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(277064, 26691, 'ReportText', 'Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft wp-image-8142\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_493075276-Converted-1024x682.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"452\" height=\"301\" />A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8141 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_360673856-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"419\" height=\"419\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8140 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_359012771-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"316\" />Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8139 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_336708881-Converted-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"431\" height=\"431\" />Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out under the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable actions by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.|Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft wp-image-8142\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_493075276-Converted-1024x682.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"452\" height=\"301\" />A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8141 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_360673856-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"419\" height=\"419\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8140 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_359012771-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"316\" />Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8139 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_336708881-Converted-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"431\" height=\"431\" />Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out under the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable actions by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft  wp-image-8146\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_683715055-Converted-1024x754.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"533\" height=\"392\" />A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.'),
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(276116, 26608, 'ReportText', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-7982 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"837\" />If an employer decides to terminate a construction contract entered into with a main contractor, and to appoint a new main contractor, will the former main contractor be legally entitled to prevent the employer from appointing the new main contractor, pending the evaluation of the site or it is an absolute right of the employer to appoint a new contractor following the termination of the construction contract?</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We explore in this article whether a main contractor can prevent the appointment of a new main contractor based on our recent experience advising and representing a main contractor before the Dubai Urgent Matters Court (\"<strong>DUMC</strong>\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Background of dispute</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">An employer entered into a construction contract with a main contractor to construct a number of villas in a prime location in Dubai.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The contract was based on FIDIC (1987) with particular conditions. The main contractor almost completed the project, and was ready to initiate the testing and commissioning for the project. According to the last interim payment certificate, the consultant had certified that around 87% of the main contractor’s works had been successfully completed.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Due to the existence of several disputes between the employer and the contractor relating to the latter’s claim for variations, extension of time, prolongation costs, and overdue payments related to work done on site, the employer terminated the contract. Following the termination, the main contractor applied to DUMC to appoint engineering experts to visit the site, evaluate the percentage of work done, record the status of the work done and scope of the material and equipment on site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The main contractor sought legal representation when the employer tried to evict the main contractor from the site. Following our advice, a notice was served on the employer warning the employer that, among other things, the site status should remain as is until the DUMC appoints an engineering experts’ committee to visit the site and record the work done and material and equipment on site. The notice also made it clear to the employer that no new contactor should enter the site, pending the inspection by the aforesaid engineering experts committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The employer opted to disregard the notice, and decided to appoint a new main contractor. Consequently, the employer applied to the appropriate authority in Dubai to substitute the main contractor with another one in the records of the authority.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company, as legal counsel for the main contractor, immediately drafted a request to the DUMC highlighting the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the certification by the project’s consultant confirmed that construction was approximately 87% completed;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had purportedly terminated the contract, and alleged that the main contractor had breached its contractual obligations;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">following the purported termination, the main contractor had applied to the DUMC to appoint an engineering experts’ committee to record the work done on site and the material and equipment on site;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had attempted to evict the main contractor from the site, and the employer had accordingly been notified that the site’s status should remain as is and no new main contractor should be appointed until the DUMC appointed engineering experts committee had examined and recorded the works done on site and the material and equipment on site; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had not responded to the notice, and had applied to the relevant authority to change the main contractor with a new one which would allow this new contractor to enter upon and disturb the site.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Having regard to the above, the DUMC were requested to issue an order addressed to the relevant authority rejecting the employer’s request to substitute the main contractor with a new one thereby preventing the new main contractor from interfering with the site.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Dubai Urgent Matters Court’s Decision</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The DUMC issued its decision within 72 hours, and accepted Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s request that the site should be left undisturbed pending the appointment of the engineering experts’ committee in accordance with the main contractor’s case before Dubai Court and addressed an order to the relevant authority to suspend the employer’s request to change the main contractor.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although employers may have the right to terminate a construction contract entered into with the main contractor, an employer should not engage a new main contractor until the work done on site and the material and equipment on site have been recorded by an expert agreed between the parties or appointed by the UAE Courts.</p>\r\n<em>For further information please contact <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ahmad-ghoneim/\">Ahmad Ghoneim</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.ghoneim@tamimi.com\">a.ghoneim@tamimi.com</a>).</em>|<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-7982 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"837\" />If an employer decides to terminate a construction contract entered into with a main contractor, and to appoint a new main contractor, will the former main contractor be legally entitled to prevent the employer from appointing the new main contractor, pending the evaluation of the site or it is an absolute right of the employer to appoint a new contractor following the termination of the construction contract?</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We explore in this article whether a main contractor can prevent the appointment of a new main contractor based on our recent experience advising and representing a main contractor before the Dubai Urgent Matters Court (\"<strong>DUMC</strong>\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Background of dispute</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">An employer entered into a construction contract with a main contractor to construct a number of villas in a prime location in Dubai.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The contract was based on FIDIC (1987) with particular conditions. The main contractor almost completed the project, and was ready to initiate the testing and commissioning for the project. According to the last interim payment certificate, the consultant had certified that around 87% of the main contractor’s works had been successfully completed.