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(196663, 7190, 'content', 'Few will contest that the fourth industrial revolution is well and truly in full swing across the globe. The revolution, known as industry 4.0, we are witnessing today is not merely an extension or continuation of the prior revolution. Instead, industry 4.0 is witnessing new inventions and breakthroughs in the fields of autonomous transport, nanotechnology, the internet of things, smart devices, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, robotics, quantum computing, biotechnology, to name a few.\r\n\r\nThe Industrial Revolutions - Past and Present\r\n\r\nThe first, mechanical, revolution witnessed the invention of locomotives and the gradual rise of factories. The second electrical revolution, introduced electricity. The third revolution ushered in digital technologies (telecommunications, computers and finally the internet). All three revolutions have led to human progress; and particularly the development of sophisticated legal intellectual property (IP) protection and exploitation regimes. At an international level, IP legal development culminated with the coming into force of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on 1 January 1995. TRIPS required member countries of the World Trade Organisation to enact laws, which are in line with international standards on the protection and enforcement of IP rights. On the digital electronics front for instance, TRIPS paved the way for the universal recognition of integrated circuit layout designs among WTO member countries. Overall and in line with the digital revolution’s changes, TRIPS instilled a common goal among WTO members to actively promote technological innovation and the transfer and dissemination of technology. However, all these developments arguably pale in comparison to the disruption that industry 4.0 is causing. Compared with its predecessors, industry 4.0, is surpassing expectations and is rapidly changing the foundations of several disciplines, including intellectual property (IP).\r\n\r\nBrief Look at the Evolution of IP from the mid-20th to 21st Century\r\n\r\nIn terms of IP, each revolution of course introduced something new – an innovation that in turn caused a series of changes in all sectors of the economy and a proliferation of new patents and designs. The last revolution, for instance, began in the 1960s with the introduction of semiconductors and culminated with the introduction of the internet during the mid to late 1990s. In less than fifty years, the digital revolution generated an unprecedented amount of IP. According to the European Commission’s Eurostat quarterly review, statistics show that the number of patent filings during the 1990s alone rose by more than 40%. In this respect, a prime example of a new form of IP arising during that period was that relating to mobile phones.\r\n\r\nWhat the digital revolution managed to achieve on the IP front in four decades, industry 4.0 is now achieving in less than a decade. In terms of patents, the global rise in patent filings this decade is unprecedented. The World Intellectual Property Office reported that the total number of patent filings worldwide in 2011 exceeded 2 million for the first time ever, with a growth rate of nearly 8% for that year alone from 2010. In technology and telecoms, the rapid evolution of mobile phones to smart phones, the associated proliferation of mobile applications and the unfolding patent wars (such as between Apple and Samsung) evidence how much and how quickly things changed in this past decade. So what exactly are these new changes, which occurring with industry 4.0, and what are the associated IP consequences? The next section briefly takes the UAE as a case study to examine how industry 4.0 is developing in this country and what the IP outlook is.\r\nIndustry 4.0 in the UAE\r\n\r\nTo be better placed to address the changes arising from industry 4.0, on 28 March 2017 the UAE Cabinet of Ministers formed the UAE Fourth Industrial Revolution Council (FIRC). Broadly speaking, the FIRC is now the UAE government body responsible for the UAE’s strategy to adopt new technologies and develop the digital and knowledge based economy in the UAE. Shortly after its formation, FIRC worked closely with the UAE Government to formulate this strategy and on 27 September 2017, announced its main goals. Very briefly, those goals focus on four fields: the education sector, the health and medical industry, economic security and finally urban planning and the defence industry. These four fields are among the principal sectors set in the UAE’s Vision 2021 and each of them entails actions which would lead to various improvements in our daily lives.\r\n\r\nIn the education sector, the FIRC will implement the utilisation of smart devices, nanotechnologies and artificial intelligence (AI) to offer advanced expertise in the transfer of knowledge and enhancing the learning experience in all types of academic and vocational settings. In the health and medical industry, the FIRC will work with the institutions to introduce telemedicine, robotic healthcare and intelligent genomic medicine, AI analysis and processing of a patient’s genomes, to optimise the diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of patients. In the field of economic security, the FIRC aims to capitalise on the development and use of blockchain based technologies and applications across all types of transactions and services to reduce costs and pollution in the UAE by going fully paperless. For urban planning and the defence industry, the FIRC aims to develop and use smart systems for processing satellite data in planning future cities and to empowering the armed forces with advance robotic systems and autonomous vehicle technologies.\r\n\r\nAt the core of the FIRC strategy are innovation and IP. In this respect, FIRC wants to establish a national environment that encourages the development of new technologies and incubates the innovative efforts and initiatives of the younger generations in the UAE. To this end, one of FIRC’s main aims is to usher in a new digital era in the UAE where the younger generations will better appreciate the IP value of innovations and the development of an advanced patent protection regime to secure the rights to such innovations.\r\nTo implement it ambitious agenda, the FIRC will need to consider the existing UAE legal framework as it relates to attracting talent, stimulating research and development, protection, commercialisation and deployment of IP and innovation and to understand what refinement may be required. This could include education and talent placement policies, tax incentives for research and development, infrastructure policies, regulatory licensing, competition and consumer protection legislation, commercial and insolvency legislation, labour laws, public procurement rules, technology transfer and IP legislation.\r\n\r\nThe implementation of FIRC’s strategy coupled with the enactment of new laws, regulations, and policies is likely to improve the UAE’s ranking on the Global Innovation Index from its current 35th position globally in 2017. The Index ranking of the UAE was and continues to be contingent among others on how many resources the UAE invests in research and development capabilities and patent protection. Therefore, as IP and innovation are at the core of FIRC’s strategy, assessing and securing innovative and patentable solutions, advancements and breakthroughs, which will come about in all four fields, is equally important for the public and private sectors.\r\n\r\nTo foster, incubate and grow creativity and innovation, securing the accompanying patent rights is the key to commercially leveraging benefits of the FIRC strategy, increasing foreign investment and unlocking the potential that it has to offer. As such, intellectual property protection, including patenting innovations arising from the execution of FIRC’s strategy, is a vested interest for both public and private stakeholders in the UAE. With a joint public and private effort, the UAE should continue to rise up the ranks of the Global Innovation Index of this year.\r\n\r\nAs trusted advisors with a team of qualified knowledgeable IP experts, Al Tamimi &amp; Co are best placed to help clients in formulating and executing patent strategies, which are mindful of all the changes occurring in this fourth industrial revolution we are witnessing. For further details and/or enquiries on this topic please contact the authors of this article, Bachir A Chakra and/or Ahmad Saleh (Partner &amp; Head of Patents &amp; Designs – R&amp;D and Innovations) at b.chakra@tamimi.com and/or a.saleh@tamimi.com.'),
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(196767, 7192, 'content', 'The Dubai International Financial Centre Authority (“DIFCA”) has recently drafted a new DIFC Employment Law (the “Proposed Law”), which is intended to replace the DIFC Employment Law (Law No. 4 of 2005), as amended by Law No. 3 of 2012 (the “Current Law”) in its’ entirety. The Proposed Law is out for public consultation until 22 March 2018 and it is expected, subject any amendments, that the Proposed Law will be enacted shortly thereafter.\r\n\r\nSummary of the changes\r\n\r\nThe Proposed Law sets out several key changes, a number of which we summarize below:\r\n\r\nPart Time Employees\r\nCurrent Law: Part time employees are entitled to the same benefits and leaves as full time employees.\r\nProposed Law: Part time employees will be entitled to leave entitlements on a pro-rated basis.\r\n\r\nArticle 18 Penalty\r\nCurrent Law: Employers are required to pay all wages and termination payouts to an employee within 14 days of the termination of employment. If an employer fails to pay within 14 days, the employer is required to pay the employee a penalty of the last daily wage for each day delayed. This Article 18 penalty has proven to be contentious and has been the subject of various DIFC Court decisions.\r\nProposed Law: Retains an obligation to pay certain sums to the employee within 14 days of the termination of employment. However, the penalty payment is no longer automatic and the following applies:\r\nif the outstanding amount to be paid to the employee is less than 5% of the full amount due, no penalty will apply;\r\nthe penalty will be capped at 6 months’ wages; and\r\nthe DIFC Courts may waive or reduce the penalty in unreasonable circumstances.\r\n\r\nSick Leave Pay\r\nCurrent Law: Employees are entitled to 60 working days of sick leave with full pay.\r\nProposed Law: Sick leave remains at 60 days but sick pay will be calculated as follows:\r\nThe first 10 working days of sick leave: Full pay\r\nThe next 20 working days of sick leave: Half pay\r\nAny additional working days of sick leave: Unpaid\r\n\r\nDiscrimination\r\nCurrent Law: Protected characteristics for discrimination include sex, marital status, race, nationality, religion and mental or physical disability. No provision for a remedy in discrimination claims.\r\nProposed Law: Adds pregnancy and age to the above list of protected characteristics for discrimination purposes. Importantly, it also introduces a remedy for discrimination claims and provides that compensation can be sought. The compensation payable in respect of a discrimination claim is capped at one years’ wages (or two years’ wages for repeat offenders). In addition, the concept of a victimization claim is included.\r\n\r\nTermination for Cause &amp; Constructive Dismissal\r\nCurrent Law: Both employers and employees are entitled to terminate for cause where the conduct of the other party warrants termination and where it passes the test of reasonableness.\r\nProposed Law: Introduces an expanded test to determine whether termination for cause is reasonable, including:\r\nwhether or not the employer / employee acted reasonably or unreasonably, given the circumstances for termination; and\r\nin accordance with equity and in consideration of the substantial merits of the case.\r\nImportantly, the Proposed Law contains provision for a compensation claim of up to one years’ wage if an employee terminates for ‘cause’. Thus the Proposed Law introduces constructive dismissal as a concept.\r\n\r\nGratuity - Termination with Cause\r\nCurrent Law: Where an employer terminates an employee for cause, they are not required to pay gratuity.\r\nProposed Law: Mandates that employers pay gratuity even in circumstances where the termination is with “cause”.\r\n\r\nSalary Split\r\nCurrent Law: No minimum percentage for split of basic salary and allowances.\r\nProposed Law: Basic salary must comprise at least 50% of the total wage.\r\n\r\nWeekly Working Hours\r\nCurrent Law: Weekly working hours are capped at an average of 48 hours per week.\r\nProposed Law: Removal of 48-hour provision, but provisions remain with regard to daily and weekly rest. The provision which states that employees are not allowed to work excessive hours which may be detrimental to their health is also retained.\r\n\r\nPaternity Leave\r\nCurrent Law: No provisions for paternity leave.\r\nProposed Law: Allows for 5 working days of paid paternity leave for male employees who have a child or adopt a child under the age of 5 years, subject to certain conditions being met. Further, male employees will now be entitled to attend medical appointments for ante-natal care or adoption proceedings.\r\n\r\nHiring Costs and Retaining Passports\r\nCurrent Law: No reference to passing on costs of hiring an employee to the employee and does not specify the position with regard to an employer holding an employee’s passport.\r\nProposed Law: Clarifies that employers are not allowed to pass on the hiring and sponsorship costs to employees. It further states that employers are not allowed to retain employee’s original passports.\r\n\r\nFines and Penalties\r\nCurrent Law: Specifies a number of basic requirements for employers to adhere to but does not specify any corresponding fines.\r\nProposed Law: Introduces fines and penalties to ensure adherence to basic employment and immigration requirements. It further allows for the DIFCA Board of Directors to expand the fines and penalties regime, impose additional fines and appoint inspectors to ensure compliance.\r\n\r\nUse of Settlement Agreements\r\nCurrent Law: Employees are not allowed to waive their minimum rights. This has proven problematic for employers and employees settling disputes.\r\nProposed Law: Allows for the waiver of rights if the waiver intends to settle a dispute. The DIFC Courts will have the discretion to void any settlement agreements found to be unreasonable but it cannot do so when independent legal advice has been obtained by the parties.\r\n\r\nEmployer’s Vicarious Liability\r\nCurrent Law: Employers are vicariously liable for any act of an employee done during the course of employment.\r\nProposed Law: Specifies that employers can only be held liable for claims for loss, damages or compensation for any act, attempted act or omission on the part of an employee if the claim is sufficiently connected with what was authorised or expected of the employee.\r\n\r\nContributory Negligence\r\nCurrent Law: Employers are fully liable for any injury arising out of or during employment.\r\nProposed Law: Introduces the principle of contributory negligence to employee compensation claims for injury or death arising out of or during employment. This means that the DIFC Courts may reduce the employer’s liability if it found that the employee’s negligence caused the injury or death.\r\n\r\nWhistle-Blower Protection\r\nCurrent Law: No protection for whistle-blowers.\r\nProposed Law: References whistle-blower protections included in the proposed new DIFC Companies Law (details awaited).\r\n\r\nAdditional Proposed Changes\r\nThe Proposed Law also includes additional changes, including but not limited to:\r\n\r\nCurrent Law: Minimum age to employ a child is 15 years\r\nProposed Law: Increases the age of hiring children to 16 years.\r\n\r\nCurrent Law: Requires employers to retain employee records for 2 years\r\nProposed Law: Increases the requirement for employers to retain employee records to 6 years\r\n\r\nDependent upon the final form of the Proposed Law, changes to existing employment contracts, employee handbooks and document retention policies will inevitably be required. Please let our employment practice know if you require our input.\r\n\r\nFor further information please contact Samir Kantaria (s.kantaria@tamimi.com) or Gordon Barr (g.barr@tamimi.com).'),
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(196818, 7193, 'content', 'On the 2nd of May 2016, a new companies law came into force as issued by the Royal Decree no. M/3 dated 28-01-1437H corresponding 11-11-2015G (the “New Companies Law”).\r\nThis article considers a key provision within the New Companies Law, its effect on the Saudi corporate sector and whether it improves the overall regulatory framework.\r\nImportantly, the New Companies Law includes provisions relating to corporate structuring and restructuring including the ability to establish a sole shareholder limited liability company and holding companies. One of the main provisions of interest is Article 181 which provides as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Of the losses of a limited liability company reach the half of its capital, the company director must record such occurrence in the Commercial Register and invite the shareholders to meet within a period of not more than ninety days from the date of being aware of the loss of such amount to consider whether to support and continue or dissolve the company.</li>\r\n 	<li>The shareholders’ decision, whether to support and continue or dissolve the company, must be published in the ways set forth in article (158) in the Law.</li>\r\n 	<li>The company shall be terminated by the Law if the Company’s director failed to invite the shareholders or if the shareholders failed to issue a resolution whether to support and continue or dissolve the company.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAs noted, this article regulates the steps that should be taken when a company’s losses reach 50% of its share capital. From a practical perspective, at the end of each financial year, the auditor of the company must upload its financial statement to the Qawaem website, a program established by the Ministry of Commerce and Investment (“MoCI”) in cooperation with the Saudi Organization for Certified Accountants. Qawaem provides a set of services related to financial statements and a database for use by other governmental authorities, such as the General Authority for Zakat and Income Tax. Moreover, once the financial statement is uploaded to Qawaem website, it will be reviewed and studied by MoCI, and accordingly MoCI will decide whether the company is making a loss or not and, if so, the extent of those losses.\r\n\r\nDirector’s Liability\r\n\r\nIn our experience, the ninety days mentioned in Article 181 will commence from the date of MoCI’s decision that a company has incurred a loss of 50% or more of its share capital. This shall be the date that constitutes the “awareness” of the director (being the General Manager named on the commercial registration of the company) that the losses have been incurred.\r\nThe previous companies law, issued by the Royal Decree no. M/6 dated 22-03-1385H corresponding to 21-01-1965G (the “Old Companies Law”) did not specify a particular period of time for the director to invite the shareholders to assemble in order to pass the related resolution to support and continue the company or dissolve it. However, under the New Companies Law, the failure of the director to invite the shareholders to meet within the ninety days will cause the company to be dissolved. Nevertheless, the director will personally liable to indemnify the company, the shareholders or any applicable third parties against any damages they incur due to the director’s breach of his duties in accordance to the Articles of Association of the company or the New Companies Law, and any shareholders’ approval to release the director from any liability shall not prevent the director from incurring such a liability.\r\n\r\nShareholder Liability\r\n\r\nIn the above situation, the shareholders must assemble pursuant to the director’s invitation to pass the relevant resolution. In the event that the shareholders decide to support the company continuing to operate, there is a prospect that they would be jointly responsible for the debts and the obligations of the company. In other words, the corporate veil will be lifted similar to the position that applied under the Old Companies Law.\r\n\r\nArticle 181 states that in the event that the shareholders fail to pass the required resolution, the company will be dissolved. The Old Companies Law provided that such resolution shall not be valid unless approved by shareholders holding at least 75% of the share capital. Article 181 does not state that a required percentage of the shareholders in order to pass the relevant resolution. Accordingly, we consider that 100% shareholder approval could be required. This may give rise to a deadlock between the shareholders unless the Articles of Association of the company states otherwise. This is an unfortunate lacuna in the law and it remains to be seen how the position will be interpreted.\r\n\r\nFinally, on the assumption that the company continues to be loss making for more than a year, and the shareholders continue to issue support via shareholder resolutions, it begs the question as to how long can this situation can continue. The New Companies Law does not address this point.\r\n\r\nIn conclusion, the issuance of the New Companies Law was long awaited and it was hoped that it would comprehensively regulate the corporate sector. However, whilst it has made important changes, it has also left some unanswered questions that require to be addressed in due course.'),
