSMR (including relevant rule books) it has widened the scope of definitions of \"Providing Custody\", \"Client Assets\", \"Client Investments\" and \"Investment Business\" (as defined under the FSMR) to include crypto assets and OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fees</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fees for OCAB are comparatively higher than most other regulated activities within the ADGM. In addition to the fees applicable to crypto asset exchanges, a trading fees is levied on such exchanges, which is payable on a monthly basis. This is calculated as a percentage of trades conducted for each month.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations are a welcome change and seem to address regulatory requirements around crypto asset activities within the ADGM. We are hopeful that this would encourage other financial regulators within the region to issue regulations and therefore provide options to potential applicants.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s banking and finance team regularly advises on issues in relation to crypto assets. For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/divya-abrol-gambhir/\">Divya Abrol Gambhir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.abrol@tamimi.com\">d.abrol@tamimi.com</a>) or Mr. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ashish-banga/\">Ashish Banga</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.banga@tamimi.com\">a.banga@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
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(290605, 27949, 'ReportText', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Taking a lead on the regulation of crypto assets in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (\"ADGM\"), the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (\"FSRA\") issued <em>Guidance on Regulation of Crypto Asset Activities in ADGM</em> (the \"Regulations\"). The Regulations are supplementary to and should be read in conjunction with FSRA’s <em>Guidance on Regulation of Initial Coin/Token Offerings and Virtual Currencies under the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015</em> issued on 9 October 2017 (the \"ICO Guidance\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations together with applicable rules and regulations governing crypto assets, as issued by the FSRA, provides for a comprehensive Spot Crypto Asset Framework (the \"Framework\"). The Regulation sets out and limits the FSRA’s approach to the regulation of crypto asset activities in and from the ADGM, including activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians and intermediaries engaged in crypto asset activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For purposes of the Regulations and the Framework, <em>Crypto Assets</em> are a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded and functions as a: (a) medium of exchange; (b) unit of account; and/or (c) a store of value. These: (i) do not have a legal tender status in any jurisdiction; (ii) are neither issued nor guaranteed by any jurisdiction and fulfil its functions only by agreement within the community of users of such assets; and (iii) are distinguished from fiat currencies including electronic money.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initial Coin Offerings</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is not intended to apply to initial token or coin offerings (\"ICOs\") and such offerings will continue to be regulated in accordance with the ICO Guidance. The ICO Guidance clarifies the nature of token offerings (utility or security) that are permissible in the ADGM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Objectives of the Framework</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While, the fact that crypto assets can be created, stored and transferred without the need of any third party makes it attractive for its users, it also raises significant regulatory concerns for regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies worldwide, particularly in relation to money laundering, terrorism financing, consumer protection, market abuse, amongst other risks.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA under the Framework addresses these risks in addition to issues that may arise in connection with protection of client money, safe custody, technology governance and disclosure and transparency, which makes it an attractive and comparatively secure jurisdiction for conducting crypto related activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding that crypto assets are deemed as commodities and are not considered a \"Specified Investment\" (for purposes of Financial Services and Markets Regulations, 2015, as may be amended from time to time (FSMR)), to ensure adequate consumer protection, while meeting demands in this market space, the FSRA has rightly provided for certain activities associated with crypto assets to be regulated. The diagram sets out FSRA’s approach in relation to different type of digital assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Operating a Crypto Asset Business</h3>\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h4>\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Who can Operate a Crypto Asset Business (\"OCAB\") in and from the ADGM?</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">new applicants;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">authorised persons (i.e. persons authorised to carry on other regulated activities within the ADGM); and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">recognised investment exchanges.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Amongst these, applicants that qualify for authorisation under the Framework will be granted a Financial Service Permission (\"FSP\") to carry on regulated activity of OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">OCAB permits undertaking of one or more crypto asset activities, which include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">buying, selling or exercising any right in accepted crypto assets (whether as principal or agent);</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">managing accepted crypto assets belonging to another person;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">making arrangements with a view to another person (whether as principal or agent) buying, selling or providing custody of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">marketing of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">advising on the merits of buying or selling of accepted crypto assets or any rights conferred by such buying or selling; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">operating a crypto asset exchange or operating as a crypto asset custodian.