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Due to the existence of several disputes between the employer and the contractor relating to the latter’s claim for variations, extension of time, prolongation costs, and overdue payments related to work done on site, the employer terminated the contract. Following the termination, the main contractor applied to DUMC to appoint engineering experts to visit the site, evaluate the percentage of work done, record the status of the work done and scope of the material and equipment on site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The main contractor sought legal representation when the employer tried to evict the main contractor from the site. Following our advice, a notice was served on the employer warning the employer that, among other things, the site status should remain as is until the DUMC appoints an engineering experts’ committee to visit the site and record the work done and material and equipment on site. The notice also made it clear to the employer that no new contactor should enter the site, pending the inspection by the aforesaid engineering experts committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The employer opted to disregard the notice, and decided to appoint a new main contractor. Consequently, the employer applied to the appropriate authority in Dubai to substitute the main contractor with another one in the records of the authority.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company, as legal counsel for the main contractor, immediately drafted a request to the DUMC highlighting the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the certification by the project’s consultant confirmed that construction was approximately 87% completed;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had purportedly terminated the contract, and alleged that the main contractor had breached its contractual obligations;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">following the purported termination, the main contractor had applied to the DUMC to appoint an engineering experts’ committee to record the work done on site and the material and equipment on site;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had attempted to evict the main contractor from the site, and the employer had accordingly been notified that the site’s status should remain as is and no new main contractor should be appointed until the DUMC appointed engineering experts committee had examined and recorded the works done on site and the material and equipment on site; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had not responded to the notice, and had applied to the relevant authority to change the main contractor with a new one which would allow this new contractor to enter upon and disturb the site.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Having regard to the above, the DUMC were requested to issue an order addressed to the relevant authority rejecting the employer’s request to substitute the main contractor with a new one thereby preventing the new main contractor from interfering with the site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-8133 size-full\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Main-Contractor-Quote-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"948\" height=\"372\" /></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Dubai Urgent Matters Court’s Decision</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The DUMC issued its decision within 72 hours, and accepted Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s request that the site should be left undisturbed pending the appointment of the engineering experts’ committee in accordance with the main contractor’s case before Dubai Court and addressed an order to the relevant authority to suspend the employer’s request to change the main contractor.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although employers may have the right to terminate a construction contract entered into with the main contractor, an employer should not engage a new main contractor until the work done on site and the material and equipment on site have been recorded by an expert agreed between the parties or appointed by the UAE Courts.</p>\r\n<em>For further information please contact <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ahmad-ghoneim/\">Ahmad Ghoneim</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.ghoneim@tamimi.com\">a.ghoneim@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
(276114, 26608, 'MetaLink', 'content'),
(276113, 26608, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"wp-image-7982 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"837\" />If an employer decides to terminate a construction contract entered into with a main contractor, and to appoint a new main contractor, will the former main contractor be legally entitled to prevent the employer from appointing the new main contractor, pending the evaluation of the site or it is an absolute right of the employer to appoint a new contractor following the termination of the construction contract?</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">We explore in this article whether a main contractor can prevent the appointment of a new main contractor based on our recent experience advising and representing a main contractor before the Dubai Urgent Matters Court (\"<strong>DUMC</strong>\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Background of dispute</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">An employer entered into a construction contract with a main contractor to construct a number of villas in a prime location in Dubai.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The contract was based on FIDIC (1987) with particular conditions. The main contractor almost completed the project, and was ready to initiate the testing and commissioning for the project. According to the last interim payment certificate, the consultant had certified that around 87% of the main contractor’s works had been successfully completed.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Due to the existence of several disputes between the employer and the contractor relating to the latter’s claim for variations, extension of time, prolongation costs, and overdue payments related to work done on site, the employer terminated the contract. Following the termination, the main contractor applied to DUMC to appoint engineering experts to visit the site, evaluate the percentage of work done, record the status of the work done and scope of the material and equipment on site.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The main contractor sought legal representation when the employer tried to evict the main contractor from the site. Following our advice, a notice was served on the employer warning the employer that, among other things, the site status should remain as is until the DUMC appoints an engineering experts’ committee to visit the site and record the work done and material and equipment on site. The notice also made it clear to the employer that no new contactor should enter the site, pending the inspection by the aforesaid engineering experts committee.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The employer opted to disregard the notice, and decided to appoint a new main contractor. Consequently, the employer applied to the appropriate authority in Dubai to substitute the main contractor with another one in the records of the authority.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company, as legal counsel for the main contractor, immediately drafted a request to the DUMC highlighting the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the certification by the project’s consultant confirmed that construction was approximately 87% completed;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had purportedly terminated the contract, and alleged that the main contractor had breached its contractual obligations;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">following the purported termination, the main contractor had applied to the DUMC to appoint an engineering experts’ committee to record the work done on site and the material and equipment on site;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had attempted to evict the main contractor from the site, and the employer had accordingly been notified that the site’s status should remain as is and no new main contractor should be appointed until the DUMC appointed engineering experts committee had examined and recorded the works done on site and the material and equipment on site; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">the employer had not responded to the notice, and had applied to the relevant authority to change the main contractor with a new one which would allow this new contractor to enter upon and disturb the site.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Having regard to the above, the DUMC were requested to issue an order addressed to the relevant authority rejecting the employer’s request to substitute the main contractor with a new one thereby preventing the new main contractor from interfering with the site.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Dubai Urgent Matters Court’s Decision</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The DUMC issued its decision within 72 hours, and accepted Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s request that the site should be left undisturbed pending the appointment of the engineering experts’ committee in accordance with the main contractor’s case before Dubai Court and addressed an order to the relevant authority to suspend the employer’s request to change the main contractor.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Although employers may have the right to terminate a construction contract entered into with the main contractor, an employer should not engage a new main contractor until the work done on site and the material and equipment on site have been recorded by an expert agreed between the parties or appointed by the UAE Courts.</p>\r\n<em>For further information please contact <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/lawyer/ahmad-ghoneim/\">Ahmad Ghoneim</a> (<a href=\"mailto:a.ghoneim@tamimi.com\">a.ghoneim@tamimi.com</a>).</em>'),