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(196875, 7194, 'content', 'Doing business with Saudi Aramco, the World’s largest oil and gas company, is the essential feature for many local and international companies operating in the Oil Field Services and Equipment (“OFSE ”) and related sectors in Saudi Arabia.\r\n\r\nHistorically, Saudi Aramco awarded contracts primarily based on lowest cost and technical capabilities. While those are still key elements for winning work from Saudi Aramco, it has recently moved to making localization of goods and services and promoting and expanding the value of local content a cornerstone of its supplier’ selection process.\r\n\r\n“Made in Saudi Arabia” has been announced as crucial to the long-term economic well-being and growth of Saudi Arabia with foreign investment being an essential part of accomplishing it. To this end, in December 2015 Saudi Aramco announced it was introducing the In Kingdom Total Value Added Program (“IKTVA”). During 2017, compliance with IKTVA has become a key component for doing business and contracting with Saudi Aramco.\r\n\r\nRequirements for doing business with Saudi Aramco\r\n\r\nThere are a range of requirements for companies wishing to do business with Saudi Aramco in addition to IKTVA including:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Pre-qualification through online registration as an approved supplier. For those wishing to register as international manufacturers or suppliers or existing registered international manufacturers or suppliers wishing to offer additional products or services they must first contact Saudi Aramco’s affiliates in the relevant home jurisdiction ( ie Aramco Services Company, Aramco Overseas Company or Aramco Asia Company depending on relevant jurisdiction) for evaluation of the business need;</li>\r\n 	<li>Adherence to Saudi Aramco’s detailed policies and procedures including the Suppliers Safety Management System Manual;</li>\r\n 	<li>Promoting Saudisation;</li>\r\n 	<li>Adhering and agreeing to Saudi Aramco’s business ethics including the Supplier Code of Conduct;</li>\r\n 	<li>Entering into approved conditions for supply and contracting;</li>\r\n 	<li>For work to be performed in Saudi Arabia, technical and financial qualifications must be approved and contractors must be properly registered and licenced to conduct business in Saudi Arabia; and</li>\r\n 	<li>If using a local agent, the agency agreement must be registered with the Ministry of Commerce and Investment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe requirements apply to both local and international companies.\r\nSaudi Aramco’s Electronic Contracting Network is a comprehensive web based system handling most activities during the procurement of contracts and online contractor registration.\r\n\r\n<strong>IKTVA Program</strong>\r\n\r\nThe IKTVA Program was initiated by Saudi Aramco with the following aims :\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>doubling the percentage of locally produced energy related goods and services contracted by Saudi Aramco to 70% by 2021;</li>\r\n 	<li>increasing the export of Saudi-made energy related goods and services to 30% by 2021; and</li>\r\n 	<li>increasing employment opportunities for Saudis.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThis program is in line with the localisation initiatives of the National Transformation Program and Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 by promoting local content development, providing numerous job opportunities for a growing Saudi population and stimulating the diversification of the Saudi economy.\r\n\r\nSaudi Aramco describe the IKTVA Program as the key localization initiative for the OFSE Sector and as a systematic, fair and transparent mechanism for making local content the basis of Saudi Aramco’s procurement process.\r\n\r\nPriorities of the IKVA program\r\n\r\nSaudi Aramco highlights transparency, consistency and uniformity as the priorities of the IKTVA program in order to create a level playing field for local and international suppliers.\r\nTransparency in application and process and access to information, and consistency in evaluations for both goods and services suppliers is provided in order to create supplier-focused partnerships and investment stability and assurance.\r\n\r\nIKTVA is regarded as a value-creation program allowing suppliers to work with Saudi Aramco for their mutual benefit, to increase opportunities for suppliers and to create a globally competitive Saudi industrial base.\r\n\r\nSupplier’s IKTVA Formula\r\n\r\nThe IKTVA Program requires suppliers to self-report on application and on an ongoing basis their quantitative and qualitative data in the following major categories:-\r\nA. Localized goods and services;\r\nB. Salaries paid to Saudis;\r\nC. Training and development of Saudis;\r\nD. Supplier development spend;\r\nr. Local Research &amp; Development;\r\nE. Company revenue (spend from Saudi Aramco only).\r\n\r\nSupplier IKTVA Formula: IKTVA %=[(A+B+C+D+r)/E]x100\r\n\r\nThe IKTVA ratios allow Saudi Aramco to calculate the percentage of its spending that remains in Saudi Arabia or that helps develop Saudi Arabia’s capabilities and supply chain, and will be used to determine the award of contracts.\r\n\r\nThe above data must be verified by an Aramco certified third party and submitted to Saudi Aramco prior to participating in the IKTVA Program. Suppliers are also required to submit verified IKTVA reports including the above data annually to Saudi Aramco.\r\n\r\nFor large projects and contracts, some suppliers may be required to provide interim verified IKTVA reports or reports related to a particular project.\r\nSuppliers are encouraged to increase their IKTVA score with the potential to increase business with Saudi Aramco and in the Kingdom generally.\r\n\r\nIKTVA Process\r\n\r\nThe IKTVA Program process involves the following main phases:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>The IKTVA Program will firstly create a 3-year IKTVA baseline score for suppliers based on their spreadsheet/survey and data submission, which is measured through key metrics for local value creation. The IKTVA spreadsheet/survey can be submitted by the supplier to Saudi Aramco for initial review before completion of its audit by a Saudi Aramco approved accountant;</li>\r\n 	<li>Once the IKTVA baseline score has been identified, Saudi Aramco and each supplier will jointly develop a 5 year IKTVA action plan to increase the supplier’s IKTVA ratio;</li>\r\n 	<li>Finally, on an ongoing basis the IKTVA Program will measure the performance of suppliers through annual reporting and KPIs to track their progress and ensure that local value creation is continued.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nHow is Saudi Aramco Supporting Suppliers?\r\n\r\nAs part of creating a level playing field for suppliers, the Supplier Solution Center (“SSC”) has been established to monitor suppliers’ performance and to ensure their proactive development.\r\nThe roles and support functions of the SSC are :\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Assist suppliers in completing the pre-registration requirements;</li>\r\n 	<li>Analysing suppliers’ performance and lost opportunities to construct support programs for existing suppliers; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Providing technical coordination support to existing and new business suppliers.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHow will IKTVA affect doing business with Saudi Aramco?\r\n\r\nLocal value creation in all aspects of Saudi Aramco’s business is currently one of its key strategies, which makes complying with IKTVA crucial to winning business with Saudi Aramco.\r\nSaudi Aramco has made IKTVA participation one of the main components when evaluating suppliers’ proposals. However, this does not mean that Aramco is abandoning their long-standing commitment to cost, quality, safety and the environment. There is still some uncertainty on the extent that the IKTVA score will be taken into account when contract awards are decided and, although the IKTVA ratio will be a very important factor, it is assumed that quality and cost will remain a top priority.\r\n\r\nWhat does it mean for local and international companies?\r\n\r\nSaudi Aramco’s new focus on localization and specifically the introduction of the IKTVA program is leading many companies who supply to Saudi Aramco to reconsider how they operate in Saudi Arabia. The IKTVA score is of great importance to Saudi Aramco and it is a key component in determining the contract award. Therefore, showing current and forward-looking measures for localization is vital for companies that wish to do business with Saudi Aramco.\r\n\r\nThe OFSE sector in Saudi Arabia contains a large number of distribution arrangements and joint ventures between international and local companies. Historically, international manufacturers have appointed local Saudi distributors and agents to supply their products imported from overseas with associated arrangements for servicing and maintenance. This is because Saudi regulations restricted trading activities to Saudi individuals and companies and also the cost and difficulty of establishing and operating a local entity. However, Saudi Arabia has increasingly relaxed foreign investment law, and recently allowed foreign entities to establish or own trading companies, subject to strict conditions and substantial capital and other commitments.\r\n\r\nContinuing to be competitive in the Saudi OFSE Sector and meeting the IKTVA objectives is encouraging companies to consider moving from distribution models and/or final assembly operations to developing and establishing local manufacturing and research and development capabilities either alone or through a local joint venture partner in Saudi Arabia.\r\nLocalization may require restructuring of supply chains and distribution arrangements as well as establishing manufacturing, service or trading entities in Saudi Arabia. This is likely to require significant investment in Saudi Arabia for international suppliers, as manufacturing centres, warehouses and other facilities operations may have to be established in Saudi Arabia. This may also encourage some international companies to partner or contract with local companies for assembly or local manufacture.\r\n\r\nInternational companies will need to consider carefully the intellectual property licensing and quality control implications as well as the usual risks inherent in joint ventures.\r\nSaudi Arabia is encouraging investment by making the process of establishing and licensing companies in Saudi Arabia easier and quicker, although this can still remain a lengthy and challenging process. Other incentives may be available such as low cost industrial land.\r\n\r\nSaudisation (localization of workforce) will continue to be an imperative for companies operating in Saudi Arabia. Reaching Saudi Aramco’s 2020 target of 70% for Saudi employees is likely to be challenging. Sufficient numbers of appropriately qualified and skilled Saudi employees may not be available. However, showing a commitment to create jobs for Saudis may initially be adequate (one of the successful examples is General Electric’s female training centres, which are committed to creating jobs for women).\r\n\r\nIt is expected that the “made in Saudi” requirements of IKTVA and related Saudisation requirements will result in companies dealing with Saudi Aramco:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Increasing the size and scale of their local operations;</li>\r\n 	<li>Continuing to focus on Saudisation with increased focus of training;</li>\r\n 	<li>Restructuring their supply chain arrangements with a move away from some distribution arrangements;</li>\r\n 	<li>Establishing more manufacturing and trading entities either 100% foreign owned or in joint venture arrangements; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Entering into greater numbers of strategic partnerships or joint ventures for local provision of assembly, manufacturing or services.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAchievements of the IKTVA Program\r\n\r\nAlthough the IKTVA Program is relatively new and developing, it is having a positive impact. A significant number of arrangements have been entered into between Saudi Aramco and international companies as part of the IKTVA Program, including with McDermott, Schlumberger, General Electric, Honeywell, Jacobs Engineering and Siemens.\r\nIn conclusion, the IKTVA Program is a key factor in doing business with Saudi Aramco, and is heavily influencing the way that companies dealing with Saudi Aramco develop and structure their operations and business model to meet the “made in Saudi” requirements in the OFSE sector. This is likely to lead to international companies setting up local manufacturing and assembly operations as well as service entities either through 100% foreign owned companies or through strategic partnerships and Joint Ventures with Saudi companies and the restructuring of supply chain and distribution arrangements.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s Corporate and Commercial Team regularly advises on projects and contracts with Saudi Aramco. For further information please contact Grahame Nelson (g.nelson@tamimi.com) Head of Riyadh Office or Jonathan Reardon (j.reardon@tamimi.com) Head of Al Khobar Office.'),
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(196936, 7195, 'content', 'The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (“KSA”) has enacted the Executive Regulations of the Arbitration Law (“Executive Regulations”). The Executive Regulations were published in the Saudi Gazette and came into force on 9 June 2017. Arbitration in the KSA is governed by the Arbitration Regulation issued under Royal Decree No. M/34 dated 24/5/1433H (which corresponds to 16 April 2012 in the Gregorian calendar) (“Arbitration Law”). The Executive Regulations aim to clarify certain key provisions of the Arbitration Law.\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Provisions of the Executive Regulations</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Executive Regulations clarify the following issues in the Arbitration Law.\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Article 2 of the Executive Regulations states that the Competent Court referred to in the Arbitration Law, which is tasked with the supervision of Saudi-seated arbitrations, is the Saudi Court of Appeal. This helps practitioners to clearly identify the Competent Court in the KSA.\r\nThe Arbitration Law provides the Competent Court with jurisdiction in a number of arbitration matters. According to Article 8 of the Arbitration Law, the Saudi Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to consider an action to nullify an arbitration award. Article 8 also states that, in the case of international commercial arbitration within the KSA or abroad, the Court of Appeal located in Riyadh has jurisdiction unless the parties agree otherwise.\r\nMoreover, Article 15 of the Arbitration Law provides that the Court of Appeal has the jurisdiction to appoint an arbitrator or the president of an arbitral tribunal in the event that the parties fail to reach an agreement. In addition, the party seeking to challenge an arbitrator can petition the Court of Appeal (Articles 17 and 18 of the Arbitration Law).\r\nArticle 10 of the Executive Regulations further clarifies Article 15 of the Arbitration Law by providing that, where parties fail to agree on the appointment of a sole arbitrator, the Court of Appeal may appoint the arbitrator at the request of the party seeking to accelerate the arbitration proceeding. Such an appointment must be made within 15 days from the date of submission to the Court of Appeal. We presume that these provisions only apply to ad hoc arbitration in KSA and in the absence of any institutional rules, but that remains to be clarified in due course.\r\nArticle 22 of the Arbitration Law permits the parties to request precautionary measures prior to the commencement of arbitration procedure from the Court of Appeal.\r\nIn the absence of an agreement on the arbitration tribunal’s fees, the Court of Appeal will decide on the matter pursuant to Article 24 of the Arbitration Law.\r\nAdditionally, Article 50 provides the Court of Appeal with jurisdiction to deal with the nullification of the award, while Article 53 provides the Court of Appeal with jurisdiction to issue an order for enforcement of the arbitration award.</li>\r\n 	<li>Article 3 of the Executive Regulations provides that a written notice can now be served electronically (e.g., by email). Previously, written notices could only be served in person or to the mailing address specified in the contract, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties pursuant to Article 6.1 of the Arbitration Law.</li>\r\n 	<li>\'Article 7 of the Executive Regulations provides that the copy of the “contract concluded with the arbitrator” must be deposited with the competent authority. According to Article 24 of the Arbitration Law, a separate contract must be concluded with the arbitrator, upon appointment, which specifies the arbitrator’s fees. The Executive Regulations added a further requirement to this provision, by which the parties are now required to deposit this contract with the competent authority administering the case. This new requirement is a step forward in transparency and clarity in the arbitration proceeding.</li>\r\n 	<li>Article 13 of the Executive Regulations introduces a new provision whereby an arbitral tribunal may agree to the joinder of a third party in the arbitration proceedings, provided that the parties to the arbitration and the third party to be joined all consent.\r\nArticle 17 of the Executive Regulations clarifies the process for challenging arbitral awards. The Arbitration Law provides that if the Competent Court, i.e., the Saudi Court of Appeal, decides to set aside the award, the parties can appeal its decision to the Saudi Supreme Court within thirty (30) days following the date of notification of the decision.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<strong>Commentary</strong>\r\n\r\nThe 2012 Arbitration Law aimed to codify an emerging pro-arbitration policy within the KSA. Alongside the Enforcement Law of 2013, the Arbitration Law heralded a number of key developments, including a reduced role for the Saudi courts in the conduct of arbitral proceedings and increased party autonomy. These developments have brought the KSA more in line with the international tenets of arbitration practice and will help develop it into one of the leading arbitration nations in the Arab world.\r\n\r\nThe Arbitration Law aims to create an independent and arbitration-friendly environment in the KSA. The Arbitration Law is largely based on the UNCITRAL Model Law, while still maintaining the essential principles of Shari’a. The parties are free to agree on a set of procedural rules to govern the arbitration; however, they must always ensure that they conduct the arbitration in accordance with the principles of Shari’a. The Arbitration Law applies to both international and domestic arbitrations within the KSA, and parties may choose the Arbitration Law to govern international commercial arbitration proceedings conducted outside of KSA.\r\n\r\nThe Executive Regulations are an important complementary source to the Arbitration Law, as they clarify a number of important issues. The Executive Regulations, when viewed in the context of a move away from earlier distrust in arbitration in the KSA to a gradual acceptance of arbitration as a dispute resolution method, represent a significant development for arbitration in the KSA by clarifying aspects of the Arbitration Law and helping to develop an arbitration-friendly environment in the jurisdiction.\r\n\r\nThere are, however, a number of areas that would benefit from further clarification. Under Article 2 of the Arbitration Law, for instance, all disputes are subject to arbitration with the exception of personal-status disputes and matters that are not subject to reconciliation. It would be helpful to clarify whether this exception is exhaustive (i.e., confirmation that all other disputes are permissible under the Arbitration Law). It would also help to clarify whether this provision applies to both domestic and international arbitration.\r\n\r\nFor example, it remains unclear whether real estate disputes are capable of being resolved by arbitration. The Law of Procedure before Shari’a Courts, which was enacted by Royal Decree No. M/1 dated 22/1/1435H (which corresponds to 16 April 2012 in the Gregorian calendar), made it clear that in real estate disputes, the competent court is the General Court where the real estate in dispute is located in the KSA. This strongly suggests that the Saudi courts have exclusive jurisdiction over real estate matters in the KSA. Hence, it would be helpful if future amendments to the Arbitration Law or to the Executive Regulations would clarify the position.\r\n\r\nThis is important since the Enforcement Law enacted by Royal Decree No. M/53 dated 17/4/1434H and its Executive Regulation Dated 17/4/1434H (which were passed after the Arbitration Law) provides that foreign judgments shall not be enforced in cases where Saudi courts have exclusive jurisdiction, e.g., in cases in rem involving real estate located in the KSA (Article 11.6 of the Executive Regulation). Article 12 of the Enforcement Law states that “[t]he provisions of the preceding Article shall be applicable to the arbitral awards issued in a foreign country”, which means that foreign arbitral awards issued in cases in rem involving real estate located inside KSA may not be enforceable in the KSA if indeed real estate disputes are not arbitrable.\r\n\r\nIn addition, a question mark remains over whether certain other commercial and civil disputes are arbitrable, such as rental disputes, insurance related disputes, commercial agency disputes, and civil and commercial disputes touching on mandatory rules of law and public policy. It would be helpful to clarify the position in order to avoid the confusion that has arisen on these points in other Middle Eastern states.\r\n\r\nThere is no doubt that the KSA is making significant strides to provide a comprehensive and independent approach to international arbitration. It has taken a significant step by designing the Arbitration Law and Executive Regulations in line with the international standards set out in the UNICTRAL Model Law. This brings further reassurance to foreign investors who have opted to resolve disputes related to their commercial dealings in the KSA by means of arbitration.'),
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(196987, 7196, 'content', 'Mortgage of Real Estate in Saudi Arabia: Recent Developments\r\n\r\nThe Registered Real Estate Mortgage Law (the ‘Mortgage Law’), issued in 2012, was a significant step towards encouraging real estate finance in Saudi Arabia. Until recently, local banks typically took an outright conveyance of the title to real estate (Ifragh) to a nominee entity. The transfer of title structure involves the obligor transferring legal title to a special purpose company, set up by the bank providing the financing, for the duration of the financing. The title to the property would revert to the obligor, once the financing is repaid.\r\n\r\nThe Mortgage Law has now paved the way for a traditional mortgage structure, whereby the title to the property would remain with the borrower and the bank would obtain a registered mortgage. Some of the key features of the Mortgage Law are as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Once a mortgage over property is registered, the secured debt can be recovered from the sale of the property in priority to other creditors;</li>\r\n 	<li>The mortgage should be created in respect of a specific debt or future or contingent debt provided that the amount of the secured debt or maximum limit of the debt is specified in the mortgage agreement;</li>\r\n 	<li>The owner of the property (mortgagor) continues to receive the rentals and other proceeds being generated from the property;</li>\r\n 	<li>The mortgagor and mortgagee may agree in the mortgage agreement that the receivables from the mortgage property will be used to pay in accordance with the amortisation schedule of the debt and to service any other fees, charges, and profits;</li>\r\n 	<li>A lease of more than five years will not be enforceable if the property has been mortgaged; and</li>\r\n 	<li>A property may have more than one mortgagee, allowing for the creation of a succession of mortgages (e.g., first mortgage, second mortgage, and so on).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIn May 2017, SAMA issued a circular urging banks and finance companies to:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>comply with the notarisation of real estate mortgages and to stop the process of transferring title to property rather than mortgaging the real estate;</li>\r\n 	<li>remedy the status of properties that are currently registered in their name within a three-year period, and inform their clients accordingly; and</li>\r\n 	<li>inform SAMA about the cases in which the notary public refrains from registering a mortgage.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThis circular, in-effect restricts the outright transfer of title and instead requires any security over real property to be registered as a mortgage under the Mortgage Law.\r\nImportantly, following publication of SAMA’s circular, notaries have issued guidelines as to the information banks will be required to present in order to register mortgages. Most notably, banks are required to provide a letter confirming that the debt being secured by the mortgage relates to a Shariah compliant transaction (either a tawarruq, or murabaha). Yet another recent development is the issuance by SAMA of standard form ijara and murabaha documentation to be used when providing real estate finance. The template documents provided by SAMA are expected to be implemented by the end of March 2018.\r\nThese legal and regulatory developments, coupled with government sponsored housing schemes, are indications of further reform in the real estate and housing market in Saudi Arabia.\r\n\r\nFor further information please contact Rafiq Jaffer (R.Jaffer@tamimi.com) or Agathi Trakkidi (a.trakkidi@tamimi.com).'),
