<p>In the case of [please insert case name/number], the Abu Dhabi Court of Appeals  vacated the Court of First Instance&rsquo;s decision. The appellee was ordered to pay  the appellant&rsquo;s court fees and costs incurred at both stages of proceedings, as  well as AED 500 in advocate&rsquo;s fees.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br />The Court of Appeal determined the  facts and laid down several principles as follows:<br /><br />1.&nbsp;Service of the  claim in the original action took place contrary to Article 9(2) of the UAE Code  of Civil Procedure, which states:<br /><br />&ldquo;For matters connected with companies,  corporations and private institutions and all other private legal persons notice  shall be served at its administrative headquarters to its legal representative  or on a person acting for him. If they are absent the copy of the notice shall  be delivered to one of the employees of their offices. If it has no  administrative headquarters the copy shall be delivered to its representative in  person or at his domicile.&rdquo;<br /><br />2.&nbsp;In the case at hand, the process intended  for service upon the Appellant (a corporate entity) was instead served directly  upon one of its staff rather than on its legal representative or any other  person acting on its behalf. This was held to be a&nbsp; violation of Article 9(2).  The Court of Appeal ruled that a process (or summons, or claim), should not be  served on a member of staff except in the absence of the Company&rsquo;s legal  representative or any person(s) acting on that company&rsquo;s behalf. The Court of  Appeal also found that the name of the employee who had refused service was not  identified.<br /><br />3.&nbsp;Importantly, pursuant to Articles 10 and 13 of the Code of  Civil Procedure, the Court of Appeal ruled that because the claim was not issued  on appropriate party for the purpose of service, any prior proceedings and  decisions rendered therein were void.<br /><br />4.&nbsp;The Court of Appeal found that  the purpose of service of the claim had not been achieved because the Appellant  did not receive notice of the decision and consequently did not know it was  required to appear before the Court of First Instance.&nbsp;<br /><br />5.&nbsp;It is  important to note that consistent with well-established UAE case law, the Court  of Appeal held that it had jurisdiction to review the case on matters of law,  only, and that it was not at liberty to review matters of fact. That is to say,  while the merits of the case are unreviewable at the Appeal stage, the  application of law by the lower court may still be  reviewed.<br /><br /><strong>Commentary:<br /><br /></strong>The Civil Procedure Code  (Federal Law No. 11 of 1992), as amended, sets out the prescribed procedure for  service and clearly enumerates the particulars that should be included in the  notice document. The Code establishes important principles for lack of service  and effecting service by posting or publication in Articles 5 &ndash; 9. This is under  pain of service being declared void pursuant to Articles 10 and  13.<br /><br />Article 7 sets out the particulars that must be included in the  notice document. Importantly, the article starts with the word  &lsquo;shall.&rdquo;<br /><br />The particulars required to be included in the notice document  are:&nbsp;<br /><br />a)&nbsp;The date, month, year and time at which service was  made;<br /><br />b)&nbsp;The full name, occupation, title, place of work and place of  residence of the person requesting service as well as his representative&rsquo;s full  name, occupation, title, place of residence and place of work if not employed by  the serving party;&nbsp;<br /><br />c)&nbsp;The full name of the person to be served, his  occupation, title and address (or last reported address) and place of work if  his address is not known at the time of service;</p>
<p>d)&nbsp;The name of the person serving process, his title and employer together  with his signature on the original notice and its copy</p>
<p>e)&nbsp;The subject of notice</p>
<p>f)&nbsp;The full name of the party on whom the process was served together with  his signature, seal or thumb print on the original process indicating his  acceptance of service or an endorsement showing his refusal of service and the  reasons therefor</p>
<p>In addition to providing, in Article 7, the requirements for a document to be  sufficient for the purposes of giving notice, the Code then explains the method  of service in Article 8. A copy of the process should be personally delivered to  the individual intended to be served or delivered at his domicile or place of  work. The process may also be served at a place of that individual&rsquo;s  choosing.<br /><br />However, it should be noted that notice need not be served at  the defendant&rsquo;s residence or place of work; notice is suitable if &ldquo;delivered to  the person to be notified wherever he may be&rdquo; (Article 8(2)).&nbsp; When the person  to whom notice is addressed cannot be located, Article 8(3) provides alternative  measures to ensure adequate service of process. Given such specific courses of  action, service of process is not, in my opinion, open to interpretation,  rather, is grounded firmly in the text of the Code.&nbsp;<br /><br />Article 8(4) seems  to act as a clause of last resort, when there is no individual capable or  agreeable, upon whom notice may be properly served. In such case, the person  undertaking service must refer the matter to the judge who can then direct that  a copy of the process be posted on the notice board and on the door of the place  of residence of the person to be served..