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA’s approach to the regulatory treatment of crypto assets in the ADGM is encouraging. The Framework makes it evident that: (a) crypto asset activities may only be permitted in connection with crypto assets that are categorised as \"Accepted Crypto Assets\" i.e. those crypto assets that fulfil criteria prescribed by the FSRA; and (b) any person dealing with such accepted crypto assets including intermediaries (such as brokers/dealers, asset managers, crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians) involved in dealing, managing or arranging Accepted Crypto Assets, would require an FSP to operate in and from the ADGM.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However: (i) creation or administration of crypto assets; (ii) development, dissemination or use of software for the purpose of creating or mining a crypto asset; (iii) transmission of crypto assets; (iv) loyalty points scheme denominated in crypto assets; and (v) such other activity as may be determined by the FSRA to not constitute OCAB, shall not constitute OCAB and therefore will not be subject to the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Crypto Asset Exchanges and Crypto Asset Custodians</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst most of the crypto asset activities are subject to similar regulations within the Framework, the FRSA considers the crypto asset activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges and crypto asset custodians a key crypto activity in the ADGM. Therefore the Framework levies specific additional requirements applicable to such participants.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Exchanges</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to the requirements applicable to other crypto asset activities, additional requirements for a crypto asset exchange would include substantial commercial, governance, compliance, technical, information technology and human resources presence within the ADGM. A recognised investment exchange may operate as a crypto asset exchange, as part of the regulated activity of OCAB, provided that recognition order of such exchange includes a stipulation, permitting it to do so. In such cases, such exchanges would be subject to the Framework (including fees applicable for conducting OCAB) in addition to other regulations and fees (including market infrastructure rule), it already is subject to.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Custodians</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As regards crypto asset custodians, the FRSA has taken a similar approach to that of other custodian activities permitted within the ADGM. In order to afford the same protection the FSRA offers to other similar products within the FSMR (including relevant rule books) it has widened the scope of definitions of \"Providing Custody\", \"Client Assets\", \"Client Investments\" and \"Investment Business\" (as defined under the FSMR) to include crypto assets and OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fees</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fees for OCAB are comparatively higher than most other regulated activities within the ADGM. In addition to the fees applicable to crypto asset exchanges, a trading fees is levied on such exchanges, which is payable on a monthly basis. This is calculated as a percentage of trades conducted for each month.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations are a welcome change and seem to address regulatory requirements around crypto asset activities within the ADGM. We are hopeful that this would encourage other financial regulators within the region to issue regulations and therefore provide options to potential applicants.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s banking and finance team regularly advises on issues in relation to crypto assets. For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/divya-abrol-gambhir/\">Divya Abrol Gambhir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.abrol@tamimi.com\">d.abrol@tamimi.com</a>) or Mr. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ashish-banga/\">Ashish Banga</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.banga@tamimi.com\">a.banga@tamimi.com</a>).</em>|<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Taking a lead on the regulation of crypto assets in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (\"ADGM\"), the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (\"FSRA\") issued <em>Guidance on Regulation of Crypto Asset Activities in ADGM</em> (the \"Regulations\"). The Regulations are supplementary to and should be read in conjunction with FSRA’s <em>Guidance on Regulation of Initial Coin/Token Offerings and Virtual Currencies under the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015</em> issued on 9 October 2017 (the \"ICO Guidance\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations together with applicable rules and regulations governing crypto assets, as issued by the FSRA, provides for a comprehensive Spot Crypto Asset Framework (the \"Framework\"). The Regulation sets out and limits the FSRA’s approach to the regulation of crypto asset activities in and from the ADGM, including activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians and intermediaries engaged in crypto asset activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For purposes of the Regulations and the Framework, <em>Crypto Assets</em> are a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded and functions as a: (a) medium of exchange; (b) unit of account; and/or (c) a store of value. These: (i) do not have a legal tender status in any jurisdiction; (ii) are neither issued nor guaranteed by any jurisdiction and fulfil its functions only by agreement within the community of users of such assets; and (iii) are distinguished from fiat currencies including electronic money.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initial Coin Offerings</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is not intended to apply to initial token or coin offerings (\"ICOs\") and such offerings will continue to be regulated in accordance with the ICO Guidance. The ICO Guidance clarifies the nature of token offerings (utility or security) that are permissible in the ADGM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Objectives of the Framework</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While, the fact that crypto assets can be created, stored and transferred without the need of any third party makes it attractive for its users, it also raises significant regulatory concerns for regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies worldwide, particularly in relation to money laundering, terrorism financing, consumer protection, market abuse, amongst other risks.