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(197038, 7197, 'content', '<strong>Consumers’ Social Media</strong>\r\n\r\nDuring the last few years, Saudi Arabia has witnessed the rise of a new phenomenon known as ‘consumers’ social media’ that upholds citizenship advocacy and raises consumer awareness. This new phenomenon now helps the Saudi authorities in their efforts to protect intellectual property and combat commercial fraud. It also helps all stakeholders engaged in the fight against counterfeiting in their initiatives to educate the public about the harm caused by such activities. But, just how does ‘consumers’ social media’ achieve this?\r\n\r\nLately, many social media activists have engaged in a national campaign to expose counterfeiting in Saudi Arabia. For example, one prominent case occurred in one of the biggest traditional markets in Riyadh. An activist using Snapchat showed his followers counterfeit products, including cosmetics, that a makeup artist was promoting at the market as genuine. Another activist, using social media channels, exposed gold shops selling counterfeit jewellery. Upon reviewing these social media posts, the Anti-Counterfeiting Department within the Ministry of Commerce and Investment (‘MOCI’) raided these shops and closed them down. MOCI did not wait for someone to file a complaint but instead took the initiative based on the social media post’s information to stop the sale of these counterfeits in Riyadh’s traditional markets.\r\n\r\nThe actions of the social media activists are one of many other examples existing in relation to how social media is becoming a measure to combat commercial fraud. Indeed, many people in Saudi Arabia have taken to using social media apps, such as Whatsapp, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat, for this purpose. By using social media, people of all ages are raising consumer awareness of counterfeiting and commercial fraud. This awareness in turn helps the authorities expand their fight to protect consumers from commercial fraud and at the same time enables them to undertake their responsibilities at reduced costs.\r\n\r\nFor brand owners, this type of social media activism also provides them with well-documented evidence of counterfeiting and other fraudulent activities and can accelerate processing of their IP infringement claims before the courts.\r\n\r\nThis new trend of ‘consumers’ social media activism and awareness’ is anticipated to expand in coming years, as we will surely witness wider engagement with social media by both consumers and businesses. Such engagement may include the organisation of consumer education workshops and seminars online and offline where those combating counterfeiting inform all interested parties about their practices and initiatives. In the longer term, social media could support more advanced educational and accreditation initiatives. These may include certificate training on consumer rights and laws, for those who want to participate in social media activism for the protection of consumer rights.\r\n\r\nMoreover, such initiatives should and may very well extend to MOCI and the Saudi Customs employees and investigators so that they may have better knowledge of legal issues in these areas and best practices worldwide. This kind of training will help those officials in their efforts to apply local and international laws governing intellectual property rights applicable in Saudi Arabia. To this end, other relevant Ministries could consider including social media based training as part of their regular training plans for both public officials and members of the public.\r\nWhile the trend of consumer awareness and protection is changing with social media, many Saudi citizens unfortunately are still not sophisticated enough to understand the complexity of the modern media environment. Many people still perceive that everything that the traditional media reports in is unquestionable, and such perceptions are the same with social media. As such, and since commercial fraud significantly affects Saudi women, who form a large portion of consumers in Saudi Arabia, launching social media projects devoted to educating women about counterfeit and knock-off products and how to distinguish them from originals is also quite important.\r\n\r\n<strong>MOCI’s ‘Maroof’ service</strong>\r\n\r\nIn parallel, the MOCI has also recently taken a new initiative to raise consumer awareness in terms of e-commerce and online shopping issues. In this regard, MOCI launched the ‘Maroof’ service to protect traders and consumers from online sales and services fraud. According to the information available about Maroof at the MOCI’s website, Maroof is an e-service where the seller can register his business on Maroof’s website to build a legal and trustful relationship between the sellers and the buyers or the consumers in general. As a result, Maroof now helps organise and improve electronic-shopping through the internet by facilitating the sellers’ promotion of their products and services to a massive number of consumers.\r\nSubscribing to the Maroof’s service until now is free of charge for shop owners/ sellers as well as consumers. Furthermore, Maroof also provides a ratings / evaluation service for consumers who can provide their reviews and experience with the products through the online platform. This of course helps improve the quality of the e-service and ensures the authenticity of the products offered for sale at each online-shop.\r\n\r\nMoreover, MOCI has warned and announced through websites and social networks about the marketing or sales of counterfeit products, as this action violates the Anti-Fraud Law and the Trademark Law System. Per MOCI’s latest warnings/announcements, penalties for such violations can reach up to three years of imprisonment and/or fines of up to one million riyals in Saudi Arabia. To ensure further compliance with the Anti-Fraud Law and the Trademark Law System, MOCI has made available a dedicated call centre integrated with a downloadable smart phone application that allows consumers to report any commercial fraud in real time.\r\n\r\nThe efforts the MOCI has taken are a clear testament to the Saudi government’s drive for modernity through the leveraging of online and mobile technologies to enhance and promote brand and consumer awareness throughout the Kingdom.\r\n\r\nSince more people and businesses will come to rely on the expansion of e-commerce, brand owners and businesses must also resort to social media as a means of raising awareness among the Saudi people about online and offline commercial fraud. On this front, and in line with the KSA Vision 2030, the Saudi government has taken heaps and strides to intensify efforts and enforce regulations for the protection of consumer rights and brand owners’ rights. To this end the contribution of the civil society, such as the Saudi Bar Association, and the help from individual lawyers, is welcomed.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s Intellectual Property team regularly advises on issues to do with brand protection and anti-counterfeiting. For further information please contact Omar Obeidat (o.obeidat@tamimi.com) or Hanin Al Fayaz (h.alfayaz@tamimi.com).'),
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(197089, 7198, 'content', 'Since the launch of its flagship “Vision 2030” initiative in 2016, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA or the Kingdom) has steadily been taking measures to diversify its economy away from its dependence on oil and government spending in response to the challenges brought by lower global energy prices. Vision 2030 is centred on establishing a modernized legal and investment framework that boosts private sector activity, attracts foreign investors and encourages the employment of Saudi workers in line with the Kingdom’s ‘Saudisation’ programme. In order to achieve the ambitions of Vision 2030, a number of reforms have and will continue to be implemented to create further investment incentives for investors looking to establish or expand their presence in the Kingdom.\r\n\r\nAs opportunities in the Kingdom develop, both local and foreign investors will need to consider a number of key factors which will drive their planning, strategy and operations. This article focuses on some of the employment aspects of operating a business within the Kingdom which all investors will need to consider if seeking to take advantage of the wide-ranging opportunities presented by Vision 2030. It will also discuss key employment developments that are likely over the coming years in the context of Vision 2030.\r\n\r\nThe legal framework\r\n\r\nThe KSA legal system is based on and underpinned by Shari’ah law. Matters relating to employment relationship are governed by the Labour Law issued by Royal Decree Number M/51 dated 23 Sha’ban 1426 (corresponding to 27 September 2005), as amended from time to time (the Labour Law). It covers all aspects of the employment life-cycle from recruitment through to termination and dispute resolution. The Labour Law is supplemented by Ministerial Resolutions and circulars issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Development (MLSD) which has overall responsibility for employment matters.\r\n\r\nBusinesses seeking to invest in KSA should take note of some of the key features of the Labour Law:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>The Labour Law applies to all workers in KSA and broadly provides equal rights to both Saudi and non-Saudi nationals although it provides preferential treatment to Saudi nationals in certain respects.</li>\r\n 	<li>A non-Saudi national may only be employed for a fixed term corresponding to the duration of their work and residence permit (see further below for information relating to work and residence permits).</li>\r\n 	<li>A non-Saudi national under the sponsorship of his employer is prohibited from working for another employer without formally transferring his sponsorship to the new employer.\r\nEmployment contracts may be for fixed or indefinite terms (although the contract term for non-Saudi employees will always be fixed corresponding to their work and residence permit).</li>\r\n 	<li>An employer may request an employee to undergo a probationary period of no more than 90 days, which can be extended by agreement of the parties to a further period of up to ninety days.</li>\r\n 	<li>The maximum working hours are eight hours a day and 48 hours per week (although this does not apply to senior employees and managers).</li>\r\n 	<li>Employees are entitled to a minimum of 21 days paid holiday increasing to 30 days after five years’ service.</li>\r\n 	<li>Indeﬁnite term contracts terminate at the discretion of either party provided written notice is given to the other party stating the valid reason for termination. At least sixty days’ notice is required for contracts where the worker is paid monthly or not less than thirty days’ notice in any other case.</li>\r\n 	<li>An employer can dismiss employees validly by way of redundancy if the business is closed permanently or the activity in which the employee is employed ceases to be carried out by the business.</li>\r\n 	<li>The retirement age is 60 for men and 55 for women.</li>\r\n 	<li>Employees are entitled to claim compensation for an unlawful termination of employment but do not have the right to reinstatement.</li>\r\n 	<li>An end-of-service award is payable on termination of employment based on length of service and salary.</li>\r\n 	<li>Employers must make social insurance contributions for employees to the General Organisation for Social Insurance (GOSI).</li>\r\n 	<li>Employers must provide medical insurance that covers the employee and the employee’s dependants.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nImmigration and sponsorship requirements\r\n\r\nAll employees must be registered with the MLSD and GOSI. While Saudi nationals and GCC nationals do not require any immigration approvals to work in KSA, non-Saudi (and non-GCC) nationals must be sponsored by their employer to work in KSA. In order to obtain sponsorship, employees must seek prior approval from both the MLSD and the Ministry of Interior to obtain a work and residence permit (known as an Iqama) by submitting a number of documents including attested educational and professional qualifications. As explained further below, whether or not an employee is granted a work permit is dependent on a number of factors, of which the employer’s compliance with its Saudisation requirements is the most important. Once an Iqama has been issued, the employee is under the sponsorship of his employer. The Labour Law prohibits employers from allowing an employee to work for another party and from employing an employee of another party.\r\n\r\nSaudisation and the promotion of the local workforce\r\n\r\nA key measure to achieving Vision 2030, and one of the most important issues that a foreign company should be aware of in doing business in KSA, is the national policy of encouraging and prioritising employment of Saudi nationals in the private sector, known as Saudisation. This policy is implemented through the ‘Nitaqat’ programme which operates by classifying employers into six categories – Platinum, Green (High, Medium and Low), Yellow and Red – depending on various factors such as the size and activity of the company; the percentage of Saudi nationals in the workforce compared to expatriate employees; the average salaries of Saudi employees; and retention rates of Saudi employees. In general, an employer benefits from being in a higher category through greater incentives such as flexibility in recruiting and managing expatriate employees, lower processing fees, and other administrative benefits. By contrast, lower graded entities will have restricted immigration and sponsorship benefits.\r\n\r\nThe Saudisation percentages imposed on companies under the Nitaqat programme vary based not only on the size of the company but also the activities of the company. For example, small laboratories with between 10 and 49 employees must employ 10% to 14% Saudi nationals in order to remain in the yellow category. In contrast, in the agricultural industry, only 2% to 4% of Saudi employees are required for a company of the same size. These percentage requirements are subject to constant change based on KSA public policy considerations. As a minimum requirement, however, all companies must employ at least one Saudi national. This requirement can be fulfilled if the business owner or employer is himself a Saudi national. Some jobs (e.g. head of HR) and sectors within the economy (e.g. car rental outlets, mobile phone shops) are restricted to only Saudi nationals and a further 12 sales-related activities will be restricted to Saudi nationals only from September 2018.\r\n\r\nRecent changes to the Nitaqat system in September 2017 introduced increased thresholds for obtaining a higher Nitaqat grading across most industries. The increased Nitaqat thresholds apply to companies of different sizes across more than 60 industries. Some examples of the increased Nitaqat thresholds include:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>‘Small’ (i.e. a total headcount of 10-49 employees) oil and gas companies are now required to adhere to a Saudisation percentage of at least 66% (rather than the previous threshold of 56%) in order to be classified as a Platinum entity.</li>\r\n 	<li>Small financial institutions are now required to adhere to a Saudisation percentage of at least 88% (rather than the previous threshold of 80%) in order to be classified as a Platinum entity.</li>\r\n 	<li>Small IT companies are now required to adhere to a Saudisation percentage of at least 56% (rather than the previous threshold of 30%) in order to be classified as a Platinum entity.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIt is important to note that, if a foreign company fails to employ its quota of Saudi nationals (dependent on its Nitaqat requirement), the MLSD can refuse to renew the Iqamas of the company’s expatriate employees. Moreover, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry can refuse to renew a commercial registration certificate or cancel it altogether.\r\n\r\nLevies on foreign employees\r\nAs a measure to compliment the Saudisation policy, certain levies have been applied to foreign employees and their dependents over recent years to discourage the employment of foreign nationals by making it more expensive to recruit and retain foreign employees. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>In 2013 a levy was applied for every foreign employee where the ratio of foreign employees to Saudi nationals was greater than 1:1. This levy is payable by the employer.</li>\r\n 	<li>In July 2017 a levy was applied to each dependent of a foreign employee. This levy is payable by the employee although some employers support their employees in meeting this cost.</li>\r\n 	<li>In January 2018 a new levy was applied for each foreign employee employed by an employer.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nEach of these three levies are incurred on a monthly basis but must be paid as an annual lump sum in order to renew a foreign employee’s or his dependent’s Iqamas. Further, the levies increase incrementally on a yearly basis.\r\nEmployers will therefore need to factor in these additional costs of employing foreign employees when planning their workforce in KSA.\r\n\r\nWomen in the workplace\r\n\r\nA prominent goal of Vision 2030 is to increase the participation of women in the workforce from 22% to 30%. Under recent changes to the Saudisation policy, certain jobs and sectors have been restricted to women (commonly known as ‘feminisation’). For example, certain shops in shopping malls, outdoor markets and standalone locations selling women’s products and accessories must be staffed entirely by women. From September 2018, these jobs will be restricted to Saudi women only. Further, the widely-reported lifting of a ban on women driving in KSA is due to come into force in June 2018 with a view to removing one of the widely perceived obstacles to the employment of women in KSA, thus making access to workplaces easier for women as well as creating new job opportunities.\r\nAs the number of female graduates entering the employment market increases each year, and given the importance placed on increasing employment opportunities for women in KSA, businesses and investors will need to ensure they comply with the various requirements relating to women in the workplace. For example, under the Labour Law and the associated Work Regulations, there are certain requirements relating to females in the workplace including the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Employers must provide female employees with their own space in the workplace that is segregated from men.</li>\r\n 	<li>Female staff must wear modest, loose and non-transparent clothing.</li>\r\n 	<li>A woman and a man must not stay alone together in a workplace.</li>\r\n 	<li>Save in certain circumstances (e.g. hospitals) women may not perform night work.</li>\r\n 	<li>Women are not allowed to be employed in hazardous or harmful jobs or industries (e.g. as construction workers).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSimilarly, the Labour Law also provides a number of rights for female employees, for example:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Women are entitled to fully-paid maternity leave for a period of 10 weeks.</li>\r\n 	<li>There are various maternity-related rights afforded to female employees on issues such as leave to attend to sick babies or babies with special needs; time off for nursing babies for a period of up to 24 months; and the right not to be dismissed while on maternity leave or as a result of sickness absence arising from childbirth.</li>\r\n 	<li>A Muslim female worker whose husband passes away will be entitled to fully paid leave for a minimum period of four months and 10 days (in accordance with Sharia law). A non-Muslim worker whose husband passes away shall be entitled to fully paid leave of 15 days.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAs further opportunities develop under Vision 2030, women will become an increasingly integral part of the workforce in KSA. In particular, women are likely to play an important role in the development of the proposed tourism, retail and leisure industries which are key to KSA’s ambitions to diversify its economy. Against that broader backdrop, it is possible that further reforms will be proposed aimed at enabling greater participation of women in different sectors of a newly diversified economy.\r\n\r\nDispute resolution\r\n\r\nDisputes arising from an employment relationship should be brought to a Labour Office in the locality where the employee works. The Labour Office will attempt to resolve the dispute amicably without further recourse to formal litigation. If the dispute cannot be resolved amicably at the Labour Office, the matter will be escalated to a formal claim at the Preliminary Commission for the Settlement of Disputes (‘Preliminary Commission’) which is effectively a first instance court for employment disputes. Any such claims must generally be submitted to the Preliminary Commission within 12 months of the occurrence of the offence which forms the subject of the claim. The decision of the Preliminary Commission may be appealed to the High Commission for the Settlement of Disputes, which is the appellate court. Appeals must be lodged within 30 days of receiving the judgment of the Preliminary Commission.\r\n\r\nIt should be noted that there is no concept of judicial precedent in KSA meaning that a decision of a court will have no binding authority in respect of another case. Further, there is no system of court reporting in KSA. As a result it is not always possible to reach a conclusive interpretation of Saudi Arabian law, and predict how the court will adjudicate on a particular transaction or issue.\r\n\r\nFuture developments\r\n\r\nPrivatisation\r\nOne of the most anticipated developments under Vision 2030 is the proposed privatisation of various sectors such as the energy, health, education and water sectors. A key challenge for investors seeking to take advantage of the opportunities presented by such large scale privatisations will be ensuring that their businesses are comprised of a skilled workforce which is also compliant with its Saudisation requirements. In order to achieve this we are likely see an increased focus on training initiatives for Saudi nationals to not only develop workers with the relevant knowledge and skills, but also to increase the employment rates of the local population and thereby strengthen the economy.\r\n\r\nCreation of jobs through development of different sectors\r\nIn order to reduce unemployment levels within KSA, a key goal of Vision 2030 is to create jobs through the development of various sectors. For example, the expansion of the retail sector is expected to create one million jobs for Saudi nationals by 2030. Similarly, the localisation of the defence industry and the resultant stimulus to other industrial sectors such as industrial equipment, communications and information technology, will also create more job opportunities and increase the need for specialised training.\r\n\r\nFlexible working\r\nAs the country transitions to a modern and diverse economy, it is likely there will be a need for increased flexible working arrangements to widen participation in the economy. This is particularly in light of developments of new industries such as tourism and entertainment where work engagements may be of a more temporary and less-structured nature. Similarly, as more women enter the national workforce, there may be a need to develop greater flexible working initiatives to ensure they are supported in the workplace whilst also managing any family-related commitments.\r\n\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\nAs the country moves into a new era under Vision 2030, local and foreign investors seeking to capitalise on the vast opportunities on offer will need to consider the employment related issues of their business activities in KSA. By planning carefully, businesses can ensure they comply with the various regulatory requirements relating to their workforce and thereby reduce the risk of interference in their business due to non-compliance. With the largest population in the region becoming increasingly qualified and engaged in the economy, and supported by foreign skilled workers, investors should feel confident that their human resource needs can be met as they seek to take advantage of the opportunities presented by Vision 2030.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s Employment team has two dedicated lawyers based in Saudi Arabia who advise on the full range of employment related matters in the country. For further information please contact Zahir Qayum (z.qayum@tamimi.com) or Mohsin Khan (mohsin.khan@tamimi.com).'),