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(275850, 26584, 'PostTitle', 'The Calm After the Storm: Saudi Arabia’s Anti-Corruption Tornado and the Investor Impact'),
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(275842, 26583, 'PostUrl', 'http://www.tamimi.com/law-update-articles/the-calm-after-the-storm-saudi-arabias-anti-corruption-tornado-and-the-investor-impact/'),
(277061, 26691, 'MetaValueOld', 'Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft wp-image-8142\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_493075276-Converted-1024x682.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"452\" height=\"301\" />A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8141 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_360673856-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"419\" height=\"419\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8140 alignleft\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_359012771-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"316\" />Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8139 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_336708881-Converted-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"431\" height=\"431\" />Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out under the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable actions by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.'),
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(288242, 27751, 'MetaValueNew', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6. YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong></p>\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(288392, 27763, 'MetaValueNew', '<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</span></strong></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">We may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">By providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">In addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">We seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">2. PURPOSES</span></strong></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">We will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:</span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</span></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">If we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</span></strong></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">We operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">If you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a>ctg@tamimi.com</a>.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</span></strong></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">We may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">If you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">In relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</span></strong></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">It may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">The level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">6. YOUR RIGHTS</span></strong></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Under certain circumstances, you have the following rights:</span>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">a. <strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Access and Accuracy</span></strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Erasure or Blocking</span></strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Objecting</span></strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Porting</span></strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Complaints</span></strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong><span style=\"font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Withdraw consent</span></strong> – when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</span></p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">If you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at compliance@tamimi.com.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">7. CONFIDENTIALITY</span></strong>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">The information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">8. INFORMATION SECURITY</span></strong>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">We have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">9. COOKIES</span></strong>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Cookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">Specifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</span></strong>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">We may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">11. CONTACT INFORMATION</span></strong>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: \'Georgia\',serif;\">If you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on compliance@tamimi.com.</span>'),
(288582, 27777, 'ReportText', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6. YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n\r\na. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong>: when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at compliance@tamimi.com.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong>\r\n\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong>\r\n\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.|The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6. YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong>: when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong>\r\n\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong>\r\n\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(288819, 27797, 'MetaValueNew', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\"><span class=\"s1\">www.tamimi.com</span></a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\"><span class=\"s1\">here</span></a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>2. PURPOSES</b>\r\n\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n\r\n(a) to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b) to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c) to market our services;\r\n(d) to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e) where otherwise required by law.\r\n\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</b>\r\n\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\"><span class=\"s1\">link</span></a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\"><span class=\"s1\">ctg@tamimi.com</span></a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>6. YOUR RIGHTS</b>\r\n\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n\r\na. <b>Access and Accuracy</b>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <b>Erasure or Blocking</b>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <b>Objecting</b>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <b>Porting</b>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <b>Complaints</b>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <b>Withdraw consent</b>: when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\"><span class=\"s1\">compliance@tamimi.com</span></a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</b>\r\n\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</b>\r\n\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>9. COOKIES</b>\r\n\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</b>\r\n\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\"><span class=\"s1\">compliance@tamimi.com</span></a>.');
INSERT INTO `tm_wsal_metadata` (`id`, `occurrence_id`, `name`, `value`) VALUES
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COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6. YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong>: when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong>\r\n\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong>\r\n\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(288823, 27797, 'ReportText', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6. YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong>: when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong>\r\n\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong>\r\n\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.|The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\"><span class=\"s1\">www.tamimi.com</span></a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\"><span class=\"s1\">here</span></a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>2. PURPOSES</b>\r\n\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n\r\n(a) to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b) to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c) to market our services;\r\n(d) to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e) where otherwise required by law.\r\n\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</b>\r\n\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\"><span class=\"s1\">link</span></a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\"><span class=\"s1\">ctg@tamimi.com</span></a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>6. YOUR RIGHTS</b>\r\n\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n\r\na. <b>Access and Accuracy</b>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <b>Erasure or Blocking</b>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <b>Objecting</b>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <b>Porting</b>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <b>Complaints</b>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <b>Withdraw consent</b>: when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\"><span class=\"s1\">compliance@tamimi.com</span></a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</b>\r\n\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</b>\r\n\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>9. COOKIES</b>\r\n\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</b>\r\n\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<b>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</b>\r\n\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\"><span class=\"s1\">compliance@tamimi.com</span></a>.'),