&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br />Furthermore, if the court  verifies that notice cannot be served on the defendant because he has no known  domicile or place of work, under Article 8(6), the judge may effect notice by  publication in an Arabic language daily newspaper, simultaneously serving  adequate notice to the defendant while confirming that the plaintiff has duly  performed&nbsp; his duties pursuant to the law.<br /><br />In our opinion there should  absolutely not be a clause appearing on the notification document stating that  the process server is entitled to serve by posting in the event that he does not  find anyone eligible to be served or in the event that the intended recipient/  addressee or one of his staff refuses to receive service of process. That is  because such an action by the court, if it were to leave place, would violate  the explicit provision that obligates the process server to present the matter  to the judge so that the latter may order service by posting or  publication.<br /><br />It is clear from the foregoing that service by posting on  the notices board and at the defendant&rsquo;s last known address are allowable,  pursuant to a court decision following an unsuccessful attempt to personally  serve the defendant or defendant&rsquo;s agent where the process server cannot find  anyone capable of accepting service from among those listed in Article  8(2).<br /><br />Article 8 permits service by posting notice on designated notices  boards, and by publication in newspapers under Article 8(4) and 8(6)  respectively. On the other hand, there is no provision in Article 9 allowing  service by posting or publication. This is a very important issue of great  significance for many cases, as shown by the Court of Appeals&rsquo; present  decision.<br /><br />Article 9 deals with service for UAE ministries and their  departments as well as companies, associations, private establishments and all  corporate entities. Under Article 9(1), notice must be served upon the legal  representative of the state ministry, or federal or local government departments  to be served.&nbsp;<br /><br />Article 9(2) outlines methods of service of process on  companies, associations, private establishments and all private corporate  entities. A copy of the notice document is to be served at the company,  association, private establishment or private corporate entity&rsquo;s headquarters,  upon its legal representative or any other person acting in his behalf.<br /><br />A  company&rsquo;s legal representative is authorized to legally represent the company  before third parties either as the chairman of its board of directors or on the  basis of a mandate duly authorised by the general manager, CEO or appointed  managing director with the right to delegate his right of representation to  third parties. Accordingly, when suing any of the corporate entities mentioned  in Article 9(2), a specific individual must be named as their representative.  Article 9(2) then states that if no representative or person acting for the  corporate entity is available, a copy of the notice document should be served on  employee, such as the office manager or the secretary, after verifying his  identity and recording such service on both copies of the notice document.  Finally, Article 9(2) concludes with the following provision: &ldquo;If [the company]  has no administrative headquarters, the copy shall be delivered to its  representative in person or at his domicile.&rdquo; This highlights the special  importance given to service on private corporate entities, including companies  and establishments, which is prescribed for them under pain of the service being  declared void.<br /><br />There is often confusion as to the applicability of the  provisions of Articles 8 and 9 in different circumstances. Because of such  misapprehension, Article 8 tends to be applied to all types of defendants,  including companies (as opposed to private individuals) as shown in the present  case at hand at level of the Court of First Instance.&nbsp;<br /><br />Lastly, as far as  nullity is concerned, Article 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that  notice comes into effect at the time the copy is served in accordance with the  provisions. This means that if the copy is not served in accordance with  Articles 8 and 9, notification shall be without effect and rendered absolutely  null.<br /><br />Article 13 deals with irregular procedure. It is a general  provision concerning all procedures under the Law. The second part of the  article reads: &ldquo;Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary nullity shall not  be declared insofar as the object of the procedure has been realised.&rdquo; Article  13 seems to be in contention with Article 10, which is a clause on its own, as  well as one which relies on several others (denoted by the fact that Article 10  is satisfies only if service of process is made &ldquo;in accordance with&rdquo; other  articles within the Code). It follows that if, despite irregular process in  terms of form or required details within the notice document or method of  service, the person to be served appears in court in time to enter his defence,  the object of the procedure would be realised and nullity will not be declared  with respect to service. However, such a waiver of nullity does not seem to  extend to all circumstances; if, despite provisions for nullity of process, the  person to be served appears in court after the pleadings are closed but is not  allowed to stand before it and enter his defence in the case, his appearance  would not realise the object of the procedure and irregular process may be  asserted by the defendant, requiring that the court declare null the service of  process.</p>