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(197140, 7199, 'content', 'CITC’s new cloud computing regulation in Saudi Arabia\r\n\r\nFollowing public consultation in 2016, Saudi Arabia’s telecommunications regulator, the Communications &amp; Information Technology Commission (‘CITC’), has now issued a cloud computing regulatory framework (the ‘Cloud Framework’), which came into effect in March 2018. A key driver for the introduction of the Cloud Framework is the rapid change being experienced in the information technology sector. The CITC considers that the adoption of the Cloud Framework will provide increased regulatory clarity and encourage the adoption of cloud computing services in the Kingdom. In this article, we outline some of the key provisions of the Cloud Framework, raise some queries, and provide some recommendations.\r\n\r\nScope of application\r\n\r\nThe Cloud Framework applies to any cloud service provided to cloud customers having a residence or customer address in Saudi Arabia. These obligations apply to any cloud service provider that owns, operates, or offers access to data centres, or other elements of a cloud system, located in the Kingdom. Additionally, regardless of whether the cloud customer has a residence or customer address in Saudi Arabia, certain obligations relating to major information security breaches, takedown of unlawful or infringing content, and notification of violations of Saudi Arabia’s Anti-Cyber Crimes Law 2007, can also arise. In some instances the Cloud Framework appears to apply to cloud service providers outside the Kingdom.\r\n\r\nRegistration with CITC\r\n\r\nAnyone controlling data centres, or other critical cloud system infrastructure, hosted in Saudi Arabia and used for the provision of cloud services, and anyone controlling the processing of customer content of a specific nature (including private sector regulated industries subject to sector-specific rules, and sensitive customer content from public authorities), is required to register with the CITC.\r\n\r\nCloud service providers registered pursuant to the Cloud Framework must disclose to CITC the location and main features of their data centres located in Saudi Arabia, as well as the foreign countries in which they use data centres for processing the data and content of Saudi-based cloud customers. (Cloud service providers are also required to notify cloud customers in advance if they will process data or content outside Saudi Arabia.)\r\nCloud service providers registered with the CITC are required to comply with standards that the CITC defines as mandatory, and comply with business continuity, disaster recovery, and risk management related rules and guidelines that CITC identifies as mandatory. (These mandatory standards, rules and guidelines do not appear in the Cloud Framework, and will be published by CITC from time to time.) If requested by cloud customers, cloud service providers also need to provide information on actual performance relative to service levels, as well as information on any certification standards followed by the cloud service provider.\r\n\r\nInformation security\r\n\r\nFour information security categories applicable to customer content are specified in the Cloud Framework. These are (in summary):\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Level 1: Non-sensitive customer content of individuals, or private sector companies, not subject to any sector-specific restrictions on the outsourcing of data.</li>\r\n 	<li>Level 2: Sensitive customer content of individuals, private sector companies, not subject to any sector-specific restrictions on the outsourcing of data; and non-sensitive customer content from public authorities.</li>\r\n 	<li>Level 3: Any customer content from private sector-regulated industries subject to a Level 3 categorisation by virtue of sector-specific rules or a decision by a regulatory authority; and sensitive customer content from public authorities.</li>\r\n 	<li>Level 4: Highly sensitive or secret customer content belonging to relevant governmental agencies or institutions.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese levels are a means of categorising content, although they do not provide any clear direction on the corresponding level of information security that cloud service providers must provide to such content. It is unclear whether these levels were intended to conform to something like the requirements of The Uptime Institute’s tier classification system (which are pointed at capacity, redundancy, fault tolerance, etc., and not specifically focussed on information security), or whether the CITC plans to elaborate on what security mechanisms and processes it requires of each level, in practice.\r\n\r\nThe application of these information security levels is subject to any other rules regarding information security requirements determined by other competent authorities in Saudi Arabia, and other rights and obligations of cloud customers relating to the outsourcing, transmission, processing or storage of content or data in a cloud system, specified elsewhere. Between Levels 1, 2 and 3, there is scope for cloud customers to opt for a higher or lower level of information security.\r\n\r\nThe Cloud Framework sets out certain presumptions as to applicable information security levels for certain types of information. For example, for natural persons resident in Saudi Arabia, there is a presumption that Level 1 shall apply; for private sector entities operating in Saudi Arabia, Level 2 shall apply. Ultimately, the onus is on each cloud customer to specify the level of information security that needs to apply to its content, failing which the cloud service provider may assume that the default levels specified in the Cloud Framework shall apply.\r\n\r\nReporting security breaches\r\n\r\nThere is a specific obligation on cloud service providers to notify cloud customers of any security breach or information leakage likely to affect the data or content of the cloud customers, or the services the cloud customers receive from the cloud service provider. Additionally, in the case of security breaches or information leakages relating to any Level 3 customer content, or to data or content of a significant number of cloud customers, or to a significant number of people in the Kingdom, there is a specific obligation to notify the CITC.\r\n\r\nThere is also an obligation on each cloud service provider to provide, on request of a cloud customer, information on the extent of insurance coverage for the cloud service provider’s civil liability to the cloud customer. This information is intended to allow cloud customers to properly assess their own insurance needs and coverage.\r\nInternal rules and policies on business continuity, disaster recovery, and risk management must be prepared by each cloud service provider. They must make summaries available to their customers, and to the cloud service providers with whom they work, upon request.\r\n\r\nProtection of customer data\r\n\r\nGenerally, the provisions relating to protection of customer data are without prejudice to any higher degree of protection required by law or contract.\r\n\r\nThe provisions relating to protection of customer data apply to cloud service providers who contract with cloud customers, as well as cloud service providers who do not have a direct contractual relationship with such customers but who determine (alone, or jointly with others) the purposes and means of processing cloud customer data.\r\n\r\nCloud service providers are prohibited from providing any third party with customer content or customer data, or processing such content or data for purposes other than those permitted in the relevant cloud services contract. This restriction is subject to exceptions, where cloud service providers are required to comply with the laws of another country in respect of cloud customers established in such other country, or where there is a Saudi law obligation on the cloud service provider to disclose, transmit, process, or use that content or data. Additionally, when customer data is categorised as Level 1 or Level 2, and the customer has expressly consented to non-application of the restriction, the restriction does not apply.\r\nThere is also a requirement that cloud service providers allow and enable cloud customers to access, verify, correct, or delete their customer data.\r\nSome of the wording relating to protection of customer data echoes language found in modern personal data protection laws in other jurisdictions. To the extent that customer data is not necessarily ‘personal data’, and cloud customers are not necessarily ‘data subjects’, this does seem curious. It remains to be seen whether this wording will effectively introduce some modern personal data protection type obligations in Saudi Arabia.\r\n\r\nUnlawful content and infringing content\r\n\r\nThe provisions relating to unlawful content and infringing content apply to cloud service providers who contract with cloud customers, as well as cloud service providers who do not have a direct contractual relationship with such customers but who determine (alone, or jointly with others) the purposes and means of processing cloud customer data.\r\n\r\nThe Cloud Framework makes clear that cloud service providers will not be administratively or criminally liable solely because unlawful content or infringing content has been uploaded, processed, or stored in their cloud systems. It also makes clear that there is no obligation on cloud service providers to monitor their cloud systems for such content.\r\nCloud service providers are required to remove or block any unlawful content and infringing content if directed to do so by the CITC (or other relevant authority). They are also required to notify the CITC (or other relevant authority) if they become aware of any customer content on their cloud systems that might violate Saudi Arabia’s Anti-Cyber Crime Law 2007.\r\n\r\nMandatory contractual requirements and unfair terms\r\n\r\nThe Cloud Framework sets out various minimum requirements for cloud contracts. These include: requirements relating to details of the cloud service provider; description of the cloud services; duration, charges, payment terms, termination; rules on processing customer content, and processes enabling it to be returned post-termination; service level type considerations; and a customer complaint mechanism.\r\n\r\nCloud service providers are not permitted to exclude liability for certain types of losses of damages, where such losses or damages are attributable to intentional or negligent acts or omissions of the cloud service provider. These include: loss or damage to customer content or customer data linked to the cloud service provider’s processing of such content or data; service parameters that do not conform to the contractually agreed terms or any requirements mandated by the Cloud Framework; and information security breaches. The practical implications of these apparent restrictions on limitations of liability require greater scrutiny.\r\n\r\nWhat next?\r\n\r\nCloud service providers are required to register within a month of the Cloud Framework coming into force.\r\n\r\nThe CITC may issue model contracts and clauses, recommendations, and other guidance on the Cloud Framework, and on cloud computing in general.\r\nCloud service providers should review their own operations, and make sure they register with the CITC if required to do so. Being familiar with the new requirements with regard to removal, blocking, and filtering of content, will enable cloud service providers to put operational mechanisms in place to accommodate these obligations. Cloud service providers should also review their standard contractual documentation to make sure that it is consistent with mandatory requirements set out in the Cloud Framework. They should ensure that their sales teams are familiar with these new mandatory requirements.\r\nCloud customers should also familiarise themselves with the mandatory contractual requirements, and other rights, set out in the Cloud Framework.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications team regularly advises clients on issues relating to cloud computing, data centres, data sovereignty, and other data related matters. For further information, please contact Nick O’Connell, Partner – Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications: n.oconnell@tamimi.com'),
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(197191, 7200, 'content', 'A country’s desire to develop its business environment, encourage investment and accelerate economic development should also include a review of the rules and performance of the judicial system.\r\n\r\nHistorically, dispute resolution in Saudi Arabia has been labelled as uncertain and inefficient, with some saying that cases were taking too long. In 2007, HRH King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in order to address these concerns launched the “King Abdullah Program for Judicial Reform” with a focus on the development of legislation and the judicial system in the Kingdom on continuing basis.\r\n\r\nThe main goals of Vision 2030, amongst others, include enhancing interaction between public authorities and citizens, improving performance, productivity and flexibility of public authorities, creating an attractive environment for both local and international investors and enhancing their confidence in Saudi Arabia’s economy. In order to achieve these goals the Saudi government issued the National Transformation Program (NTP) 2020. Within this program, the Ministry of Justice has many initiatives to improve the judicial system in Saudi Arabia in order to support the Vision 2030 goals. The NTP set forth key performance indicators such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>reducing the average timeframe to conclude cases;</li>\r\n 	<li>increasing the percentage of concluded cases;</li>\r\n 	<li>increasing the percentage of those stakeholders in court cases who are satisfied with the process;</li>\r\n 	<li>reducing the average number of incoming cases per judge in the main courts; and</li>\r\n 	<li>improving Saudi Arabia’s World Bank institution ranking.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThis article will provide an overview of judicial reforms undertaken and recent developments relating to the judicial system.\r\n\r\nOverview of the judicial reform\r\n\r\nThe reform of the judicial system in Saudi Arabia started in 2007 when King Abdullah issued a number of royal decrees implementing an overhaul of Saudi Arabia’s judicial system. The Law of the Judiciary issued by Royal Decree No. M/78 on 19 Ramadan 1428H (October 1st, 2007) established the Supreme Court as the highest judicial authority in the Kingdom. This law also established new Courts of Appeals in the Saudi Arabian provinces as well as courts of first instance for general, criminal, personal status (family), commercial and labour matters in each city.\r\nThe Board of Grievances Law also issued through Royal Decree No. M/78 on 19 Ramadan 1428H (October 1st, 2007) established a Board of Grievances (BOG) which oversees the Administrative Court system. The BOG organised the Administrative Courts in the following order: the High Administrative Court, followed by the Administrative Courts of Appeals and, the Administrative Courts. The High Administrative Court’s role is to look into cases objecting to the judgments issued by Administrative Appeal Courts. The Administrative Courts determine cases related to the rights of government employees, administrative decisions of public authorities, compensation awards, public contracts and disciplinary actions by public authorities.\r\nIn the judicial overhaul, certain specialist commissions retained certain judicial powers/remit including:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>The commission for Labour Dispute Resolution (which will be replaced by the Labour Court when it is established).</li>\r\n 	<li>The commission for Banking Dispute Resolution.</li>\r\n 	<li>The commission for Securities Dispute Resolution.</li>\r\n 	<li>The commission for Insurance Dispute Resolution.</li>\r\n 	<li>The commission for Financial Market Dispute Resolution.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe implementation of the above reforms was a complex process and required significant investment from the Saudi Government. Accordingly, the Government applied a pragmatic approach to implementing the new judicial system over the course of 10 years to ensure a smooth transition between the old and new systems.\r\n\r\nOpening of new commercial courts\r\n\r\nIn September 2017, the Ministry of Justice opened the Commercial Courts in Jeddah, Dammam and Riyadh as independent courts directly attached to the Ministry of Justice rather than as a branch of the BOG, as was historically the case.\r\nThe Commercial Courts have jurisdiction over the following matters:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>All commercial disputes, whether principal or consequential, occurring among traders.</li>\r\n 	<li>Lawsuits filed against the trader because of its principal or consequential acts thereof.</li>\r\n 	<li>Disputes occurring among partners/shareholders in partnerships/companies.</li>\r\n 	<li>All lawsuits and violations relating to commercial laws without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Board of Grievance.</li>\r\n 	<li>Bankruptcy lawsuits, interdiction of a bankrupt, or lifting thereof.</li>\r\n 	<li>Other commercial disputes.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe opening of the Commercial Courts came nearly 4 years after the law establishing their jurisdiction was passed by the Law of Procedures before the Shari’a Courts issued under Royal Decree No. M/1 on 22/01/1435H corresponding to 25 November 2013 (Civil Procedures Law).\r\nThe Commercial Courts assist in providing certainty and speed of process for participants. Previously, commercial disputes suffered from jurisdictional challenges as to which was the appropriate court to hear the dispute, be it the BOG or the General Courts. These challenges added significant delay in the progress of a claim/dispute as proceedings were, in effect, put on hold whilst determination of which court had jurisdiction was adjudicated by the Committee on Jurisdictional Challenges. The opening of the Commercial Courts was, therefore, heralded as the beginning of a new era for the Saudi judicial system and its procedures.\r\n\r\nNew rules for Commercial Court:\r\n\r\nOn 25 February 2018, the Minister of Justice issued a decision adding an Article to the implementing regulations of the Civil Procedure Law, stipulating the following:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>The first hearing date for a commercial case shall not be later than 20 days from the date the lawsuit was registered.</li>\r\n 	<li>The maximum number of hearings for commercial cases, after the defendant has been notified, must be no more than three; further adjournment is not allowed except for cases of necessity, such as the illness of one of the parties or their representatives, or the inability of a witness to attend.</li>\r\n 	<li>In the first hearing, the judicial panel must determine the preliminary issues pertaining to jurisdiction and admissibility conditions.</li>\r\n 	<li>The Court may, in commercial proceedings, enable the parties -- via a duly recorded decision -- to exchange memos and documents with the Court administration; the decision must include the number of memos, the date of filing for each of them, and the date of the next hearing.</li>\r\n 	<li>The expert appointed by the Court must submit his report to the Court within 60 days from his appointment to the case. If the expert is unable to submit his report to the Court within the 60 day time limit, he must clarify the reason for the delay and the Court may extend this period for a maximum of 30 days.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe above amendments to the implementing regulations of the Civil Procedure Law were required to re-engineer existing litigation procedures to ensure efficiency of commercial proceedings and quality rulings being issued by the Commercial Courts.\r\n\r\nPublishing general principles and court judgment:\r\n\r\nAs part of the judicial reforms, the Ministry of Justice and BOG issued a series of publications in 2016 containing court judgments from commercial, civil, administrative and criminal cases. These publications provide judges and lawyers with valuable knowledge about how the courts have historically applied Shari’a and legislation to actual cases. These judgments are considered as guidelines and persuasive in nature rather than precedent, as in common law legal systems. However, in practice, we are seeing many judges follow these judgments where they are relevant and applicable.\r\n\r\nOn 5 January 2018 the Minister of Justice and Chairman of the Supreme Judicial Council published a sourcebook of legal principles and precedents. This comprises a book of 2,323 principles and decisions and a further set of eight volumes containing the jurisprudential roots from which the principles have been derived. These books were prepared by the Supreme Court after reviewing over 20,000 rulings issued during the last 47 years.\r\n\r\nIn addition, there is a special committee comprised of highly regarded scholars in Saudi Arabia appointed by King Abdullah to codify Shari’a jurisprudence in relation to civil, contract, criminal and family cases in order to bring more clarity and uniformity to judicial rulings. This ongoing project will be a crucial tool in improving Saudi Arabia’s legal and judiciary system.\r\n\r\nShifting from a paper-based to electronic system\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Justice and BOG have also implemented a huge IT project, involving the introduction of new hardware and software to the courts and online platforms with a focus on the Administrative, Commercial and Enforcement Courts. This online approach has allowed parties to proceedings to submit requests and file lawsuits online without visiting the relevant court. It also allows all parties to see all information related to their case and the associated motions. In line with the objectives of Vision 2030, these IT projects hugely support the efficiency of the judges and the administration of these courts, as well as save litigants’ time and cost.\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Justice has also implemented a Royal Order which allows judicial notifications be to communicated electronically via SMS on verified phone numbers e-mail addresses, and accounts registered on government automated systems. Such notifications are valid and effective legal summons and have the same effect as traditional methods of notification recognised by law. This will mean that courts can send legal summons to defendants via SMS using the number registered on government automated systems, whereas previously a claim would be stayed if the claimant did not know the defendant’s address for service of the claim or good service had been successfully challenged.\r\n\r\nNew law to impose court fees\r\n\r\nAt present, there are no fees for filing a claim with any court in Saudi Arabia. In July 2017, however, the Ministry of Justice issued a draft law for the introduction of judicial costs and fees. It is currently under review by the Saudi Board of Experts. The draft law is expected to be enacted after being approved by a royal decree\r\nThe proposed law will apply to most cases before the Saudi courts, except for a small number of cases such as criminal, family and enforcement cases. The law includes fees to be paid in relation to any requests made to the Court for certified copies of a judgment or copies of documents. Furthermore, the losing party will be liable to pay all Court fees in the proceedings to the claimant. In the event that the Court has not awarded the full amount of the claim, the losing party will pay only part of the court fees, in proportion to the degree of success of the winning party. The fees paid by the parties will be deposited in a special account dedicated to improving judicial bodies in Saudi Arabia.\r\n\r\nUnder the provisions of the draft law, the maximum judicial costs and fees for any case will not exceed SAR 1,000,000. Further clarification on particular issues, such as the amount of fees payable for certain services, will be provided in the implementing regulations which will be published after the law receives royal approval.\r\nJudicial experts and prominent lawyers have stated that they expect this law will reduce the number of the spurious cases being brought before the courts, encourage settlement of cases outside court and the use alternative dispute resolution such as mediation.\r\n\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Justice has made good progress in reviewing and reforming the efficiency of legal and judicial system in Saudi Arabia in recent years. However, given the far-reaching and ambitious objectives of Vision 2030, further reforms are likely to ensure the legal infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is sufficiently robust to deal with the increased activity in the economy from both local and foreign investors. In particular, further reforms are likely to codify Sharia law in order to unify court judgments, review and update existing laws and regulations, ensure the implementation of these laws in the courts, and the recruitment and training of highly skilled judges and adminstrative staff. With these and further reforms envisaged, the reformed legal system in Saudi Arabia will provide the judicial infrastructure for Vision 2030 to be achieved.\r\n\r\nFor further information please contact Dr. Ahmed Basrawi (a.basrawi @tamimi.com).'),