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(288578, 27777, 'MetaValueNew', 'The website <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/\">www.tamimi.com</a> is operated by Al Tamimi &amp; Company Limited (DIFC Commercial Licence No. CL0155 of Building 4, 6th Floor, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; “Al Tamimi &amp; Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”), for and on behalf of the various entities operating as part of the Al Tamimi law firm across the Middle East, as further specified <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Privacy-Policy-Entities.pdf\">here</a>.  Al Tamimi &amp; Company is the data controller of any personal information provided to us, via this website or otherwise.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company is committed to respecting your privacy. In this privacy notice, we describe how we collect and use your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to such information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. COLLECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may collect personal information from you through your use of the website, when you request information from us, when you engage us for legal services, or as a result of your relationship with any of our clients.\r\n\r\nWe may request, and collect from you, personal information and other information. Depending on the information or services you request, we may ask you to provide your name, phone numbers, address, email address, passport details, and other such personal information.\r\n\r\nBy providing us with any personal information, you are consenting to the use of your personal information as contemplated in this privacy notice. If you do not want us to use your personal information for any of these purposes, please do not provide us with your personal information.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the personal information you knowingly provide to us, we collect, via the website, the domain names and IP addresses of visitors, along with usage statistics relating to the websites. (We do not collect personally identifiable information about your online activities over time or across third party websites or online services.)\r\n\r\nWe seek to retain your personal information only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected – or as otherwise required by applicable law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. PURPOSES</strong></p>\r\nWe will only use your personal information for our legitimate business purposes, including:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(a)                 to process and respond to inquiries, and provide our services;\r\n(b)                 to manage our relationship with you and our clients;\r\n(c)                 to market our services;\r\n(d)                 to compile anonymous statistics, such as website usage statistics and statistics on the effectiveness of invitations and other emails; and\r\n(e)                 where otherwise required by law.</p>\r\nIf we re-organise our business, we may need to transfer your personal information to other group entities or to third parties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>3. CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT</strong></p>\r\nWe operate a Client Relationship Management email mailing list program, which we use to inform clients and other contacts about our services, including our publications and events. Such marketing messages may contain tracking technologies in order to track subscriber activity relating to engagement, demographics and other data, and to build subscriber profiles.\r\n\r\nIf you would like to cease receiving marketing materials from us at any time, please let our CRM management team know directly. You can also change your preferences for receiving our marketing emails and legal updates from us at any time, and you can unsubscribe by following the instructions specified in our marketing emails or via the websites. Please update your details via this <a href=\"https://www.tamimi.com/find-us/subscribe/\">link</a>, or otherwise contact our CRM management team by email at <a href=\"mailto:ctg@tamimi.com\">ctg@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>4. SHARING YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nWe may disclose your personal information to a recipient (i) for the purposes of outsourcing one or more of the purposes-related functions described above; (ii) to confirm or update information provided by you; (iii) to inform you of events, information about our services, and other important information, or (iv) for other purposes disclosed at or before the time the information is collected.\r\n\r\nIf you tell us you wish to attend an event, your name and organization may appear on a list which we provide to other delegates at the event. We also take photographs and video of our events, and this may result in your image being captured and used in the course of reporting on the event (e.g. via social media or other means).\r\n\r\nIn relation to any other third parties we will only disclose your information where you have given your consent or where we are required to do so by law, or where it is necessary for the purpose of, or in connection with legal proceedings or in order to exercise or defend legal rights.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>5. CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF YOUR INFORMATION</strong></p>\r\nIt may sometimes be necessary for us to share your personal information with other Al Tamimi offices around the Middle East region (currently, in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) – or for such Al Tamimi offices to share your information with Al Tamimi &amp; Company in the DIFC. It may also be necessary for us to share your personal information with associated professional services firms around the world, who provide services to us or on our behalf. This will entail a transfer of personal information from within the Dubai International Financial Centre to recipients outside the DIFC, and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe level of personal information protection in locations outside DIFC may be less than that offered within the DIFC or the country in which you reside and may not be recognized as providing an adequate level of protection, but we have procedures in place to ensure the protection of personal information. These procedures include putting steps in place to ensure that all such entities keep your personal information confidential and secure and only use it for the purposes that we have specified and communicated to you. When we transfer your information to other countries, we will use, share and safeguard that information as described in this privacy notice. We only transfer personal information to these countries, with your consent, when it is necessary for the services we provide you, or subject to appropriate safeguards that assure the protection of your personal information, such as standard contractual clauses.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>6. YOUR RIGHTS</strong></p>\r\nUnder certain circumstances, you have the following rights:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">a. <strong>Access and Accuracy</strong>: the right to ask us to provide you, or a third party, with copies of the personal information we hold about you at any time and to be informed of the contents and origin, verify its accuracy, or else request that such information be supplemented, updated or rectified in accordance with the applicable law;\r\nb. <strong>Erasure or Blocking</strong>: the right to request erasure, anonymisation or blocking of your personal information that is processed in breach of the law;\r\nc. <strong>Objecting</strong>: the right to object on legitimate grounds to the processing of your personal information. In certain circumstances we may not be able to stop using your personal information, if that is the case, we’ll let you know why;\r\nd. <strong>Porting</strong>: the right to request that some of your personal information is provided to you, or to another data controller, in a commonly used, machine-readable format;\r\ne. <strong>Complaints</strong>: if you believe that your data protection rights may have been breached, you have the right to lodge a complaint to the applicable supervisory or data protection authority; and\r\nf. <strong>Withdraw consent</strong>: when personal information is processed on the basis of consent an individual may withdraw consent at any time. In the event that you no longer want to receive any marketing material from us, please use the unsubscribe option (which is in all of our marketing emails to you), or contact us on the details set out below.