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA under the Framework addresses these risks in addition to issues that may arise in connection with protection of client money, safe custody, technology governance and disclosure and transparency, which makes it an attractive and comparatively secure jurisdiction for conducting crypto related activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding that crypto assets are deemed as commodities and are not considered a \"Specified Investment\" (for purposes of Financial Services and Markets Regulations, 2015, as may be amended from time to time (FSMR)), to ensure adequate consumer protection, while meeting demands in this market space, the FSRA has rightly provided for certain activities associated with crypto assets to be regulated. The diagram sets out FSRA’s approach in relation to different type of digital assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Operating a Crypto Asset Business</h3>\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Who can Operate a Crypto Asset Business (\"OCAB\") in and from the ADGM?</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">new applicants;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">authorised persons (i.e. persons authorised to carry on other regulated activities within the ADGM); and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">recognised investment exchanges.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Amongst these, applicants that qualify for authorisation under the Framework will be granted a Financial Service Permission (\"FSP\") to carry on regulated activity of OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">OCAB permits undertaking of one or more crypto asset activities, which include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">buying, selling or exercising any right in accepted crypto assets (whether as principal or agent);</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">managing accepted crypto assets belonging to another person;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">making arrangements with a view to another person (whether as principal or agent) buying, selling or providing custody of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">marketing of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">advising on the merits of buying or selling of accepted crypto assets or any rights conferred by such buying or selling; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">operating a crypto asset exchange or operating as a crypto asset custodian.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA’s approach to the regulatory treatment of crypto assets in the ADGM is encouraging. The Framework makes it evident that: (a) crypto asset activities may only be permitted in connection with crypto assets that are categorised as \"Accepted Crypto Assets\" i.e. those crypto assets that fulfil criteria prescribed by the FSRA; and (b) any person dealing with such accepted crypto assets including intermediaries (such as brokers/dealers, asset managers, crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians) involved in dealing, managing or arranging Accepted Crypto Assets, would require an FSP to operate in and from the ADGM.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However: (i) creation or administration of crypto assets; (ii) development, dissemination or use of software for the purpose of creating or mining a crypto asset; (iii) transmission of crypto assets; (iv) loyalty points scheme denominated in crypto assets; and (v) such other activity as may be determined by the FSRA to not constitute OCAB, shall not constitute OCAB and therefore will not be subject to the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Crypto Asset Exchanges and Crypto Asset Custodians</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst most of the crypto asset activities are subject to similar regulations within the Framework, the FRSA considers the crypto asset activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges and crypto asset custodians a key crypto activity in the ADGM. Therefore the Framework levies specific additional requirements applicable to such participants.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Exchanges</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to the requirements applicable to other crypto asset activities, additional requirements for a crypto asset exchange would include substantial commercial, governance, compliance, technical, information technology and human resources presence within the ADGM. A recognised investment exchange may operate as a crypto asset exchange, as part of the regulated activity of OCAB, provided that recognition order of such exchange includes a stipulation, permitting it to do so. In such cases, such exchanges would be subject to the Framework (including fees applicable for conducting OCAB) in addition to other regulations and fees (including market infrastructure rule), it already is subject to.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Custodians</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As regards crypto asset custodians, the FRSA has taken a similar approach to that of other custodian activities permitted within the ADGM. In order to afford the same protection the FSRA offers to other similar products within the FSMR (including relevant rule books) it has widened the scope of definitions of \"Providing Custody\", \"Client Assets\", \"Client Investments\" and \"Investment Business\" (as defined under the FSMR) to include crypto assets and OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fees</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fees for OCAB are comparatively higher than most other regulated activities within the ADGM. In addition to the fees applicable to crypto asset exchanges, a trading fees is levied on such exchanges, which is payable on a monthly basis. This is calculated as a percentage of trades conducted for each month.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations are a welcome change and seem to address regulatory requirements around crypto asset activities within the ADGM. We are hopeful that this would encourage other financial regulators within the region to issue regulations and therefore provide options to potential applicants.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s banking and finance team regularly advises on issues in relation to crypto assets. For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/divya-abrol-gambhir/\">Divya Abrol Gambhir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.abrol@tamimi.com\">d.abrol@tamimi.com</a>) or Mr. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ashish-banga/\">Ashish Banga</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.banga@tamimi.com\">a.banga@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