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(197296, 7204, 'content', 'The Saudi 2030 Vision is based upon growing inward investment to stimulate and diversify the economy and transform the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia into a global hub connecting Asia, Europe and Africa.\r\n\r\nTo support economic growth, the Saudi Government reaffirmed in December 2017 its investment plans for 2018 and announced that it will raise total spending to USD 293 million. That investment is expected to generate revenue of USD 77 billion dollars in the 2018 Budget.\r\n\r\nAviation will play an essential role in the diversification and expansion of the Saudi economy. If we look to other countries in the GCC region, the UAE, especially Dubai, is a good example of how aviation can impact the development of the economy. The aviation sector currently accounts for 27% of Dubai’s GDP and is expected to exceed 35% by 2020.\r\nAviation is set also to be an important catalyst in the development of the Saudi Arabian economy through the establishment of new airports and the expansion of existing facilities. The entry of new participants into the market will be an important development.\r\n\r\n<strong>Market Overview</strong>\r\n\r\nForecasts anticipate significant growth in the number of air passengers worldwide and a significant hike in the global tourism industry. For example, the International Air Transport Association (“IATA”) has estimated that passenger demand worldwide will double in 20 years, from 3.8 billion passengers in 2016 to 7.2 billion air travellers in 2035.\r\n\r\nAirbus in its “Global Market Forecast 2017/2036 – Growing Horizons” and Boeing in its “Current Market Outlook 2017-2036” each forecast that airlines in the Middle East region will add substantial capacity to the market. Airbus estimates to deliver 2,530 aircraft to airlines in the Middle East in the next 20 years, whilst Boeing expects to make 3,350 deliveries. Other aircraft manufacturers also have high expectations for substantial growth in the Middle East markets.\r\n\r\nThis is being accompanied by strong investment in airport infrastructure. The investment is aimed at increasing capacity in both the commercial aviation and business jet markets, where manufacturers and operators are expecting very strong growth in the coming years.\r\n\r\nThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is matching these trends in the areas of airport infrastructure, airline investment and related businesses.\r\n\r\n<strong>Infrastructure</strong>\r\n\r\nThere are currently 27 airports in the Kingdom, six are international, eight are regional and 13 are domestic. In order to improve the infrastructure of airport facilities, the Saudi Government has approved an expansion plan which contemplates both the upgrade of the existing airports and the construction of new airports.\r\n\r\nThe planned expansion includes the redevelopment of the airports in Abha, Al Ahsa, Al Qassim, Arar, Hail and Jizan, new terminals at the King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh and the new King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah. There are also plans to develop new airports in Al-Qunfudah, Farasan Island and Taif, Riyadh North (serving the provinces of Al Ghat, Al Majmaah and Zulfi) and Riyadh South (serving the provinces of Al Aflaj, Al Hariq, Al Kharj and Howtat Bani Tamim).\r\n\r\nThe General Authority of Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia (“GACA”) has announced plans to privatize all 27 existing Saudi airports, as well as the new airports that are scheduled for completion by 2020. In 2017, the President of GACA, H.E. Abdulhakim bin Muhammad Al Tamimi, stated that the airports and relevant business units were to be transformed into separate companies fully-owned by Saudi Civil Aviation Holding Company (“SAVC”) with ownership to be transferred to the Saudi Government’s Public Investment Fund ahead of each company being privatized.\r\n\r\nSAVC is a state-owned company established with the aim of improving efficiency and performance in the Aviation sector. SAVC’s mission is to make each airport an independent entity viable for privatization.\r\n\r\nThe process is underway with GACA envisaging three different models as exemplified by airport developments in Riyadh, Dammam, Jeddah and Medina.\r\nIn Riyadh, the King Khalid International Airport is being managed and operated by Riyadh Airports Company, which was established in 2016. And in Dammam, the King Fahd International Airport was transferred mid-last year to the new established Dammam Airports Company. Both companies are fully owned by SAVC. Minority stakes are to be sold to private investors.\r\nIn Jeddah, the operation and management of the new King Abdulaziz International Airport was awarded to a consortium under a revenue sharing arrangement with GACA bearing the costs in relation to the expansion project. However, very recently, on 21 February 2018, it was announced that GACA terminated the relevant concession agreement and it would initiate a new international tendering process soon.\r\n\r\nIn Medina, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz International Airport was developed on a build–operate–transfer basis, becoming the first airport in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia built under a public-private partnership. The same structure is being used by GACA in the construction of other new airports, including Al Qassim, Hail, Taif and Yanbu.\r\nThe success of some of these projects may turn upon other investments to be made in adjacent areas in the years ahead and in some cases the reshaping of urban and industrial spaces that surround the airports. One good example is Taif, where the Saudi Government announced plans to create a new city comprising a technology hub as well as residential, industrial and educational areas next to the new airport’s location.\r\n\r\n<strong>Airlines</strong>\r\n\r\nSaudi Arabian Airlines (also known as Saudia) is the national carrier and main commercial airline in the country. With a fleet of almost 200 aircraft operating on 89 routes, including 62 international destinations across four continents, Saudia is the third largest airline in the Middle East. The airline has been renovating its fleet in recent years and has announced plans to increase the number of aircraft and routes by 2020.\r\n\r\nThe second largest airline in the Kingdom is Flynas, a low-cost carrier founded in 2007. The airline has a fleet of 31 aircraft flying to a total of 23 destinations in the region. It is also expanding. Last year, Flynas announced that it had reached an agreement with Airbus for a total of 80 new aircraft to be delivered between 2018 and 2026.\r\n\r\nOther local airlines have started operations in recent years. Nesma Airlines has a total fleet of 10 aircraft and operates within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and between Saudi Arabia and Egypt. SaudiGulf has a fleet of four aircraft and it has announced plans to expand internationally, including routes for the UAE and Pakistan. And Flyadeal, the low-cost subsidiary of Saudia which started operations in September 2017, has already announced that it expects to have a fleet of eight aircraft by mid-2018 and has plans for ordering 50 new aircraft in the near future.\r\nWhile the majority of the aircraft worldwide is still owned by aircraft operators, there has been a significant boost in commercial aircraft leasing, particularly in the operating aircraft leases which increased from 22% of the global fleet in 1997 to 43% in 2017.\r\n\r\nIndustry terminology categorizes aircraft leases as either “dry” or “wet” leases. In a “dry” lease the lessor provides the lessee with the aircraft only, and it typically encompasses two types of arrangements, financial and operating. A financial lease is treated as a loan with the purpose of financing the acquisition of an aircraft. An operating lease is a renting-type arrangement which usually does not include an option to transfer ownership. In contrast to a “dry” lease, in a “wet” lease the lessor provides not only the aircraft but also the crew, maintenance and insurance under an “aircraft, complete crew, maintenance, and insurance” (or ACMI) agreement.\r\n\r\nWe expect local carriers to follow the market trend and opt for operating lease arrangements. This is because an operational lease gives flexibility to optimise the size of the fleet according to traffic growth. These lease arrangement also facilitate access to new aircraft. If airlines have short-term needs we could see “wet” lease arrangements as well. In any case, the projected fleet growth in the Kingdom will create new business opportunities for manufacturers, lenders and lessors.\r\n\r\nCape Town Convention: Limitations on its Application to Saudi Arabia\r\n\r\nForeign lenders and lessors need to be aware of the limitation on the application of the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (“Cape Town Convention”) in Saudi Arabia.\r\nAt the time of ratification, the Saudi Government lodged a declaration under Article 54.2 of the Cape Town Convention stating that all remedies available to the creditor under any provision of the Convention shall be exercised only with leave of a Saudi court if there is no express provision requiring the submission of an application to the court.\r\nOther than the above, the Saudi Government lodged no other declaration. In particular, no declarations were made under Article XXX of the Aviation Protocol to the Cape Town Convention. Hence, the provisions that require such separate declarations pursuant to Article XXX of the Aviation Protocol are not applicable in the Kingdom, including the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Article VIII – Choice of law;</li>\r\n 	<li>Article X - Modification of provisions regarding relief pending final determination;</li>\r\n 	<li>Article XI - Remedies on insolvency;</li>\r\n 	<li>Article XII – Insolvency assistance; and</li>\r\n 	<li>Article XIII - De-registration and export request authorisation.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe limitations above should be taken into consideration by lenders and lessors when negotiating new lease arrangements with local carriers.\r\n\r\nRelated Businesses\r\n\r\nThe development of the aviation sector also relies on the development of navigation services, airport operation, manufacturers, aircraft maintenance services (known as “MRO” - maintenance, repair, overhaul, inspection or modification), ground handling (which includes cabin service, catering, fuelling and ramp services), logistics, and training. Charter flight carriers and business jets operators are also relevant to the market.\r\n\r\nAs part of the privatization program aimed at raising efficiency and achieving financial independence in the sector, GACA has also announced plans to privatize the recently established Saudi Air Navigation Services Company (“SANS”). SANS provides air traffic control services and it is responsible for ensuring safe and efficient traffic flow in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This requires close coordination with numerous entities such as military and adjacent air traffic control centres. Moreover, SANS is responsible for the provision, maintenance and operation of all air navigation systems such as communication, navigation and surveillance.\r\n\r\nThe renovated infrastructure and the growth in the Saudi airline industry will therefore lead to existing players expanding their businesses. It will also encourage the entry of new players into the Saudi market, especially in relation to MRO sector, ground handling services, logistics and business aviation to support the airport and airline expansion.\r\n\r\n<strong>Regulatory</strong>\r\n\r\nAs in many other countries, aviation is highly regulated in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.\r\nThe core piece of legislation is the Civil Aviation Law, enacted in 2005. This establishes a legal framework in Saudi Arabia in relation to:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>air transport and operations (including licensing);</li>\r\n 	<li>aerodromes and navigation service facilities;</li>\r\n 	<li>aircraft (including registration, rights, airworthiness and operation liabilities);</li>\r\n 	<li>airspace;</li>\r\n 	<li>flying permits and training;</li>\r\n 	<li>aviation accidents, search and rescue;</li>\r\n 	<li>crimes and acts against safety and security; and</li>\r\n 	<li>military aircraft.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe Civil Aviation Law applies to all aviation activities and operations in the Kingdom. Furthermore, it applies to all civil aircraft registered in the country, and to any aircraft registered in a foreign country and operated or maintained by a Saudi national or company by virtue of a lease or any similar agreement, if an agreement between the Kingdom and the aircraft registration country so states.\r\n\r\nGACA Regulations regulate in detail all aviation matters related to:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>general provisions, procedural and administrative rules;</li>\r\n 	<li>airworthiness and aircraft maintenance;</li>\r\n 	<li>flight operations;</li>\r\n 	<li>airport and ground operators;</li>\r\n 	<li>air navigation services;</li>\r\n 	<li>licensing; and</li>\r\n 	<li>training.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nGACA introduced new Regulations in 2016 but further changes could be made in the near future.\r\nAs an example, GACA is in the process of amending Part 129 of GACA Regulations, which applies to foreign air carriers intending to operate commercial flights to, from, or within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Until the amendment is finalised and enacted, GACA has implemented on 28 January 2018 an interim policy applicable to authorized foreign operators or foreign operators seeking authorization under part 129 of GACA Regulations. Under this interim policy, any foreign operator seeking authorization to operate within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia must now be the holder of an air operator certificate for a minimum period of three consecutive years. The foreign operator must also have conducted the same type of operations and with the same type of aircraft within a 90 days period preceding the authorization date. In addition, authorized foreign operators will only be allowed to operate in the Kingdom under a “wet” lease from another foreign operator if the relevant lessor is also an authorized foreign operator. This interim policy aims to give more protection to passengers, and it will remain in effect until Part 129 of GACA Regulations is amended.\r\n\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\nThe planned new infrastructure facilities and the airlines’ expansion plans will create more employment in Saudi Arabia and generate business in ground services and other services along the supply chain.\r\n\r\nThe increase of the number of routes will also create further business opportunities in general, as it will encourage more foreign investment in the country. Finally, there will be an impact on tourism and leisure, especially taking into consideration the new projects and the new visa issuance procedures for visitors which are proposed.\r\n\r\nIt is clear that Vision 2030 heralds many opportunities in the aviation sector in Saudi Arabia for both established companies willing to expand their business and new players seeking to enter the Saudi market.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s Corporate Commercial team in Saudi Arabia regularly advises on transactions in the Aviation sector. For further information, please contact Grahame Nelson (g.nelson@tamimi.com) or Pedro Castro (p.castro@tamimi.com).'),
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(197347, 7205, 'content', 'On 6 September 2016 (4 December 1437 AH), Resolution No. 536 concerning the Regulations on the Sale or Lease of Off Plan Real Property Units (“Off Plan Regulations”) was implemented by the Council of Ministers.\r\n\r\nThe Off Plan Regulations have superseded the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 73, as amended by the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 47, which previously covered off-plan sales. Various implementation regulations have also been issued in support of the Off Plan Regulations; these include the requirements of licensing, escrow accounts, the obligations of developers, the principles of property project registration and marketing/advertising.\r\n\r\nThe aim of the Off Plan Regulations is to ensure that the off plan real estate market within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is properly regulated and structured by placing requirements on various stakeholders, including developers and real estate development projects, to obtain the relevant consents and approvals. The aim is to regulate the real estate market and business practices, with the effect of boosting confidence and assisting end users, developers and investors.\r\n\r\n<strong>Off-plan sale or lease licensing\r\n</strong>\r\nThe Off Plan Regulations prevent the following activities without an approval from the Ministry of Housing:<strong>\r\n</strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>Off plan sale or lease of property units;</li>\r\n 	<li>All property development including residential, commercial, investment, offices service, industrial or tourism property; and</li>\r\n 	<li>The carrying out of the marketing of property, whether locally or internationally including participation in property exhibitions.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nA Committee has been formed at the Ministry of Housing which has the power to approve or reject an application to obtain a license in order to undertake the activities noted above. The Committee shall have 10 days from receipt of a complete application to determine whether the application has been successful or not.\r\n\r\nOnce a project has been registered with the Committee a certificate including the license number, the developer’s name, the name of the real estate project and the duration of the license is issued to the developer.\r\nThe Committee has the prerogative to revoke a license granted to a developer should the developer fail to commence construction of the project without an acceptable reason, if the development has stalled or the developer does not have any intention of continuing with the project, any provision of the Off Plan Regulations are violated, or if the developer has acted in a fraudulent manner.\r\n\r\nIf a developer is unable to complete a project or should a project be stalled or suspended for a period of more than 6 months, the Committee shall take all required steps to safeguard the rights of end users and ensure the completion of the project or the return of funds paid by end users to the developer or any financed obtained by the developer. The Committee will also have the ability to liquidate the project.\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Housing and the Committee has created a Real Estate Developer Registry which records the names of all registered developers. Should the Committee revoke a developer’s license, the Real Estate Developer Register shall be amended accordingly with the removal of the details of the developer.\r\n\r\nAlso, once an off plan property project has been registered with the Ministry of Housing a block will be placed on the title deed of the land preventing any disposition.\r\n\r\nWhen registering a project with the Ministry of Housing a developer is required to submit various documents including but not limited to the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>A copy of the developer’s commercial registration;</li>\r\n 	<li>A certificate showing the developer has sufficient financial capability;</li>\r\n 	<li>A copy of the title deed or its equivalent;</li>\r\n 	<li>A copy of the contract with the sub developer (if any);</li>\r\n 	<li>Confirmation of the opening of an escrow account;</li>\r\n 	<li>The approved architectural designs for the project; and</li>\r\n 	<li>A feasibility report.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nA consultation office, which has been accredited with the Organisation of Saudi Engineers and has no less than 3 years’ experience in construction and project management, will be required to supervise the project. The role of the consultation office shall include submitting quarterly technical reports to the Committee on the progress of the project and to provide a certificate, which has been notarised by the Chamber of Commerce, confirming the project has been completed.\r\n\r\n<strong>Marketing, advertising and displaying in property exhibitions</strong>\r\n\r\nNo marketing, advertising or exhibitions of real estate projects within the Kingdom are permitted, whether for projects based inside or outside the Kingdom, without the approval of the Committee.\r\n\r\nWhen applying for a marketing license, a marketer will need to provide the Committee with several documents which include a copy of the title deed, and a copy of the contract between the marketer and the developer. Where the project is outside the Kingdom, the marketer will also be required to provide a financial guarantee of 1% of the value of the project up to a value of SAR1 million for up to 3 months after the expiry of its license.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s real property team regularly assist developers and firms that market properties in KSA. For further information please contact Unkar Chanian (u.chanian@tamimi.com)'),
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(197398, 7206, 'content', 'Oil Revenues, Privatisation and the ‘New Normal’\r\n\r\nThe dramatic fall in oil prices between June 2014 and January 2016 saw the oil price crash from USD114 per barrel (p.b.) to a 30-year low of USD26 p.b. Inevitably, the oil price crash significantly restricted the ability of Gulf Co-operation Countries’ (GCC) governments to fund new infrastructure projects. Despite some more optimistic views from specific commentators, most expect oil to remain in the USD50-60 p.b. range for the medium term.\r\n\r\nIn response to the fiscal squeeze on public finances, finance ministries across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have increasingly sought to engage the private sector in designing, building, financing and operating public sector infrastructure and services.\r\n\r\nSince the mid-1990s countries in the MENA region have used private financing models. Prior to 2014, however, the majority of projects were limited to the utilities sector, mostly Independent Power Plants (IPPs) and Independent Water and Power Plants (IWPPs). IPPs and IWPPs have historically benefitted from special agreements to incentivise the provision of low cost energy.\r\n\r\nThe public private partnership model (PPP) in the GCC and wider MENA region is relatively young compared with the record of its use in the rest of the world. This article examines some of the challenges and opportunities arising in the projects and privatisation field in Oman in 2018 and beyond.\r\n\r\nOman’s response to the New Normal\r\n\r\nOman has not been immune from the oil price fluctuation having had a 2017 fiscal break-even position of USD79 p.b. With current nominal GDP of USD51.7bn, oil output of c. 952,000 barrels per day and inflation running at 0.3%, Oman started running a budget deficit of about 1% of GDP in 2014. The budget deficit rose to 21% of GDP by late 2016 before being brought down to around 13% in late 2017 due to fiscal consolidation and cost-cutting. Growth had slowed to 0.4% by late 2017 but is expected to recover to a forecasted 3.8% in 2018. Fiscal consolidation has seen the value of contracts awarded by the government roughly halve.\r\n\r\nLess rich in natural resource reserves than its GCC neighbours, Oman has had a long-standing commitment to economic diversification. The government also has an excellent record with IPPs and IWPPs, launching the GCC’s first IPP in 1994. Oman is, however, yet to deliver any major PPP scheme in any other sector.\r\n\r\nAccording to Oman’s 2018 national budget, oil prices, estimated at $50 p.b, will produce 70 per cent of the expected OMR12.5bn in revenues. Meanwhile it is envisaged the deficit will be kept at the same level as 2017 by increasing expenditure on important projects.\r\n\r\nFabio Scacciavillani, chief economist at the Oman Investment Fund has been quoted in Oman’s national press as saying:\r\n“The most important aspect of budget is that revenues and current expenditures are in line with each other or nearly the same. So borrowing is done only to implement infrastructure projects that will produce a return. This is applying the golden rule, that is, to pay for current expenditures from revenues, and pay for return yielding projects by financing it.”\r\nMr Scacciavillani added that Oman’s budget is not just prudent, but should reassure lenders that “you are not lending money, but financing growth, from which returns are evident.”\r\n\r\nSpecific opportunities\r\n\r\nIn January 2018 the Ministry of Finance of the Sultanate of Oman stated, in its detailed analysis of the budget, that six state-owned enterprises (SOEs) will be privatised this year. The relevant SOEs are currently carrying out projects worth OMR3bn (USD7.8bn). Those projects are in addition to the OMR2.7bn the government has set aside for the implementation of projects in the oil and gas, and infrastructure sectors.