</p>\r\nIf you would like to exercise any of the above rights, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>7. CONFIDENTIALITY</strong></p>\r\nThe information you provide may be confidential, and we will maintain such confidentiality and protect your information in accordance with this privacy notice, our professional obligations and applicable law. We do not sell, rent, distribute, or otherwise make, personal information commercially available to any third party. We may share information with our service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>8. INFORMATION SECURITY</strong></p>\r\nWe have implemented reasonable administrative, technical and physical measures to protect your personal information against loss, misuse and alteration.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>9. COOKIES</strong></p>\r\nCookies are small files that are sent to a computer’s hard drive by a web server, enabling a website to remember who you are. Information from cookies may include information relating to your use of our websites, information about your computer (such as IP address and browser type), and demographic data.  We use cookies to improve our website.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, we use Google Analytics, and other similar products to track unique visitors to our website (storing a unique visitor ID, the date and time of first visit, the time their current visit started and the total number of visits they have made); to register session details (so as to attribute visit information, including conversions and transactions to a traffic source); and to register that a website visit has ended and the browser closed. Most internet browsers have a mechanism notifying you when you receive a new cookie, and telling you how to reject new cookies or disable cookies altogether (if you wish to do so).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>10. CHANGES TO THIS NOTICE</strong>\r\n\r\nWe may change this privacy notice from time to time, and your continued use of this website or our services indicates your consent to the changes to the privacy notice. We will re-date the notice to show when there were any material changes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>11. CONTACT INFORMATION</strong>\r\n\r\nIf you have any questions about this privacy notice, or our processing of your personal information, please contact us on <a href=\"mailto:compliance@tamimi.com\">compliance@tamimi.com</a>.'),
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(266800, 25807, 'MetaValueOld', '<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><img class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-8023\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_775162108-389x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"389\" height=\"1024\" />The suspension of an athlete or nation from participating in the Olympic Games is commonly considered to be the ultimate sporting sanction. Whilst the suspension of Russia from PyeongChang 2018 (and its reinstatement immediately afterwards) grabbed headlines, Kuwait remains subject to a ban imposed by the International Olympic Committee (\"IOC\") in 2015.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Kuwait’s National Olympic Committee (\"NOC\") is no stranger to Olympic exile, having been suspended by the IOC in 1986. More recently, Kuwait was warned by the IOC in 2007 that its sports legislation permitted governmental interference in the internal functioning of its NOC and other sporting federations, in violation of the Olympic Charter. When Kuwait did not address this issue by the IOC’s deadline of 31 December 2009, its NOC was suspended. This ban was lifted shortly before London 2012.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Further sports legislation was enacted in early 2015, however, that conferred upon the Kuwaiti Sports Ministry the power to assume control of national sporting bodies, as well the ability to control financial matters. Consequently, Kuwait’s NOC was disbanded by the Kuwaiti Sport Ministry, purportedly due to financial irregularities, as were nine other national federations. Interim committees were established to take over their administration, headed by figures widely reported to be loyal to the Kuwaiti Sports Ministry. The IOC took the view that Kuwait had failed to ameliorate the position by the IOC’s deadline of 27 October 2015; and, its NOC was suspended again. This came shortly after FIFA had imposed its own suspension on Kuwait’s football association (\"KFA\"), having failed to meet FIFA’s 15 October 2015 deadline for corrective action. Sixteen further international sports federations subsequently followed suit.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Subsequent Developments</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In response to its censure by the international sporting community, Kuwait went on the offensive. In June 2016, the Kuwait government appealed the IOC suspension in the Swiss Civil Courts and claimed $1 billion compensation for losses flowing from the alleged unjust imposition of a suspension in the absence of an appropriate investigation. The appeal and compensation claim were dismissed in August 2016 and Kuwait was ordered to pay $11,500 towards the IOC’s legal costs. Also in June 2016, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (\"CAS\") rejected an appeal brought by a number of Kuwaiti football clubs (including the Kuwaiti Premier League champions, Kuwait Sporting Club) against the FIFA suspension.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition to legal proceedings, Kuwait has made frequent unsuccessful appeals to the IOC (and FIFA) for its suspension to be lifted. Numerous meetings have also taken place between Kuwaiti officials and the IOC, most notably that mediated by the United Nations in January 2016, at which the parties appeared to have to have reached an agreement in principle that Kuwait reportedly reneged upon at a later date.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 12 December 2016, Kuwait’s newly-elected parliament voted by a majority of over two thirds to amend the relevant sports legislation to facilitate re-admission to international sport. This vote unfortunately came too late for Kuwait to take part in the AFC Asian Cup Qualification final round, given that the deadline imposed by the Asian Football Conference (\"AFC\") for the KFA to be readmitted to FIFA membership was 18 December 2016.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In early 2017 the IOC are reported to have sent a letter to the Kuwaiti Sports Ministry setting three conditions for Kuwait’s re-acceptance into the Olympic Movement:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">all relevant sport legislation must be amended in order to comply with the Olympic Charter;</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">all board member changes imposed upon Kuwait’s NOC and other sporting bodes must be revoked; and</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">all ongoing domestic and international cases against the IOC and other international sporting bodes must be dropped.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 4 December 2017, Kuwait finally bowed to mounting domestic and international pressure by enacting new sports legislation purporting to replace all previous such laws and thus prevent governmental interference with Kuwaiti sporting bodies.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">FIFA lifted its ban on 6 December 2017. However, despite subsequent meetings taking place between Kuwaiti officials and the IOC, the Olympic ban remains in place.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>The wider context of governmental interference</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Sporting bodies are hard-wired to protect their autonomy to govern and regulate their sport, as enshrined in the Olympic Charter. A distinct body of law, lex sportiva, has developed over time to underpin the doctrine that sporting bodies are best placed to understand the unique circumstances of sport and manage them in a way that maximises wider societal benefits. The Olympic Charter promotes collaboration between sporting bodies and government, but prohibits interference. This begs the question as to where the line is between benign and undue governmental influence. Reasonable conditions attached to the receipt of public funds by sporting bodies for grassroots investment is an obvious example of the former, whereas a government retaining unfettered power to disband national sporting federations is an obvious example of the latter. However, there are a myriad of circumstances falling in between.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Kuwait is not alone in finding itself on the wrong side of the IOC due to governmental interference in sport:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">In July 2007, Panama was suspended by the IOC for governmental interference in the running of its NOC. The ban was lifted in April 2008 in time for the nation to compete at Beijing 2008. It was threatened with a further suspension in January 2011 when the Panamanian President demanded the resignation of NOC committee members, but this was averted when the issue was resolved to the IOC’s satisfaction.