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(290699, 27957, 'MetaValueNew', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Taking a lead on the regulation of crypto assets in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (\"ADGM\"), the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (\"FSRA\") issued <em>Guidance on Regulation of Crypto Asset Activities in ADGM</em> (the \"Regulations\"). The Regulations are supplementary to and should be read in conjunction with FSRA’s <em>Guidance on Regulation of Initial Coin/Token Offerings and Virtual Currencies under the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015</em> issued on 9 October 2017 (the \"ICO Guidance\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations together with applicable rules and regulations governing crypto assets, as issued by the FSRA, provides for a comprehensive Spot Crypto Asset Framework (the \"Framework\"). The Regulation sets out and limits the FSRA’s approach to the regulation of crypto asset activities in and from the ADGM, including activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians and intermediaries engaged in crypto asset activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For purposes of the Regulations and the Framework, <em>Crypto Assets</em> are a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded and functions as a: (a) medium of exchange; (b) unit of account; and/or (c) a store of value. These: (i) do not have a legal tender status in any jurisdiction; (ii) are neither issued nor guaranteed by any jurisdiction and fulfil its functions only by agreement within the community of users of such assets; and (iii) are distinguished from fiat currencies including electronic money.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initial Coin Offerings</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is not intended to apply to initial token or coin offerings (\"ICOs\") and such offerings will continue to be regulated in accordance with the ICO Guidance. The ICO Guidance clarifies the nature of token offerings (utility or security) that are permissible in the ADGM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Objectives of the Framework</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While, the fact that crypto assets can be created, stored and transferred without the need of any third party makes it attractive for its users, it also raises significant regulatory concerns for regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies worldwide, particularly in relation to money laundering, terrorism financing, consumer protection, market abuse, amongst other risks.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA under the Framework addresses these risks in addition to issues that may arise in connection with protection of client money, safe custody, technology governance and disclosure and transparency, which makes it an attractive and comparatively secure jurisdiction for conducting crypto related activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding that crypto assets are deemed as commodities and are not considered a \"Specified Investment\" (for purposes of Financial Services and Markets Regulations, 2015, as may be amended from time to time (FSMR)), to ensure adequate consumer protection, while meeting demands in this market space, the FSRA has rightly provided for certain activities associated with crypto assets to be regulated. The diagram sets out FSRA’s approach in relation to different type of digital assets.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8188 size-full\" src=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Article-Graph-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1353\" height=\"694\" />\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Operating a Crypto Asset Business</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Who can Operate a Crypto Asset Business (\"OCAB\") in and from the ADGM?</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">new applicants;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">authorised persons (i.e. persons authorised to carry on other regulated activities within the ADGM); and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">recognised investment exchanges.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Amongst these, applicants that qualify for authorisation under the Framework will be granted a Financial Service Permission (\"FSP\") to carry on regulated activity of OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">OCAB permits undertaking of one or more crypto asset activities, which include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">buying, selling or exercising any right in accepted crypto assets (whether as principal or agent);</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">managing accepted crypto assets belonging to another person;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">making arrangements with a view to another person (whether as principal or agent) buying, selling or providing custody of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">marketing of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">advising on the merits of buying or selling of accepted crypto assets or any rights conferred by such buying or selling; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">operating a crypto asset exchange or operating as a crypto asset custodian.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA’s approach to the regulatory treatment of crypto assets in the ADGM is encouraging. The Framework makes it evident that: (a) crypto asset activities may only be permitted in connection with crypto assets that are categorised as \"Accepted Crypto Assets\" i.e. those crypto assets that fulfil criteria prescribed by the FSRA; and (b) any person dealing with such accepted crypto assets including intermediaries (such as brokers/dealers, asset managers, crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians) involved in dealing, managing or arranging Accepted Crypto Assets, would require an FSP to operate in and from the ADGM.