\r\n\r\nAround 11 public-private partnership projects valued at USD2bn are in different stages of planning and execution in Oman, according to recent research from the business intelligence firm MEED.\r\n\r\nFurther, the government’s Tanfeedh programme, seeks to ensure 80 per cent of funding from the private sector for 91 initiatives underway. Tanfeedh is Oman’s 9th Development Plan covering the period 2016 to 2020, focussing on five key strategic areas of: manufacturing; transport and logistics; tourism; fisheries; and mining. Tanfeedh has 121 projects and initiatives which are expected to generate USD40bn in investment opportunities, mainly from the private sector. While the details of which projects will be delivered by way of PPP are awaited, the Tanfeedh 2017 Handbook identifies three pilot projects: a mass housing project; public schools; and a hospital.\r\n\r\nMEED forecasts that in the period 2018 to 2021 project awards in Oman will rise from US13.3bn to US16.4bn (worst case scenario estimate USD9.6bn to US12.7bn, best case USD17.0bn to USD20.1bn).\r\n\r\nThe Oman projects pipeline breaks down approximately: 25% construction; 15% each of oil, chemical and water; 10% power; and in the region of 6% for each of industrial, gas and other.\r\n\r\nStructural challenges and the Oman opportunity\r\n\r\nInformed commentators will be aware that the GCC and MENA region can present legislative, capacity and political challenges which will need to be overcome if the region is to deliver its PPP plans.\r\n\r\nMEED Editorial Director Richard Thompson has commented that: “The rise in public-private partnerships over the past few years is one of the most strategically significant shifts in the business landscape of the Middle East since the nationalisation of the oil industry in the early 1970s.”\r\n\r\n“But it is not easy,” he added. “The transition from full government control to private-sector control requires a host of difficult changes to be implemented covering everything from the way entire industries are regulated, to how much things cost over, to who has the decision making authority. It requires new skills and technical capacity. And it requires not just a change in business models but also in the political mindset.”\r\n\r\nIn our view, Oman’s government remains a leader in the region in terms of commitment to continuous reforms to improve its business environment and attract ever more private sector investment. Oman is ranked fourth in the Arab world, at 71st globally, according to the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index. The government continues to work towards enacting a new Foreign Investment Law, A Public-Private Partnership Law and a Bankruptcy Law, all keenly anticipated by the domestic and wider business community.\r\n\r\nHis Majesty Sultan Qaboos has himself recently stated: “The private sector must play a greater role in supporting and diversifying the national economy. This should be done in concert and harmony with the efforts exerted by the government to stimulate domestic and foreign investment. It is to be done by establishing a new infrastructure; continuing to maintain the existing foundations upon which we have built; providing a wide range of services; improving the atmosphere of general investments; and instituting a programme of privatisation. This programme will help the continuation of economic growth, increase the efficiency of productivity and avoid monopolisation.”\r\n\r\n2018 Outlook\r\n\r\nWith growth forecast to return to the Oman economy in 2018 and oil prices stable, or possibly rising, projects and privatisation activity can be expected to rise and flourish in Oman in the short to medium term.\r\n\r\nWhile legislation can take time to come in to force in the Sultanate, the final results usually pay testament to the due consideration and attention that is paid to key legislative reform and development. Prime movers probably still have an opportunity to influence the new legislative framework in terms of ensuring it can accommodate all the optimal models of PPP suitable for the territory.\r\n\r\nWith its longstanding vision and discipline in terms of securing sustainable and responsible economic growth, pursuant to economic liberalisation in accordance with the national interest, and its commitment to fiscal control and privatisation, Oman may well be ‘one to watch in 2018’ for significant projects and privatisation investors.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s Oman Office team regularly advises on projects and privatisation matters in Oman. For further information please contact Richard Baxter (R.Baxter@tamimi.com) or Ahmed Al Barwani (A.AlBarwani@tamimi.com).'),
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(197449, 7207, 'content', 'In the first quarter of 2018, we have witnessed a lot of in activity involving power and water projects in the UAE. This article considers the recent activity, the existing legal framework and key legislative developments.\r\n\r\nPower &amp; Water Projects: Key recent activity\r\n\r\nLeading examples of key recent projects and pipeline activity include:\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>The Abu Dhabi Water &amp; Electricity Authority (ADWEA) has announced its intention to invite bidders for a second solar power plant in the middle of this year;</li>\r\n 	<li>Dubai Electricity &amp; Water Authority (DEWA) has awarded contracts to build a 40 million imperial gallons a day (MGD) desalination plant at Jebel Ali and for the fourth phase 815 megawatt expansion of the Al-Aweer H Station power plant;</li>\r\n 	<li>Financial close of the fourth phase of the Mohammed Bin Rashid Solar Park is expected to be completed in the first half of 2018;</li>\r\n 	<li>The Federal Electricity &amp; Water Authority (FEWA) has issued a request for proposal in relation to a proposed 45 million MGD desalination plant Umm Al Quwain; and</li>\r\n 	<li>The Sharjah Electricity &amp; Water Authority is also active in the planning of new power projects that will have private sector involvement.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThis action is a continuation of trend in the UAE of the development of power and water infrastructure to meet future demand, diversifying the energy mix into new areas such as nuclear and renewables and greater private sector participation in the delivery of new assets.\r\n\r\nCurrent legislative framework\r\n\r\nADWEA and Abu Dhabi have led the way involving the private sector in development of its power production capabilities since the introduction of Law No (2) of 1998 Concerning the Regulation of the Water and Electricity Sector, which introduced the independent power producer (IPP) model to the Emirate. Dubai introduced its own IPP regime via Dubai Law No. 6 of 2011. As a result of Abu Dhabi having undertaken the most IPP transactions the ‘Abu Dhabi’ model is looked to in practice as a basis for new greenfield transactions. This model provides government sponsors, project developers and financiers comfort that the broad framework of a transaction has been tested, implemented and accepted (or to use the industry term, is ‘bankable’).\r\n\r\nAbu Dhabi and Dubai also have regulatory regimes for captive commercial and industrial (C&amp;I) solar installations. These allow private businesses to generate solar power from panels installed on their premises for their own use with any surplus power feed back into the power grid with an offset against their power bills.\r\nNotwithstanding the dedicated legal frameworks, many other aspects of UAE law impact on the development IPP and C&amp;I solar projects. We now consider three developments under UAE law that could impact existing practice in this area.\r\n\r\nForeign ownership\r\n\r\nAt present, the Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 (“UAE Companies Law”) provides that any company established in the UAE (other than in free zones) must have one or more UAE partner holding at least 51% of the share capital of the company. The law only contemplates 100% foreign ownership in companies where there is either (i) a special federal law to that effect or (ii) a cabinet decision provides such an exemption.\r\n\r\nIn this area, UAE media has reported on announcements from the Ministry of Economy, as recent as October 2017, that a new UAE Federal Investment Law, which would allow 100% foreign ownership in certain sectors of the economy, is planned for 2018. It is not clear at this time which sectors of the economy would be covered under this proposed law but power generation could be a strong candidate with power distribution continuing to be the monopoly of the respective Emirate electricity &amp; water authorities (EWAs).\r\n\r\nIn practice, the 51% local ownership requirement is met by the applicable EWA taking an ownership stake in the project company of an equivalent or greater share. IPPs are predominantly financed by a syndicate of financial institutions and can be significantly leveraged given the long-term and assured revenue generating nature of power assets. However, banks will not fully finance a project meaning the EWA must make a material equity contribution to fund the project. By allowing greater foreign ownership in the power generation sector, this would reduce the financial burden on Emirate governments and allow the private sector to assume the risk (it is estimated that the UAE plans to invest USD 272bn by the year 2050 to meet energy demand).\r\n\r\nThe IPP law in each Emirate has varying degrees of flexibility to allow for foreign ownership. For example, neither the Abu Dhabi or Dubai laws mandate a minimum local ownership requirement and the ordinary position in the UAE Companies Law implicitly applies. The Dubai law expressly contemplates that DEWA is to establish joint ventures with third parties without expressing what its ownership would be. In contrast, the Abu Dhabi law does not specify that a joint venture must be formed with an ADWEA company. The FEWA position is the same. As no minimum equity stake by the EWA is mandated, any relaxation under a UAE Federal Investment Law would make greater private sector involvement possible. IPPs in the UAE may become even more demand as the potential commercial returns increase to private investors.\r\n\r\nIn the C&amp;I solar space, the Dubai and Abu Dhabi framework imposes specific local licensing requirements on the entity that carries out the design of C&amp;I system and the contractor that carries out the works to construct and install the C&amp;I system. Unless a foreign branch can be established, non-UAE entities that specialise in this area must establish a joint venture with a local partner. If a new UAE Federal Investment Law allowed 100% foreign ownership in this sector, greater foreign investment may also follow.\r\nMovable Assets Security Law\r\n\r\nUAE Federal Law No. (20) of 2016 on the Mortgage of Movable Property to Secure a Debt (“Movable Assets Security Law”) came into force on 16 March 2017. Broadly the Movable Assets Security Law does two things: it sets out a new regime for creation of security over movable assets; and it sets up a public security register for that security. Earlier articles in Law Update in Issues 296 and 303 have detailed the key changes and benefits that this law should bring to the UAE.\r\n\r\nThe particular impact it may have on IPP transactions is the potential for an “all assets” security under the Moveable Assets Security Law to replace the commercial business mortgage—a form of security contemplated by Federal Law 18 of 1993 (commonly referred to as the “Commercial Transactions Law”) which grants security over a commercial company’s existing tangible and intangible assets. The commercial business mortgage is not widely employed due to the cost and complexity of the perfection process. However, it is a standard feature of IPP transactions to ensure financiers are fully secured. Security under the Moveable Assets Security Law would have an equivalent scope to the commercial business mortgage but has the advantages of a low cost and simple registration process and “self-help” enforcement rights which commercial business mortgage does not provide. Of course, the Moveable Assets Security Law does not replace the existing methods. Therefore commercial business mortgages remain possible and a valid method to create security. Until the regulations for this law have been issued and the security register becoming operational, we expect the commercial business mortgage will continue to be the security of choice for IPP transactions.\r\n\r\nThe Moveable Assets Security Law would also allow specific security to be taken over C&amp;I solar equipment. This means C&amp;I suppliers could supply equipment on deferred payment terms or financiers could provide dedicated lending for the acquisition of the equipment, better enabling customers to afford installation. The self-help remedies provided under the law give a new and distinct advantage that is not available under an ordinary pledge of goods under the UAE Civil Code, which requires enforcement via the courts meaning there is a significant risk of delay and diminution in the value of assets. Consequently under the Moveable Assets Security Law, suppliers or financiers should have the necessary tools to undertake rapid enforcement and the recovery and redeployment of assets. The law also permits registration of operating leases of movable assets that have a term of more than one year. Accordingly, where C&amp;I solar equipment that is structured as an operational lease the interest can be registered and the lessor can take advantage of the enforcement provisions provided in the law.\r\n\r\nFinancial leasing law\r\n\r\nIt was announced in January 2018 that the UAE’s Federal National Council approved a draft law regulating finance leases. We understand the law will apply to leasing of property that, at the end, provides an option for the lessee to acquire the property at the end of the lease. Information that it is publicly available on the law makes clear that the lessor will need to be licensed by the Central Bank of the UAE to undertake financial leasing activities.\r\n\r\nThe need for a licence from the Central Bank is likely to impact UAE businesses that lease equipment with a buy option included (for example in car leasing or C&amp;I solar equipment). However, it may also provide new opportunities. For example, in IPP solar transactions the developer acquires the relevant solar panels and related gear. The developer could instead lease the equipment. Banks could also procure the necessary licence and become lessors of equipment, as an extension of their asset financing operations, in either IPP or C&amp;I solar projects.\r\nOnce the law becomes public, it can be scrutinised further to understand its likely impact in this area and on other laws. For example, the law will need to be read together with the Movable Assets Security Law as there is a possibility for overlap given both laws deal with a party’s interest in movable property (including by way of lease) and rights that arise as a consequence. We will publish a more detailed article on the law’s content and its effect on the finance lease industry generally in the UAE when it is available.\r\n\r\nMeet the new laws\r\n\r\nPower and water infrastructure projects will continue to grow apace as the UAE looks to fulfil expected future demand. Current laws already allow bankable IPP and C&amp;I projects to be implemented. However, the new laws planned, drafted or enacted mentioned in this article will further support implementation of new projects by providing greater opportunity for foreign investment and for deal and financing structures to evolve.\r\n\r\nMark Brown regularly advises lenders and power generation companies on projects in the UAE. For further information please contact Mark Brown (m.brown@tamimi.com).'),
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(197502, 7208, 'content', 'Egypt has a well-established system of free zones, overseen primarily by the General Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI). The country’s various zones have a wide range of different sector focuses. The Media Public Free Zone, in suburban Cairo, for example, hosts radio and television companies, while the Shebin El Kom Public Free Zone is mostly populated by the textile spinning and weaving industry. Other zones include those in Port Said, Alexandria, Nasr, Suez, Ismailia and Damietta.\r\n\r\nIn addition to free zones system, Egypt introduced more investment opportunities by creating the new special economic zones under the Special Economic Zones Law No. 83 of 2002. This article intends to give an overview of the law and the economic zones created to date.\r\n\r\nThe Special Economic Zones Law No. 83 of 2002 (“the SEZ Law”)\r\n\r\nThe SEZ Law aims at creating special economic zones to serve as international business hubs. It also aims at utilizing both national and foreign investment to develop industries and exports in order to earn foreign currency, as well as developing new and high technology industries. The economic zones will have a positive social impact through generating thousands of new employment opportunities. The SEZ Law stipulates a number of incentives and guarantees to spur investments and labour opportunities in the country. The following diagram explains in a nutshell the types of incentives and guarantees introduced by the Law:\r\n\r\nThe SEZ Law is based on the concept of a one-stop shop, providing the establishment of a sole governing body (i.e. the Economic Zone Authority) overseeing investment matters within each zone. This body is competent to carry all government mandates and issue required licences. It provides simplified taxation and customs systems and removes restrictions on foreign ownership. In addition, the law sets out efficient licensing procedures and effective frameworks for the resolution of disputes.\r\n\r\nUp to now, only two special economic zones have been established under the SEZ Law: the Suez Canal Special Economic Zone (SCZone), which was established in 2015, and the second the Golden Triangle Economic Zone (GTZone), established in late 2017.\r\n\r\nThe Special Economic Zones\r\n\r\n1. The Suez Canal Economic Zone (SCZone)\r\nThe SCZone is a premier services and trade hub offering investment opportunities in various economic sectors including logistics, industry, ICT, renewable energy, business parks and real estate developments as well as infrastructure services and transport links developments. Its target industries include automotive assembly and components, chemicals and petrochemicals, construction and building materials, textile and readymade garments, and agribusiness and food processing.\r\n\r\nThe SCZone resides along the banks of the newly-expanded Suez Canal, connecting two oceans and two seas. More than 8% of global trade passes through the canal every year. The strategic location of SCZone on the main trade route between Europe and South Asia permits it to offer competitive production cost and makes it the most comprehensive market access programme in the region.\r\n\r\nSpanning 461 km2, the SCZone has four unique zones and six strategically-located ports. The four zones are:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>Ain Sokhna, set aside for heavy industry and renewable energy manufacturing (being near Egypt’s windiest region);</li>\r\n 	<li>East Port Said, allocated to light industry and logistics;</li>\r\n 	<li>Qantara West, a coastal area reserved for logistics; and</li>\r\n 	<li>East Ismailia, targeted at agri-business, textiles and ICT industries.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe six ports are at East and West Port Said; Ain Sokhna; Adabiya; Al Tor; and Al Arish. The planned expansions of these ports will increase their capacity for handling maritime traffic and for offering related services such as shipbuilding, stevedoring, bunkering, vessel scrapping, and recycling.\r\n\r\nAll SCZone investors benefit from a one-stop shop to streamline the registration, licensing and granting of permits in the form of the Suez Canal Economic Development General Authority. The SCZone Authority has been given autonomy over all matters in the zone except national security. Accordingly, investors may count on it for licensing, tax collection and utilities provision.\r\n\r\nSince its establishment, SCZone has already attracted a number of investors. For instance, China’s Tianjin Economic-Technical Development Area (TEDA) Corporation, a Chinese state-owned entity that specialises in developing free zones in China, entered into an agreement with the SCZone Authority. In addition, the Chinese company Jushi signed a contract for planned expansions by the company in Ain Sokhna zone with an investment of US$60 million in an area of 90,000 square meters.\r\nIn January 2016, 32 Chinese companies started operating in SCZone, with a total investment of $400 million. In this regard, the Chinese President announced that the Chinese government would be investing up to $2.5 billion in 100 companies in SCZone.\r\n\r\nThe Russian government has also confirmed investment and started developments amounting to $107.8 million spread across 398 companies in engineering, machinery, shipbuilding and food near East Port Said.\r\n\r\nDuring the World Youth Forum in Sharm El-Sheikh, the SCZone Authority signed seven contracts with several international companies. The deals include a $3.5 billion contract with a consortium of real estate companies for the industrial development of 5.5 million square meters of land in Ain Sokhna.\r\n\r\nAn agreement was also signed for the $500 million financing of the Sonker Bunkering Company and DP World Sokhna’s liquid bulk terminal at Port Ain Sokhna. The terminal will be used to import and store gasoil and liquefied petroleum gas in the third basin of Port Ain Sokhna. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation and CIB announced in 2016 that they were providing $341 million of the project’s cost to Sonker.\r\n\r\nA number of UAE investors have also invested in SCZone. In November 2017, DP World entered into a partnership agreement with the SCZone Authority to develop an integrated industrial and residential project at Sokhna. The agreement will establish a joint venture between SCZone (51%) and DP World (49%) with DP World managing the zone; it is projected to start in the first quarter of 2018.\r\n\r\n2. The Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GTZone)\r\nThe Golden Triangle is the second economic zone created by the Egyptian government after the SCZone. Presidential Decree No. 341/2017 established the Golden Triangle Economic Zone in Upper Egypt (in the Al Qoseer - Safaga - Qena – Qeft region) as an economic zone of a special nature. Spanning 2,228,754.25 feddan (over 2 million acres), the GTZone is expected to lead to substantial investments in Upper Egypt, especially in the fields of mining, general industry and the tourism sector. According to the government’s announced plans, 65% of the project will be composed of modern industrial hubs whilst 35% will be residential, commercial, and touristic.\r\n\r\nThe GTZone already has basic infrastructure including railroads between Qina and Safaga; three ports, at Qusayr, Safaga, and Al Hamrawen; three airports, Luxor, Hurghada, and Marsa Alam; and numerous main roads including Safaga-Qina, Qusayr-Koft, Marsa Alam-Edfo and the Red Sea Road. These are predicted to assist the swift development of the economic zone.\r\nThe area between Qusayr, Safaga, and Qina is filled with untapped mineral wealth, including limestone, phosphate rocks, glass sand, shale rocks, and gold. Existing residential cities are available to increase labour and housing capacities. The area can also be developed into a tourist destination, with beaches in Safaga and Qusayr, or the areas nearby in Hurghada, El Gouna, and Marsa Alam.\r\n\r\nOn 16 August 16 2017, the Prime Minister issued Decree no. 1788 of 2017 establishing the General Authority for the GTZone (GTZone Authority) as the regulatory authority responsible for administering the zone, and having its headquarter in Safaga.\r\n\r\nImmediately after the establishment of the GTZone, Safaga issued tenders for infrastructure developments, including desalination projects and power generation projects funded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) to develop the region.\r\n\r\nThe Safaga desalination project is under the Public Private Partnership program developed by the Egyptian Government. The Safaga desalination project is expected to have an investment cost worth EGP 450 million. Another desalination project in Hurghada was also launched with estimated investment cost of around USD 52 million.\r\n\r\nThe Safaga mining port, which is expected to have vessel capacity of 60,000 tons, has issued a tender for development of an industrial port focusing on mining. The first phase of the project is the construction of the infrastructure necessary to expand the port and its activities. The second phase will involve the operational aspect of the port. The project is estimated to have an investment cost of EGP 3.8 billion, with the EBRD to finance consultancy, and the International Finance Cooperation (IFC) as the transaction advisor.\r\n\r\nIn conclusion, with all these developments taking place in Egypt, we expect a flow of foreign direct investment over the coming years to grasp the investment opportunities offered in the several mega projects introduced by the Egyptian government.\r\n\r\nFor further information please contact Chahira Bacha c.bacha@tamimi.com or Khaled Attia k.attia@tamimi.com.'),