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">In January 2011, Ghana’s NOC was suspended by the IOC for failing to amend its sports law to prevent the Ghanaian government from making presidential appointments to its NOC and numerous national sporting federations. The ban was lifted in October 2011 when a new sports law was enacted to prevent political interference, allowing the nation to compete at London 2012.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">In June 2011, the IOC warned the Indian Sports Ministry that compelling national sporting federations to adopt mandatory eligibility requirements for officials constituted undue governmental interference. When the Indian government ignored this warning and the Olympic Association separately elected officials accused of corruption, the Indian NOC was suspended by the IOC for non-compliance with the Olympic Charter in December 2012. Somewhat uniquely, the IOC lifted this ban lifted four days into Sochi 2014 when new officials were elected, causing the Indian flag to be belatedly raised in the Olympic Village.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">In 2015, Sri Lanka was warned by the IOC that it faced suspension if it did not revise proposed sports legislation that barred high-ranking officials from standing for re-election by the end of that year. This governmental interference was cited as a major reason for Sri Lanka being stripped of its hosting rights of the 2017 Asian Youth Games.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">In August 2016, Kenya’s Sports Ministry disbanded its NOC and transferred its duties to Sports Kenya, in response to alleged mismanagement of Team Kenya at Rio 2016 by senior NOC officials. In March 2017, the IOC cut funding and threated suspension of the newly-formed NOC when it refused to accept IOC-requested governance reforms.</li>\r\n 	<li dir=\"LTR\">Recent reports suggest that Saudi Arabia is coming under increased scrutiny from the IOC and FIFA in connection with a growing trend of appointments for government-backed appointees to the Kingdom’s national sports federations. A suspension from international sport would impact the Kingdom’s successful national and club football teams and may also affect its progressive economic reforms, of which sport - and in particular the privatisation of its top-tier football clubs - is a central component, owing to sport’s increasingly valuable geo-political status in the GCC region.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The IOC is, therefore, not afraid to adopt a robust approach if it considers that the Olympic Charter is being undermined by undue governmental interference. One particular area it has sought to control is the fall-out when relations between national governments and NOCs breakdown. In this regard the IOC has a number of weapons at its disposal, including proactive engagement with the parties, interim funding cuts, the threat of a suspension, and ultimately the imposition of a suspension. The political unpopularity of presiding over a nation suspended from the Olympics more often than not prompts governments to take the necessary remedial action.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Commentary</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The fact that the IOC has not yet followed FIFA’s lead in lifting its ban on Kuwait is an intriguing epilogue to this rather messy affair. The reasons for this are not clear, however it may be because Kuwait has not yet complied with the pre-conditions for re-acceptance (outlined above) to the IOC’s satisfaction. It may also be symptomatic of the deterioration in the relationship between Kuwait and the IOC. A string of previous broken promises and the instigation of a $1 billion lawsuit may have eroded the IOC’s trust in Kuwait delivering meaningful and lasting change this time around.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">What is certain is that the impact on Kuwaiti sport has been marked. Kuwaiti athletes were unable to represent their country at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, Rio 2016, and PyeongChang 2018; having to compete instead as neutral athletes under the Olympic flag. Indeed, Kuwait was denied its first ever Olympic gold medal when Kuwaiti shooter Fehaid Al-Deehani claimed the dubious honour at Rio 2016 of becoming the first athlete to win a gold medal as an Independent Olympic Athlete. Similarly, Kuwaiti football teams and clubs have been barred from international competitions (including the World Cup 2018 qualifiers and the AFC Asian Cup 2019) and the national team’s FIFA ranking has plummeted to 160 (having been as high as 24 in 1998). To add insult to injury, all IOC and FIFA financial development assistance has been stopped during the periods of suspension, which has severely affected the finances of Kuwaiti sport. Even more tragic is the impact on Kuwait’s grassroots participants and youth, who have cruelly been denied sporting heroes to aspire to and sporting goals to aim for, as well as their training programmes and facilities being starved of cash from the IOC and FIFA. Many talk of Kuwait’s ‘lost generation’ of talent and feel that lasting damage has been done.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">It is difficult not to draw comparisons with Russia’s 85 day IOC suspension for systemic manipulation of anti-doping rules which the IOC President Thomas Bach described as \"an unprecedented attack on the integrity of the Olympic games and sport\". There is little doubting that a Russian team appeared at PyeongChang 2018 in all but name (and arguably in name, being ‘Olympic Athletes from Russia’, as compared to Kuwait’s ‘Independent Olympic Athletes’), with its 168 athletes (only 64 less than at Sochi 2014) being cheered on by fans wearing Russian kit, waving Russian flags and singing the Russian anthem. Kuwait’s continuing IOC suspension, which in contrast to the Russian suspension does not implicate any individual athletes, does seem to disproportionately punish Kuwaiti athletes for what has been termed a power struggle between Kuwait’s ruling elite.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Now that certain roadblocks to reinstatement have been removed (as outlined above), it seems likely that the IOC ban will be lifted; however it remains to be seen when this will be and what further steps Kuwait will need to take to achieve it.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><em><img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8022\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/RTHTF.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5786\" height=\"1837\" />NB: Please note a version of this article was first published on lawinsport.com on 15 June 2018 (https://www.lawinsport.com/topics/articles/item/governmental-interference-in-global-sport-why-kuwait-is-still-in-the-olympic-wilderness).</em></p>\r\n<em>Andrew (a.moroney@tamimi.com) is an Associate in Al Tamimi &amp; Company’s dedicated Sports &amp; Events Management team, working exclusively for clients in the sports and events sector on commercial, dispute resolution and regulatory matters. For further information please contact Steve Bainbridge (s.bainbridge@tamimi.com)</em>'),
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(275917, 26589, 'MetaValueNew', 'Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8128 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_509472535-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"301\" />A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft  wp-image-8127\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_498755845-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"327\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8130 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_779654593-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"326\" />Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft  wp-image-8126\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_455965843-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"495\" height=\"353\" />Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out under the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"wp-image-8123 alignright\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_342657950-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"372\" height=\"376\" />Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable actions by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.'),