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However: (i) creation or administration of crypto assets; (ii) development, dissemination or use of software for the purpose of creating or mining a crypto asset; (iii) transmission of crypto assets; (iv) loyalty points scheme denominated in crypto assets; and (v) such other activity as may be determined by the FSRA to not constitute OCAB, shall not constitute OCAB and therefore will not be subject to the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Crypto Asset Exchanges and Crypto Asset Custodians</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst most of the crypto asset activities are subject to similar regulations within the Framework, the FRSA considers the crypto asset activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges and crypto asset custodians a key crypto activity in the ADGM. Therefore the Framework levies specific additional requirements applicable to such participants.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Exchanges</em></h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to the requirements applicable to other crypto asset activities, additional requirements for a crypto asset exchange would include substantial commercial, governance, compliance, technical, information technology and human resources presence within the ADGM. A recognised investment exchange may operate as a crypto asset exchange, as part of the regulated activity of OCAB, provided that recognition order of such exchange includes a stipulation, permitting it to do so. In such cases, such exchanges would be subject to the Framework (including fees applicable for conducting OCAB) in addition to other regulations and fees (including market infrastructure rule), it already is subject to.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Custodians</em></h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As regards crypto asset custodians, the FRSA has taken a similar approach to that of other custodian activities permitted within the ADGM. In order to afford the same protection the FSRA offers to other similar products within the FSMR (including relevant rule books) it has widened the scope of definitions of \"Providing Custody\", \"Client Assets\", \"Client Investments\" and \"Investment Business\" (as defined under the FSMR) to include crypto assets and OCAB.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fees</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fees for OCAB are comparatively higher than most other regulated activities within the ADGM. In addition to the fees applicable to crypto asset exchanges, a trading fees is levied on such exchanges, which is payable on a monthly basis. This is calculated as a percentage of trades conducted for each month.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations are a welcome change and seem to address regulatory requirements around crypto asset activities within the ADGM. We are hopeful that this would encourage other financial regulators within the region to issue regulations and therefore provide options to potential applicants.</p>\r\n\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s banking and finance team regularly advises on issues in relation to crypto assets. For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/divya-abrol-gambhir/\">Divya Abrol Gambhir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.abrol@tamimi.com\">d.abrol@tamimi.com</a>) or Mr. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ashish-banga/\">Ashish Banga</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.banga@tamimi.com\">a.banga@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
(290700, 27957, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Taking a lead on the regulation of crypto assets in the Abu Dhabi Global Market (\"ADGM\"), the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (\"FSRA\") issued <em>Guidance on Regulation of Crypto Asset Activities in ADGM</em> (the \"Regulations\"). The Regulations are supplementary to and should be read in conjunction with FSRA’s <em>Guidance on Regulation of Initial Coin/Token Offerings and Virtual Currencies under the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015</em> issued on 9 October 2017 (the \"ICO Guidance\").</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations together with applicable rules and regulations governing crypto assets, as issued by the FSRA, provides for a comprehensive Spot Crypto Asset Framework (the \"Framework\"). The Regulation sets out and limits the FSRA’s approach to the regulation of crypto asset activities in and from the ADGM, including activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians and intermediaries engaged in crypto asset activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">For purposes of the Regulations and the Framework, <em>Crypto Assets</em> are a digital representation of value that can be digitally traded and functions as a: (a) medium of exchange; (b) unit of account; and/or (c) a store of value. These: (i) do not have a legal tender status in any jurisdiction; (ii) are neither issued nor guaranteed by any jurisdiction and fulfil its functions only by agreement within the community of users of such assets; and (iii) are distinguished from fiat currencies including electronic money.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Initial Coin Offerings</h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Framework is not intended to apply to initial token or coin offerings (\"ICOs\") and such offerings will continue to be regulated in accordance with the ICO Guidance. The ICO Guidance clarifies the nature of token offerings (utility or security) that are permissible in the ADGM.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Objectives of the Framework</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">While, the fact that crypto assets can be created, stored and transferred without the need of any third party makes it attractive for its users, it also raises significant regulatory concerns for regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies worldwide, particularly in relation to money laundering, terrorism financing, consumer protection, market abuse, amongst other risks.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA under the Framework addresses these risks in addition to issues that may arise in connection with protection of client money, safe custody, technology governance and disclosure and transparency, which makes it an attractive and comparatively secure jurisdiction for conducting crypto related activities.