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(197553, 7209, 'content', 'Anyone who has travelled to Qatar over the last few years will have witnessed the huge infrastructure projects that have been completed or are under construction. From the new Hamad International Airport, the dramatic road upgrade programme, to the new metro rail system - transport in Qatar is being transformed. Winning the 2022 FIFA World Cup bid has not only generated a great number of construction projects directly, with entirely new or upgraded stadiums being built, but has acted as a spur to improve infrastructure and transport links. On top of this, there is a huge amount of residential and commercial property being constructed, from the Musharib regeneration project in downtown Doha, the Motor City complex within touching distance of the KSA border, to the continued growth of the Pearl, the upscale waterfront community. So, there are a great deal of projects going on, but what about finance? How are all of these works funded?\r\n\r\nAs with many things in Qatar at present, the political situation is influencing the availability of finance. Up until June 2017 there were a number of regional lenders that were providing finance to institutions in Qatar to help fund construction projects. Whilst several banks headquartered in other GCC countries remain active in Qatar, local financial institutions have become more prominent in providing finance to projects in the country, funded in certain cases via well-publicized debt raisings on the international money markets. There are frequent announcements in the local press about lenders such as Qatar National Bank, Qatar Islamic Bank and Qatar International Islamic Bank providing financing for specific construction projects, and billboards at building sites around the country proudly announce lenders’ involvements in the schemes.\r\n\r\nThere remains an active market for project finance in Qatar. Whilst the collapse of the UK construction giant Carillion, which operates in Qatar, has brought some less welcome news, the fact that the Musharib project that it was involved with continues apace demonstrates the resilience of the local economy. As a firm we currently act for a large number of major construction companies active in Qatar, and the number of inquiries received from construction and construction support companies based in Europe and Asia looking to establish a presence Qatar demonstrates the attractiveness of the market.\r\n\r\nFrom a legal perspective, it interesting to see the form of legal and funding structures being used to undertake projects in Qatar. There is no direct equivalent of the European-style public / private finance arrangements where a government entity will contract with a private sector company to procure services over the lifetime of a contract, perhaps up to 25 years. On the back of this contract the private sector company, which will provide the service, is able to secure financing to build the road or hospital or other infrastructure, servicing the debt with the income received from the government. The closest equivalent is a company established under Article 207 of the Civil Code (formerly Article 68 under the previous law) which enables the government or a government entity (or a foreign entity together with the government or a government entity) to establish a private company. These companies can contract out of the provisions of the Companies Law, making them an attractive structure. That said, the role of the government in such an enterprise clearly precludes this structure for entirely private arrangements.\r\n\r\nA more common structure for private contracting partners in Qatar is the joint venture. As explained in previous editions of the Law Update, there is a great deal of flexibility afforded to a JV arrangement in Qatar as it allows entities even without a formal presence in the country to operate through the JV. Many construction and infrastructure companies operate via the JV route to allow a marriage of expertise and skills, with JVs frequently established on a project-by-project basis. From a financing perspective, the JV arrangement should be robust enough to be bankable, though lenders will often require parent company guarantees to support the obligations of the JV together with performance bonds from a financial institution (note the commentary in the press recently about the performance bonds issued on behalf of Carillion in Qatar). The exact allocation of risk can then be contracted between the JV partners.\r\n\r\nIn terms of the actual form that project financing takes in Qatar, rather like the JVs it more often than not done on a project-by-project basis. The funding could, for example, support construction of an individual building such as one of the new residential towers being erected around Doha, or funding might be provided for a broader project such as parts of the Musharib redevelopment. The same fundamentals of lending apply: how much is needed and for how long, and what underlying or projected cashflows will underpin repayment of the loans. Qatar has a sophisticated finance sector with some very experienced bankers, with the increasing role of local lenders helping to further burnish the experience of the local sector.\r\n\r\nThere are challenges facing the local and regional economies, but the upcoming World Cup and the firm commitment from the government to infrastructure upgrading in Qatar means that the sector should remain buoyant for the foreseeable future. Essential to that is the continued availability of funding. It is likely that certain banks will have a diminishing profile going forward, but the appetite for financing from key lenders in the Qatar market means that there should remain liquidity to finance these projects. The flexibility afforded by the company law in Qatar means that there are various means by which sponsors and borrowers can offer comfort to lenders and make projects bankable, even with more stringent credit conditions, which seem likely to apply given the pressures on the economy.\r\n\r\nSo next time you are transferring flights in Doha or are on the new expressway to view a newly built apartment at the Pearl or having a meeting in Musharib (once complete), give some thought to the financing that helped fund the rapidly changing environment in Qatar.'),
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(197604, 7210, 'content', 'With the rapid growth of the derivatives market through the late ‘90s and early 2000s and reaching a unprecedented approximate of $542 trillion in 2017, it may be deemed simply prudish to allow the definition of a derivative as a “financial weapon of mass destruction” without having explicating on what heaves derivatives into this category. Former Chairman of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Arthur Leavitt in the 1995 IDB/ISDA Conference held in Washington D.C described derivatives as “something like electricity; dangerous if mishandled, but bearing the potential to do good” and it is with this common sentiment that it has been a prime focal point for international regulator, The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) to ensure precautionary mechanics are placed in a bid to minimise the prevalent risks associated with such financial instruments.\r\n\r\nISDA provides the standard documentary formalities for swaps and derivatives. The use of the ISDA documentation in order to effectuate such derivative transactions is customary in Kuwait. ISDA documentation generally consists of the ISDA Master Agreement (the “Master Agreement”), the ISDA Schedule and the ISDA Confirmation.\r\n\r\nGiven the high-risk of over the counter derivatives, many parties employ, what is called, the Credit Support Annex (the “CSA”) in order to provide themselves with more credit protection. More specifically the CSA allows a means of transfer of collateral by a counterparty. The CSA is supplemental to the Master Agreement and does not create a security interest in the collateral, but rather places an obligation on the collateral provider (known as a “Transferor” under the CSA) to transfer the relevant collateral to the counterparty to the transaction (known as a “Transferee”).\r\n\r\nThe collateral (identified as the “Eligible Credit Support”) may take the form of cash or securities and must be in an amount and form sufficient to satisfy the requirements listed under the respective CSA. The type of Eligible Credit Support that a party is willing to accept will be detailed in Paragraph 11 of the CSA itself and it is worth noting that the CSA also details the precise mechanics pertaining to the manner in which the Eligible Credit Support will be posted.\r\n\r\nSince the CSA is deemed a bilateral agreement, any amendments to and elections under it are made primarily pursuant to Paragraph 11 of the CSA. While the CSA affords the swap counterparties considerable freedom to amend the exact mechanics in Paragraph 11, the basic principle is that collateral calls and returns are calculated on a mark-to-market basis and determined on specific valuation dates (usually daily or weekly).\r\n\r\nWe believe the laws of Kuwait would characterize each transfer of Eligible Credit Support as effecting an unconditional transfer of ownership in the assets transferred. Notwithstanding the same, we would draw some caution to the fact that Kuwaiti laws do not specifically address the issue of how the transactions delineated in the CSA would be characterized. There is certain speculation, specifically in that there is some risk that such transfer may be re-characterized as ‘creating a security interest.’ It is our opinion that pursuant to the laws of Kuwait each transfer of Eligible Credit Support would be characterised as ‘effecting an unconditional transfer of ownership in the assets transferred.’ Pursuant to the terms of the CSA, and as a matter of English law, transfers of Eligible Credit Support involve an outright transfer of title, free and clear of any liens, claims, charges or encumbrances or any other interest of the transferring party or of any third person. Therefore, if an event of default exists under an Master Agreement, an amount equal to the value of the relevant credit support balance is deemed to be an unpaid amount under the Master Agreement and therefore is taken into account for purposes of determining the amount due upon close-out of the respective transactions.\r\n\r\nBased on the foregoing, in our opinion the risk of re-characterization is remote. Given the language of the CSA (particularly referencing paragraph 5(b) of the CSA), whereby it is made clear that the Transferee receives the Eligible Credit Support free and clear from all restriction and that the intention of the parties is, in essence, a “true sale,” and that no security interest is created by virtue of the transfer. Furthermore, such transactions do not correspond with the form of security interests as the same are outlined in Kuwaiti law. We do not believe there exists means to further reduce such risk, specifically in terms of making any amendments to the CSA, since the CSA includes an express provision indicating the transactions contemplated thereby would not constitute a mortgage, encumbrance or other security interest and in doing so it essentially provides for this.\r\n\r\n\r\nOur analysis stands on the assumption that the Eligible Credit Support would be restricted to cash, which is located outside of Kuwait, in addition to foreign issued securities. It is worth noting that there may be limitations under Kuwaiti laws, in substituting the respective Eligible Credit Support if the same includes Kuwaiti collateral. In our experience, Eligible Credit Support in the Kuwait market primarily consists of cash and not securities. Generally, local securities are not used as Eligible Credit Support due to the formalities associated with the transfer of such securities. In a bid to avoid such obstacles, local banks are now leaning more toward the use of an ISDA Credit Support Deed, which calls for the perfection of collateral rather than an outright transfer of title.\r\n\r\nNotwithstanding the above, in the instance that a Kuwaiti court does re-characterize the Eligible Credit Support as creating a security interest, Kuwaiti bankruptcy and insolvency law will apply (i.e. the collateral will be subject to the relevant Kuwaiti bankruptcy court’s discretion and may be set aside by the court).\r\n\r\nAnother consequence of a re-characterization would be the potential application of Kuwaiti law relating to the creation and validity of the security interest. In other words, in the event of bankruptcy of a Counterparty, the collateral will be evaluated by a Kuwaiti bankruptcy court to confirm whether or not the collateral underwent the formal steps required to create a security interest in Kuwait. If the Kuwaiti bankruptcy court finds that such collateral did not undergo the formal steps required to create a valid security interest, it will also find the collateral to be subject to set aside.\r\n\r\nGiven the importance of the derivatives market in international financial sphere, coupled with the GCC’s proliferated use of derivatives products, we expect that Kuwait, in a bid to strengthen and further develop its financial sector, shall continue to grow in accommodating the sophisticated mechanics that such products entail. It is inevitable that in the emergent use of derivatives products, it shall become more incumbent on GCC parties to further avail themselves of the security that is provided by the Credit Support Annex, in order to mitigate the prevalent risks associated with such financial instruments.\r\n\r\nFor further information, please contact Sadie Hussain (s.hussain@tamimi.com) or Abdullah Masud (a.masud@tamimi.com).'),
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(203447, 7291, 'content', 'Al Tamimi &amp; Company (“<strong>Al Tamimi</strong>”) are delighted to have assisted the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (“<strong>RERA</strong>”) in the drafting of the implementing regulations (“<strong>Resolutions</strong>”) in line with Law 27 of 2017, Concerning the Promulgation of the Real Estate Sector Regulation Law (“<strong>New Law</strong>”).\r\n\r\nRERA was established in October 2017 to improve real estate regulation throughout Bahrain and stimulate investment opportunities within the sector.  The Board of Directors was duly appointed with HE Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa bin Abdulla Al Khalifa appointed as Chief Executive Officer.\r\n\r\nThe New Law, together with the Resolutions, will provide comprehensive legislation for the real estate sector in Bahrain. The establishment of RERA creates the necessary government authority to implement the New Law, with such regulation providing greater structure to and confidence in the real estate market.\r\n\r\nHE Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa bin Abdulla Al Khalifa, CEO of RERA, commented: “<em>Al Tamimi have worked tirelessly with RERA since their appointment in drafting the Resolutions and providing their legal and regional experience. RERA looks forward to continuing to work with Al Tamimi in the years to come</em>”.\r\n\r\nTara Marlow, Partner &amp; Head of Al Tamimi’s Real Estate practice, added: <em>“The real estate sector in Bahrain is continuing to develop and mature. We are delighted to be part of this important project and the exciting future of Bahrain’s real estate market”</em>.\r\n\r\nPartner &amp; Head of Office – Bahrain, Foutoun Hajjar, added, <em>“We </em><em>would like to take this opportunity to congratulate RERA in its successful operational launch on 01 March 2018, and look forward to supporting them with continued efforts to enhance efficiency and further stability in the real estate sector”</em>.\r\n\r\n<strong>Foutoun Hajjar</strong>\r\n\r\nPartner, Head of Office - Bahrain\r\n\r\n<a href=\"mailto:f.hajjar@tamimi.com\">f.hajjar@tamimi.com</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohammed Kawasmi</strong>\r\n\r\nPartner, Real Estate\r\n\r\n<a href=\"mailto:m.kawasmi@tamimi.com\">m.kawasmi@tamimi.com</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Unkar Chanian</strong>\r\n\r\nSenior Associate, Real Estate\r\n\r\n<a href=\"mailto:r.eltreki@tamimi.com\">u.chanian@tamimi.com</a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSource: Zawya: <a href=\"https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/story/Al_Tamimi__Company_support_a_new_era_by_drafting_implementing_regulations_for_real_estate_sector_in_Bahrain-ZAWYA20180417064806/\">Al Tamimi &amp; Company support a new era by drafting implementing regulations for real estate sector in Bahrain</a>'),
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(197708, 7212, 'content', 'Over the past few years, there has been a noted surge in the development and construction of gated communities in Jordan, including in particular, the development of new urban areas on the peripheries of the cities of Jordan, and the further expansion of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (Jordan’s main port).\r\n\r\nIn light of said developments, there has been a noted demand to modernise the existing real estate laws of Jordan, to better accommodate for large-scale development projects. One such initiative has been the proposal of a new draft bill, the Jordanian Buildings and Real Estate Communities and their Development Law (the “Proposed Real Estate Communities Law”) in 2015, and which is currently under review by the Jordanian Government. The Proposed Real Estate Communities Law aims to provide a governing framework that will regulate the rights and obligations of project developers and owners of real estate units respectively, in order to ensure the sustainability of an integrated real estate development project, the proper management and maintenance of its common parts and the provision of services to the projects.\r\n\r\nThis article will discuss certain aspects of the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law and its expected impact on the governance of gated communities and other large developments in Jordan. It is to be noted that, whilst the current legal framework serves a beneficial purpose of regulating general matters regarding ownership and control of flats and similar fixtures, attempting to deal with the regulation of gated communities under the umbrella of flats and apartments, as provided for under the current legal regime, is likely to continue to yield undesirable results. Therefore, a law specific to gated communities should be enacted to better accommodate for matters such as shared facilities and the provision of services.\r\n\r\n<strong>Current Legal Framework</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Jordanian Ownership of Floors and Units Law No. 25 of 1968 (the “Apartments Law”) regulates the ownership and rental of units and floors within apartment buildings.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Importantly, the Apartments Law provides the following:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>It makes it obligatory for any building having more than four floors or units to form an Owners’ Association for the management of the common parts of the building, and provides for the possibility of forming an Owners’ Association if the building has less than four floors or units (should the owners so wish);</li>\r\n 	<li>It requires the Owners’ Association to adopt by-laws for the management of the building, to be certified by a Notary Public and to deposit the same at the relevant Land Registration Department (along with the building plans);</li>\r\n 	<li>It defines the approval process in relation to making alterations to the internal and external fixtures of the building, and the erection of additional floors that may affect the overall appearance of said fixtures, as well as providing for the management and maintenance of common parts of the building,\r\nIt is worth noting that the definition of “common parts” under the Apartments Law covers such matters as the foundations, walls, pipes, ventilation, cooling and heating systems of a “building”; so that it is questionable whether said requirements would also cover the maintenance of internal sidewalks (including street lamps and lighting), parks, swimming pools, gyms, and other facilities more commonly found in a gated community.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nAn interesting feature of the current Apartments Law is that it grants homeowners, through the Owners’ Association, complete autonomy to make decisions affecting their property. Whilst such autonomy is preferable in the context of a small, residential building, the current Apartments Law does not seem to take into account the interests of other stakeholders in gated communities, including developers and investors.\r\n\r\nIn addition, from a commercial standpoint, the services available (and the fees associated with such services) at a real estate community are an important asset that home buyers and owners look to when considering investing in real estate complex projects. Whilst the management of such services and the due allocation of service fees may be regulated fully at the Owners’ Association level in the context of a smaller building, the provision of such services in gated communities requires greater transparency, and which is only attainable through high regulation. Service fees should cover only actual expenses incurred in the maintenance of public and shared spaces and faculties, and be subject to periodic review.\r\n\r\nIn such a context, we will look at the main changes suggested to be introduced by the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law.\r\n\r\n<strong>Establishment of Higher Board for Buildings and Real Estate Communities\r\n</strong>\r\nThe Proposed Real Estate Communities Law provides for the establishment of a Higher Board for Buildings and Real Estate Communities. The composition of the Higher Board shall be formed from representatives of the Ministry of Finance, the Land and Survey Department, the relevant municipality, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, and private stakeholders to be nominated by the Council of Ministers, amongst others.\r\n<strong>\r\n</strong>\r\n\r\nOnce established, the Higher Board is granted authority to govern the real estate communities sector, with the purpose of protecting buyers and the national economy, as well as developing the real estate sector and promoting investments. As part of its activities, the Higher Board shall enter into development agreements with developers in connection with gated communities, as well as adopt templates for Promises to Sell, By-Laws for the Management of Real Estate Communities and other related documentation,\r\n\r\n<strong>Regulation of Different Forms of Establishment</strong>\r\n\r\nUnder the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law, the legislature has recognised for the first time different types of establishments, including, buildings, towers, units, independent units and real estate complexes (gated communities); each deserving its own regulation in accordance with its unique characteristics.\r\n\r\nIn the context of gated communities, upon the recommendation of the Higher Board for Buildings and Real Estate Communities, the Council of Ministers shall designate certain establishments or projects as “real estate complexes (communities).”\r\n\r\nIf so designated, the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law provides for the establishment of two managerial bodies, the Owners’ Association and the Owners’ Union, who are responsible for the workings of the gated community of which they form a part, under the overreaching supervision of the Higher Board.\r\n\r\nThe Owners’ Association consists of all unit holders of a single building or tower (located within a real estate community), and are responsible for the common spaces of the said building or tower. The Owners’ Union, however, consists of all representatives of each respective Owners’ Association, as well as the owners of the independent units located within the same community.