(275918, 26589, 'MetaValueOld', 'Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant reform but, beyond the maelstrom of political speculation and conjecture, what are the practical and legal implications of the anti-corruption drive for investors?\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia has seen tumultuous reform in the last 12 months as Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has sought to propel Saudi Arabia towards Vision 2030. International attention has been riveted to the government’s surging anti-corruption drive since a number of high-profile individuals were detained on corruption charges towards the end of 2017. Much of this attention, however, has been tangential, without providing clear insight into what impact such radical measures will have on the country’s legal framework and business climate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8128\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_509472535-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />A Favourable Forecast? The Business Outlook on Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The extent and boldness of the recent measures taken in Saudi Arabia are indicative of the government’s resolve to eliminate corruption in the system. The Kingdom has been signatory to the United National Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) since 2004, though it only ratified the agreement in 2013. The events that have garnered so much international attention are only the latest in a long-term initiative to address corrupt practices in the business sector. Between 2012 and 2017, Saudi Arabia has improved its score on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from 44 to 49. Whilst this score still reflects significant room for improvement, it also charts measurable progress in a region that continues to face drastic change, and provides impetus for the more recent measures that clearly demonstrate the elevated priority of anti-corruption reform.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In order for the Kingdom to benefit from its drive for sustainability and prosperity, however, its determination to eradicate corruption must be symbiotic with its ability to assure investor confidence. The zero-tolerance approach that has surfaced over the past year has the potential to greatly improve the integrity of Saudi Arabia’s business market, but lingering concerns surround residual corruption with certain businesses continuing to question the feasibility and longevity of trading in the Kingdom.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) World Investment Report 2018 suggests that, in the short term at least, the anti-corruption drive has done little to improve investor confidence and may even have exacerbated feelings of uncertainty. Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have fallen by more than 80% between 2016 and 2017. Whilst this trend cannot be entirely attributed to the anti-corruption sweep that happened late in the final quarter of the year, it is certainly likely to have been a contributory factor in unsettling investor confidence. From a long-term perspective, however, efforts to level the playing field in Saudi Arabia may bring fairer weather to businesses as the obstacles associated with pervasive corruption are gradually eliminated from the system.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Saudi Arabia is far from being alone in its fight against corruption; it is one of the most prevalent and pressing issues facing systems across the globe, and countries with endemic corruption problems face an almost insurmountable challenge to attract foreign investment. At this nascent stage, it would be premature to speculate as to how other Middle Eastern countries will respond to the Kingdom’s efforts, but the most desirable outcome would be for neighbouring countries to become emboldened in their own anti-corruption efforts. The UAE already stands as the regional outlier in anti-corruption efforts, with a CPI 2017 ranking of 21st in the world, comparable to many leading international jurisdictions. The combined efforts of both Saudi Arabia and the UAE could be instrumental in forging a clear path to greater transparency for other afflicted countries in the Middle East.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Staying Dry: Legal Safeguards Against Corruption In The Kingdom</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The primary anti-corruption provisions are provided by the anti-bribery law issued by Royal Decree No. M/36 of 29-Dhu al-Hijjah-1412 (corresponding to 30 June 1996) (the \"Anti-Bribery Law\"). More recently, a decree was issued setting out rules relating to gifts for public officials (Decree No. 60 dated 18 Safar 1437H (corresponding to 1 December 2015) (the \"Rules on Gifts to Officials\" or the \"Rules\").</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8127\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_498755845-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />Bribery of Public Officials</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law is primarily focused on public servants. In order to maintain maximum protection for its public sector, the definition is intentionally broad, extending to personnel of joint stock companies, along with their board members and directors. It may also capture private sector individuals who are working on government-related projects, such as consultants to government projects, including temporary employees, experts appointed by the government or judiciary, or even employees of private companies contracted to provide public services. Employees of joint stock companies are also subject to the Anti-Bribery Law, as well as employees of companies and sole proprietorships engaged in banking services.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The Anti-Bribery Law broadly defines a bribee as any public servant who solicits, accepts or receives for himself or for others, a gift or payment of any sort, or a promise thereof, as consideration for any act that impinges on the integrity of office. Defences against such practices are fortified by the absence of any exemption, caveat or even significant qualifying criteria for the type of act that could invoke bribery provisions. Any act can be considered corrupt, regardless of its legitimacy, whether it is a positive act or an omission, whether it has been done in the absence of a prior agreement, and even where it involves using the influence attached to a public office to gain benefit, rather than the performance of a relevant duty.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Given the traditionally prominent role of the government in the national economy, the Anti-Bribery Law does provide relatively wide protection, despite the obvious lack of corresponding safeguards applicable to the private sector. Privatisation targets encapsulated by Vision 2030, however, necessitate more complete protection and new measures that target both the public and private sector are a requirement going forward.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Penalties and Enforcement</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Under the Anti-Bribery Law, penalties for the offences set out above can reach maximum penalties of imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years and/or a fine not exceeding one million riyals (about USD 275,000).</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Along with the specific penalties applicable to public servants who accept a bribe, it should be noted that the Anti-Bribery Law provides for the person offering the bribe (whether it is accepted or not), and any accomplice, to be susceptible to corresponding punishments.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">To protect a culture of respect for public officials, conviction on bribery offences also leads to dismissal and a bar from public office for a minimum of five years. In an attempt to prevent perpetrators from benefitting from the proceeds of crime, the Anti Bribery Law provides that any money, benefit or privilege derived from committal of the offence be confiscated wherever possible.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8130\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_779654593-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />Gifts and Hospitality</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">No exemptions are provided for gifts and hospitality in the Anti-Bribery Law. Any benefit or privilege obtained by the bribee, regardless of its type or designation, whether material or otherwise, shall be considered a (prohibited) gift or promise. This has led to confusion in the past, as conventional business practices that would be widely accepted in other systems appeared to invoke the strict anti-bribery restrictions.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This matter was somewhat elucidated with the passing of the Rules on Gifts to Officials. Pursuant to these Rules, an official may accept gifts, given at visits and official occasions or at receptions of official guests, in accordance with custom and the courtesy protocols of such visits and occasions, though they cannot be cash and must be conventional in the context in which it is given. Crucially, businesses must be cognisant that generally, when reviewing the appositeness of a gift, the authorities will consider a number of contextual factors, including the proximity of the gift-giving to any relevant business deal, common courtesy practices of the firm in question, proportionality of the gift to conventional customs, and the appropriateness of the benefit given.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Though further provisions on the permissibility of certain types of gifts are outlined in the Rules, gifts and hospitality continue to be point of concern for business and can prove problematic in a culture where generosity is an ever-present feature of relations.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Exposure for Corporate Entities</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Significantly, where the manager or any employee of a private company is convicted of any offence under the Anti-Bribery Law, and the offence was committed for the benefit of such company, the law provides for a fine not exceeding ten times the value of the bribe and/or a ban from entering into public procurement or project contracts of at least 5 years. The briber can be exempted from punishment if he informs the authorities prior to the discovery of the offence, and this may provide some means by which corporate entities can limit their exposure upon becoming aware of any apparent offences under the Anti-Bribery Law.