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Notwithstanding that crypto assets are deemed as commodities and are not considered a \"Specified Investment\" (for purposes of Financial Services and Markets Regulations, 2015, as may be amended from time to time (FSMR)), to ensure adequate consumer protection, while meeting demands in this market space, the FSRA has rightly provided for certain activities associated with crypto assets to be regulated. The diagram sets out FSRA’s approach in relation to different type of digital assets.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Operating a Crypto Asset Business</h3>\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Who can Operate a Crypto Asset Business (\"OCAB\") in and from the ADGM?</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">new applicants;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">authorised persons (i.e. persons authorised to carry on other regulated activities within the ADGM); and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">recognised investment exchanges.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Amongst these, applicants that qualify for authorisation under the Framework will be granted a Financial Service Permission (\"FSP\") to carry on regulated activity of OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">OCAB permits undertaking of one or more crypto asset activities, which include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">buying, selling or exercising any right in accepted crypto assets (whether as principal or agent);</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">managing accepted crypto assets belonging to another person;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">making arrangements with a view to another person (whether as principal or agent) buying, selling or providing custody of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">marketing of accepted crypto assets;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">advising on the merits of buying or selling of accepted crypto assets or any rights conferred by such buying or selling; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">operating a crypto asset exchange or operating as a crypto asset custodian.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The FSRA’s approach to the regulatory treatment of crypto assets in the ADGM is encouraging. The Framework makes it evident that: (a) crypto asset activities may only be permitted in connection with crypto assets that are categorised as \"Accepted Crypto Assets\" i.e. those crypto assets that fulfil criteria prescribed by the FSRA; and (b) any person dealing with such accepted crypto assets including intermediaries (such as brokers/dealers, asset managers, crypto asset exchanges, crypto asset custodians) involved in dealing, managing or arranging Accepted Crypto Assets, would require an FSP to operate in and from the ADGM.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">However: (i) creation or administration of crypto assets; (ii) development, dissemination or use of software for the purpose of creating or mining a crypto asset; (iii) transmission of crypto assets; (iv) loyalty points scheme denominated in crypto assets; and (v) such other activity as may be determined by the FSRA to not constitute OCAB, shall not constitute OCAB and therefore will not be subject to the Framework.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></h3>\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Crypto Asset Exchanges and Crypto Asset Custodians</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whilst most of the crypto asset activities are subject to similar regulations within the Framework, the FRSA considers the crypto asset activities conducted by crypto asset exchanges and crypto asset custodians a key crypto activity in the ADGM. Therefore the Framework levies specific additional requirements applicable to such participants.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Exchanges</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to the requirements applicable to other crypto asset activities, additional requirements for a crypto asset exchange would include substantial commercial, governance, compliance, technical, information technology and human resources presence within the ADGM. A recognised investment exchange may operate as a crypto asset exchange, as part of the regulated activity of OCAB, provided that recognition order of such exchange includes a stipulation, permitting it to do so. In such cases, such exchanges would be subject to the Framework (including fees applicable for conducting OCAB) in addition to other regulations and fees (including market infrastructure rule), it already is subject to.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em>Crypto Asset Custodians</em></h4>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As regards crypto asset custodians, the FRSA has taken a similar approach to that of other custodian activities permitted within the ADGM. In order to afford the same protection the FSRA offers to other similar products within the FSMR (including relevant rule books) it has widened the scope of definitions of \"Providing Custody\", \"Client Assets\", \"Client Investments\" and \"Investment Business\" (as defined under the FSMR) to include crypto assets and OCAB.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fees</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fees for OCAB are comparatively higher than most other regulated activities within the ADGM. In addition to the fees applicable to crypto asset exchanges, a trading fees is levied on such exchanges, which is payable on a monthly basis. This is calculated as a percentage of trades conducted for each month.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Conclusion</h3>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Regulations are a welcome change and seem to address regulatory requirements around crypto asset activities within the ADGM. We are hopeful that this would encourage other financial regulators within the region to issue regulations and therefore provide options to potential applicants.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<em>Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s banking and finance team regularly advises on issues in relation to crypto assets. For further information please contact Ms. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/divya-abrol-gambhir/\">Divya Abrol Gambhir</a> (<a href=\"mailto:d.abrol@tamimi.com\">d.abrol@tamimi.com</a>) or Mr. <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ashish-banga/\">Ashish Banga</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.banga@tamimi.com\">a.banga@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
(290701, 27957, 'MetaLink', 'content'),
(290702, 27957, 'EditorLinkPost', 'https://www.tamimi.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=8186&amp;action=edit');