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Preparing for the Tempest: Bolstering Defences Ahead Of Reform</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">From a strategic perspective, since bribery is rarely an isolated issue, responses need to be thorough and comprehensive; part of an overarching coordinated national strategy that provides protection across an entire economic system and all branches of government. In order to ensure that such strategies are effective and aligned across institutions and businesses, they require constant monitoring and enforcement by a dedicated and independent authority, Where these institutions also act as the recipient in a sound and efficient reporting mechanism, the presence of a clear and trustworthy process increases the confidence of international investors.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Aside from the well-publicised arrests, Saudi Arabia’s corruption reform has extended to measures in other parts of its anti-corruption framework that have more sustainable implications for how it will address corrupt practices in future. These bold new mechanisms also enhance the country’s invigorated anti-corruption culture, which marks an abrupt departure from its previous presumed reticence on corruption matters.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8126\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_455965843-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" />Newly-formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The formation of the Supreme Committee is indicative of the greater strategic importance of anti-graft efforts to the country’s wider reform programme. Chaired by the Crown Prince and comprised of high-ranking officials from various sectors of governance, including security, finance and existing anti-corruption bodies, the Committee acts as a mechanism that will immediately elevate corruption instances to the remit of the highest echelons of government. In so doing, the Kingdom is sending a strong message that it will no longer turn a blind eye to practices that compromise its financial system or rule of law.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The new Supreme Committee will have vastly advanced investigative and prosecutorial powers, including the capacity to issue arrest warrants and order interim measures such as issuing travel bans and asset freezing orders. This is a critical limitation of the existing National Anti-Corruption Commission, more commonly known as Nazaha, which was established in 2012 and has limited capacity, despite its function as the primary recipient of reports of corrupt activity. The new committee will not replace Nazaha, which will continue to target the protection of national integrity, investigate instances of graft in government contracts and refer any incidents to the relevant authorities and public prosecution as and when necessary.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">By coordinating the activities of both the Supreme Committee and Nazaha, the efficacy of existing measures will be boosted by covering a wider scope of prosecutorial powers, increased authority with which to pursue perpetrators, and greater scrutiny through public awareness.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Specialised Anti-corruption Units Within the Public Prosecution Department</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As an additional measure, the Saudi government announced as recently as March 2018 that it had established new specialised anti-corruption units within the Public Prosecution. Cases prosecuted by these units would be carried out under the direct oversight of the Attorney General, once again demonstrating the paramount importance of corruption-related cases. Though it is unclear when the dedicated units will become operational, in creating this new advanced capacity the Saudi government has improved its ability to investigate and prosecute corrupt activity and, in so doing, will add an extra deterrent against illicit practices.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong><img class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-8123\" src=\"http://www.tamimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutterstock_342657950-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" />Whistleblower Culture</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Whistleblower protection is a significant point of departure in many regimes across the globe. Whilst some Western systems, such as the US, actively promote whistleblowing activity through substantial financial incentives, most countries in the Middle East have thus far been slow to introduce formal protection for whistleblowers, preferring instead to rely on a positive reporting duty and conscionable actions by citizens.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In this context, Saudi Arabia’s more proactive approach appears as an outlier. Article 17 of the Anti-Bribery Law provides for rewards for information substantiating an offence. Any person who is not a briber, or an accomplice, and who provides incriminating information substantiating any offence set out in Anti-Bribery Law, shall receive a reward not less than five thousand riyals (about USD 1,350) and not more than half of the money confiscated. There may be scope for a higher reward to be approved in appropriate circumstances.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">In addition, King Salman’s recent order in May 2018 to provide whistle blower protection is progressive in its outlook and signifies Saudi Arabia’s willingness to accede to international standards of rights and transparency when it comes to prosecuting corruption crimes. If Saudi Arabia is mindful of the risks posed by the potential for spurious claims and introduces adequate measures to prevent abuse of the reporting system, whistle blower protection is yet a further measure that will likely serve to reinforce the culture of zero tolerance that Saudi Arabia is attempting to cultivate.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>Impending Amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">On 2 July 2018, Saudi Arabia’s Shoura (Consultative) Council approved draft amendments to the Anti-Bribery Law. The changes, which are yet to be implemented, are reportedly aimed at providing enhanced protection to public utilities through sound prosecution procedures and severe punishment for offences, as well as further enshrining the principles and commitments contained in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). At present, the extent and exact nature of the amendments are unknown, but once officially passed into law, they have the potential to radically modernise Saudi Arabia’s anti-bribery legislation. This critical development warrants close attention over the coming months as the process to implementation progresses, and could assist investors in assessing the long-term outlook for Saudi Arabia’s economic integrity.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\"><strong>A Weather Eye on the Horizon: Is Further Change an Inevitability?</strong></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Anti-corruption measures are an ancillary part of the legal reform process in KSA, but do not represent the totality of the country’s ongoing transition. New money-laundering laws passed in October 2017 are emblematic of the Kingdom’s resolve to eradicate illicit practices from its system. Corruption is symptomatic of countries where there is weak rule of law, but Saudi Arabia’s legal fortifications will go a long way to stamping out the nexus of criminal behaviour that facilitates and drives corruption trends. These are important contributory factors that should be considered by foreign investors when making an assessment of Saudi Arabia’s economic security.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The changes that have already been implemented will only improve the prognosis of anti-corruption in Saudi Arabia. The continued momentum garnered from these initiatives will drive awareness of corruption problems, aided by the combined activity of Nazaha and the newly formed Supreme Committee for Anti-Corruption.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">This is a pivotal time for Saudi Arabia and the long-term outlook is positive – there is already evidence of widespread reform to protect the Kingdom’s economic stability and integrity and address systemic weaknesses. Simultaneously, the changes that have been gradually introduced by Saudi Arabia’s General Investment Authority (SAGIA) since 2015 to liberalise the national economy and provide space for full foreign ownership in key sectors, are creating new incentive for foreign investors to tap into the largest market in the Middle East.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Equally, investors must strike the appropriate balance between caution and enthusiasm when encountering new opportunities in the market. Corruption challenges are persistent and pervasive and will require sustained redress for the foreseeable future. Though it is yet undetermined what new mechanisms and measures may be deployed in the Kingdom in future, it is likely that subsequent steps taken to quash illicit practices will have considerable consequences for domestic and foreign investors alike. This will require that foreign investors understand the legal framework and secure their interests against inevitable shifts in the Saudi market as reform measures revolutionise the domestic business culture.</p>\r\nOverall, however, Saudi Arabia’s recent multifaceted approach to reform has created the perfect storm for investors and, with an impending multitude of investment projects, businesses have a prime opportunity to invest at the leading edge of FDI, assured that corrupt practices are not operating with impunity.'),
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