\r\n\r\nThe Owners’ Association is the sole legal owner of, and shall be granted full responsibility for, the entire infrastructure and superstructure of the real estate community. This includes streets, sidewalks, gates, public spaces, and gardens, as well as water, electricity and other facilities. The management and usage of the infrastructure and superstructures shall be fully tasked to the Owners’ Association, provided such infrastructure and superstructure is common to all unit holders having been established fully at the expense of the developer or the Owners (taken as a whole).\r\n\r\nArticle 15 of the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law will facilitate these tasks by providing that each of the Owners’ Association and the Owners’ Union shall have its own moral personality and an independent financial edifice to manage the real estate community.\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>In terms of representation on the Owners’ Association and the Owners’ Union respectively, the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law provides for two welcome developments: \'</li>\r\n 	<li>It recognizes that an “owner” may be a real estate developer or real estate investor of units or independent units which have not been sold; and\r\nIt provides that each owner shall have a right to vote at a general assembly meeting of the Owners’ Association, pursuant to the area of their respective unit as against the total area of the building or tower. Similarly, a representative of each Owners’ Association and the owner of an independent unit shall be entitled to vote at a general assembly meeting of the Owners’ Union, in accordance with the area of their respective tower, building, or independent unit to the total area of the gated community (other than the common parts).\r\nSuch a development is welcome, as it recognises that owners, who have invested a larger stake in the gated community, should in turn be granted greater voting rights in the Owners’ Association and Owners’ Union. This is in contrast to the previous regime under the Apartments Law, and where generally, each unit holder was entitled to one vote, irrespective of the area of the unit.</li>\r\n 	<li>In order to ensure that all parties have a say in the management of the gated community, the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law dictates that in the event that a single member owns more than 50% of the aggregate area of the gated community (other than the common parts), his vote shall be limited so as to equal the total number of votes held by the other members.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<strong>Insurance Requirements, and Allocation of Risk</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Proposed Real Estate Communities Law requires the Owners’ Association and the Owners’ Union to insure their respective properties against all risks, including the risk of total or partial loss and fire hazards, and wherein, beneficiaries of the insurance policy shall be the Owners’ Association and the Owners’ Union (as applicable).\r\n\r\nThe mandatory insurance requirements aside, the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law places responsibility on the real estate developer or the real estate investor, jointly and severally with the contractor, for any partial destruction, structural defect or damage to any of the units they sell and all related areas, for a period of 10 years from the date of development. Such liability supplements any liability arising under contract, as well as the decennial liability already imposed on contractors and/or engineers by virtue of the Jordanian Civil Code.\r\n\r\n<strong>Other Developments</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Proposed Real Estate Communities Law also introduces further changes to the current regime, including without limitation:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li>Defining guidelines to be adopted by developers with respect to maintaining project accounts and financing their projects;</li>\r\n 	<li>Introducing time limits during which units must be delivered, and</li>\r\n 	<li>Enacting specific provisions regulating parking lots, and the possibility of selling a parking unit independent of the gated community.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<strong>Conclusion</strong>\r\n\r\nThe current Apartments Law has been in force since the 1960s. And whilst it has adequately regulated the management of more traditional buildings; however, as times have changed, the scope and nature of real estate projects has expanded, requiring a new set of regulatory rules that will accommodate the evolving track of real estate projects in the 21st century.\r\n\r\nThe Proposed Real Estate Communities Law, if implemented, would introduce more structured regulation that would better appeal to foreign buyers, investors and developers alike. This is especially critical on account of the fact that the Jordanian market has faced economic difficulties in recent years. From the developers’ perspective, the Proposed Real Estate Communities Law recognises, for the first time, the developer or the investor as an independent stakeholder in its own right, whilst, granting home owners an established say, not only in the common parts of the building but also in the management of the wider gated community.\r\n\r\nAl Tamimi &amp; Company’s Real Estate team regularly advises on gated communities. For further information please contact Dana Abduljaleel at D.Abduljaleel@tamimi.com or Rama Za’tara at R.Zatara@tamimi.com.'),
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(198271, 7234, 'content', '<strong>Investment in technology</strong>\r\n\r\nAccording to a report from the Communications and Information Technology Commissions (CITC) as of 2014, information and communication technology (ICT) investments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia totalled SAR 17.83 billion ($4.75bn). A large proportion of this investment is being made in both third party software as well as systems developed in-house.\r\n\r\nThe Kingdom, similar to the rest of the GCC, has a well-established ICT market across a number of key industries. Given that organisations are spending so much on their business software, it is critical to consider how the Kingdom’s organisations can protect such investments to ensure a confident, consistent and robust approach to risk mitigation for technology use. Across different sectors, protecting these software investments is increasingly important to safeguard critical national infrastructure, support the growth of the FinTech economy, and meet financial regulatory requirements.\r\n\r\n<strong>Infrastructure projects</strong>\r\n\r\nInfrastructure projects within the Kingdom are at an all-time high with mega-projects becoming heavily reliant on technology. In line with the Kingdom’s Vision 2030, tech-initiatives are in place not only for the implementation process but also to realize on-going running of services like trains and metro systems. A system such as Riyadh Metro highlights how central software has become to these large scale infrastructure projects. The planned six-line, 85 station metro network, will require a whole host of complex systems to run metro services such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), communications and CCTV, with any loss of these services being catastrophic.\r\n\r\n<strong>FinTech growth</strong>\r\n\r\nFinTech currently sits within the financial services and technology sectors, where tech-focussed start-ups and innovative products and services are currently provided by the traditional financial services sector.\r\n\r\nThe prioritisation of technological development in Saudi’s Vision 2030 strategy has also raised the need to protect its online infrastructure and systems, including the need for software escrow agreements and business continuity measures. Therefore it is crucial that any implementation of third party application undergoes a formal risk assessment to determine what levels of protection and testing are necessary.\r\n\r\nOnly with a standardised selection methodology can an organisation ensure they have the appropriate continuity solution for all applications. By implementing a policy in agreement with software vendors, organisations can provide clear guidelines throughout the business on how to protect its applications and data effectively.\r\n\r\n<strong>Financial Regulation and Compliance</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) is the central bank and supervisor for commercial banks in the Kingdom. SAMA has published rules and information for its regulated entities highlighting topics such as outsourcing requirements and business continuity.\r\n\r\nRegulation guidelines that are currently in place such as E-Banking Rules identify the responsibilities that organisations have to ensure that companies are committed to managing risk, while also ensuring that both financial services and its customers are not exposed to any potential risk of vendor failure. The E-Banking Rules highlights requirements such as Principle 13, which says that:<em> “Banks should have effective capacity, business continuity and contingency planning processes to help ensure the availability of e-banking systems and services.”</em>\r\n\r\nThe requirements for Business Continuity Management include business continuity and risk assessment; developing and implementing continuity plans; and testing, maintaining and re-assessing business continuity plans.\r\n\r\nFor many financial institutions, escrow agreements, documentation and verification of build processes and disengagement services have become integral to ensuring business continuity.\r\n\r\n<strong>Regulation Best Practise</strong>\r\n\r\nNCC Group and Al Tamimi &amp; Company lawyers recognise the importance of regulation compliance and the need to have a business continuity solution in place from the outset with vendors and service providers. Our extensive experience with numerous organisations across the region has provided valuable insight into the type of software escrow solutions our customers in the Kingdom need.\r\n\r\nOur experience and research show that as best practice, escrow should be implemented to eliminate the risk of a scenario where access cannot be made to a software or ‘Software-as-a-Service’ (SaaS) arrangement which is fundamental to the operation of the bank; and verification exercises form an integral part of business continuity for the ongoing maintenance and support of a critical application or system.\r\n\r\n<strong>Consider Your Risk Level</strong>\r\n\r\nThe level of risk that organisations are exposed to will depend on a number of factors.\r\n\r\nTo ascertain its level of exposure, an organisation must implement a robust risk assessment model taking into account many issues.\r\n<ul>\r\n 	<li>These issues may include Solvency of third party critical software vendors, with consideration given to regional regulations. This may involve <em>[your potential software vendors?]</em> answering IT questionnaires to flush out key risks;</li>\r\n 	<li>Financial or reputational loss associated with the discontinuation of critical solutions and systems, resulting in compromised services;</li>\r\n 	<li>Whether sufficient protection is provided over the intellectual property rights to access and use the source code for applications that are critical to business operations;</li>\r\n 	<li>Whether alternatives for critical systems and applications exist or have been identified and if so, if application and system risk is mitigated for any transition period to such alternatives.</li>\r\n 	<li>The degree of knowledge retention with regard to development of in-house applications and systems;</li>\r\n 	<li>Whether application build and deployment processes are sufficiently documented to the required standard in order to safeguard against resource loss.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe output of a clearly defined risk assessment approach will determine the need for plans to be put in place and deal with the failure of a third party software vendor or service provider.\r\n\r\nOrganisations should consider whether build processes are well documented, they should ensure the source code has been validated and verified, and that organisation specific data can be extracted if things go wrong.\r\n\r\n<strong>A collaborative piece by the NCC Group and Al Tamimi &amp; Co, co-authored by:</strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alex McCulloch, General Manager at NCC Group Middle East, and Haroun Khwaja, Senior Associate, Technology, Media &amp; Telecommunications at Al Tamimi &amp; Company.\r\n</strong>\r\n\r\nReferences\r\n\r\n* <a href=\"http://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Laws/BankingRules/E_banking_Rules.docx\">http://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Laws/BankingRules/E_banking_Rules.docx</a>\r\n\r\nSource: http://www.itp.net/616538-managing-software-risk-in-saudi-arabia'),
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(198321, 7235, 'content', '<strong>Comments below attributed to Essam Al Tamimi, Senior Partner, Founder of Al Tamimi &amp; Company</strong>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>1. UAE tops in rule of law in the region in World Justice Project’s Rule of Law index. What are the reasons that the UAE achieves such a high rating?</strong></p>\r\nI am not surprised at how much the UAE’s ranking has improved over the years, and the reasons have a lot to do with the nation’s leadership and the political decision made many years ago to not interfere in the judicial system to ensure its independence. This system is centralized and implemented on a federal level, especially helping the smaller Emirates.\r\n\r\nSince the days of Sheikh Rashid Al Maktoum who was adamant that no one should interfere in the law and no one should fall above the law. This has been the culture of the UAE since its foundation.\r\n\r\nFor the last 20 years, the UAE has been active in producing laws and regulations across different sectors to ensure that the rule of law governs all aspects of the UAE, whether commercially, criminally, or in corporate situations. The number of laws enacted in the UAE ensures that decisions are made based upon the law itself and positions the legal system as the final decision maker.\r\n\r\nThe creation of these laws has also been adapted to reflect international best practice. The country is young, but has realized that if rules and regulations are not based upon international standards, with an independent judicial system, this would significantly impact the country’s ability to attract foreign investment as no one would come to a country where the law doesn’t support investors.\r\n\r\nI am very pleased that the UAE has ranked well and I have no doubts that the UAE’s ranking will continue to grow as the country continues to rule independently under the law, apply laws tailored towards different sectors and maintain international standards and best practices.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>2. How does security help economy and businesses? And how much do UAE government or businesses spend on security?</strong></p>\r\nSince 2000, security issues have continued to appear throughout the world. Like other countries, the UAE has invested tremendously in this. Security issues, when it comes to the legal system are a double-edged sword. There is a very thin line between implementing higher security measures and overstepping the law which can evoke human rights issues.\r\n\r\nThe good thing about the UAE is that it continues to maintain a high security level and invest in its borders, intelligence and training, but the country also avoids crossing the line by ensuring that investments are going towards preventative measures rather than reactive security measures. This approach not only encourages people to stay in the UAE but most certainly reduces risk for investors and businesses coming into the country.'),
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(198370, 7236, 'content', 'On 1 January, 2018, value-added tax (VAT) will come into effect for the first time in the United Arab Emirates and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.\r\n\r\nThe legislative implications present many challenges for business owners in the region. Additionally, the incorrect implementation of VAT by business owners will come at a significant cost and exposure to penalties as recently detailed by the UAE.\r\n\r\nWhile this may seem like a daunting task for many in both the UAE and KSA, firms can take a three-prong approach to understand the basics of VAT ahead of January. This would include a focus on timely registration, VAT compliance procedures and transitional provisions for contracts.\r\n\r\n<em>Registration: </em>\r\n\r\nRegistration deadlines are perhaps the most crucial aspect of preparing your business for VAT. The failure to register on time may lead to heavy penalties. In the UAE, companies that did not register within deadline, which passed on 4 December, will be liable to an administrative penalty of AED 20,000.\r\n\r\nIn Saudi Arabia, however, businesses have had a longer lead in time. Businesses with an annual turnover that exceeds the mandatory registration threshold of SAR 375,000, but fall below the threshold of SAR 1,000,000 may defer registration until 20 December, 2018.\r\n\r\nSeparately, the Saudi Arabian Tax Authority has also automatically registered many large businesses with an annual turnover surpassing SAR 40 million based on existing information. Having said this, other companies that have failed to register in time will be liable to a SAR 10,000 penalty.\r\n\r\n<em>Transitional Provisions in Contracts </em>\r\n\r\nMany businesses never anticipated the day that taxation would be introduced to the GCC. So, what happens to those contracts that roll into 2018 and are silent on VAT?  It is important for businesses to review the transitional provisions when assessing their existing contracts and while drafting new agreements before 1 January 2018.\r\n\r\nBoth the UAE and Saudi Arabia have special rules to protect businesses that did not consider the implantation of VAT in their existing contracts.\r\n\r\nIn the UAE, where the contract is silent on VAT, the price will automatically be deemed to be inclusive of VAT. The question remains on who will bear the burden of the tax in these cases. If the contract was concluded prior to the implementation date and a part of the supply is made after the implementation date for example, suppliers will be able to pass on the VAT to the customer, however this is only if the customer is registered for and can recover VAT.\r\n\r\nIn Saudi Arabia, for contracts that were entered into before 31 May, 2017 and are silent on VAT, the supply can be treated as zero rated until the completion of the contract or 31 December, 2018. This only applies where the customer is registered for VAT and is entitled to deduct the VAT incurred on their purchases.\r\n\r\n<em>VAT Compliance</em>\r\n\r\nOnce VAT has been implemented, businesses will be required to file VAT returns to the government on a regular basis. This presents a first for many regional business owners and the legal requirements again differ from country to country.\r\n\r\nIn the UAE, VAT returns will generally have to be submitted on a quarterly basis, with the returns and payments due within 28 days after the end of the period.\r\n\r\nHowever, In Saudi Arabia, companies with an annual income in excess of SAR 40 million must file returns on a monthly basis. Companies under this threshold will subsequently be required to file their returns on a quarterly basis.  VAT returns and payments will be required to be made within a month of the end of the relevant period.\r\n\r\n<u>So what steps can you take to prepare your business? </u>\r\n\r\nThere are 10 key actions that a firm should consider taking in order to effectively prepare for VAT ahead of January 2018.\r\n\r\nThese include:\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 1: Project Planning:</strong> Prepare a budget for implementation and assign responsibilities within your team\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 2: Raising Awareness: </strong>Educate and train employees on the impact of VAT on accounting and reporting processes\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 3: Begin Mapping Transactions: </strong>Classify VAT treatment of all business transactions\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 4: Understand Cash Flow and Working Capital Requirements: </strong>Assess cash flow impact as VAT is paid on accruals basis\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 5: Preparing Systems and IT: </strong>Analyse existing account systems, their capability and upgrade or replace IT systems in order to produce tax reporting\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 6: Analyse Pricing Framework: </strong>Consider the impact on pricing and customers\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 7: Review Contracts: </strong>Review existing contracts with customers and suppliers that span the implementation date, review payment terms and include VAT clauses where applicable\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 8: Processes: </strong>Determine changes required to existing accounting processes and documentation\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 9: Customer &amp; Supplier Management: </strong>Establish effective communications with both customers and suppliers\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 10: Compliance:</strong> Consider whether your company is required to register and if so register, file the VAT returns and pay VAT from 2018\r\n\r\n<u>Final Thoughts</u>\r\n\r\nGenerally VAT is not imposed as a cost to businesses; however, the responsibility of accounting for VAT resides with the individual companies.\r\n\r\nIf implemented correctly, VAT should have a neutral impact on most businesses. However, many firms must anticipate a long lead-in time to effectively manage risks. There are a number of financial and legal repercussions to incorrectly applying VAT therefore it is imperative for businesses to be prepared now by proactively assessing the impact of VAT on their operations.\r\n\r\n<em>To be attributed to Shiraz Khan, Senior Tax Advisor at Al Tamimi &amp; Company</em>\r\n\r\nSource https://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/final-checklist-for-businesses-ahead-of-vat-introduction-1.690640'),
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(198419, 7237, 'content', 'Value added tax (VAT) is now a reality, and although residential real estate in general is exempt, or zero-rated, commercial property dealings will attract an extra 5 percent on top, and affect residential in a more roundabout way.\r\n\r\n<strong><em>What is taxable?</em></strong>\r\n\r\nAny property leased out, or sold as, commercial property, such as offices and retail assets, even car parking, unless provided as part of a residential property, based in the UAE.\r\n\r\nHowever, a property holding company only holding shares in other property companies is not a business, and can’t register for VAT.\r\n\r\nIn addition, non-resident owners and/or tenants won’t escape the 5 percent VAT.\r\n\r\n“If the landlord and tenant are both non-residents, the landlord has to register for VAT if the property is situated in the UAE, as there is no one else who could account for that VAT,” explains Senior Tax Advisor at Al Tamimi &amp; Company, Shiraz Khan.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, lease incentives, such as free office fit outs could be subject to VAT but only if the tenant provides something in return.\r\n\r\n“VAT will also be applicable to rents payable under commercial rental contracts, which have commenced in 2017 but run into 2018, but only in respect of rents that relate to the 2018,” alerts Khan.\r\n\r\nAny property, which is not fixed to the ground so movable, would also be considered commercial for VAT purposes, think mobile homes for example.\r\n\r\nObviously, regular hotels B&amp;B, serviced apartments, are also VAT liable, but residential property, leased out on a short-term basis to non-residents also falls under the commercial category.\r\n\r\n“If a lease is less than six months, and the person living there doesn’t have an Emirates ID, it would be deemed commercial from a VAT perspective,” explains Khan.\r\n\r\n<strong><em>The importance of exempt versus zero-rated property </em></strong>\r\n\r\nIn tax jargon, commercial property is standard rated meaning 5 percent VAT applies, whilst residential property is in general exempt from VAT.\r\n\r\n“Anything that is designed for living in, such as your own home, nursing homes, student and employee accommodation, would be considered residential and exempt for VAT purposes,” says Khan.\r\n\r\nHowever, there is a third category the zero-rated supply, which can also apply to residential.\r\n\r\n“The first supply of residential real estate within three years from completion would be zero-rated in the UAE, in addition to the first supply of charity related buildings, and those buildings converted from commercial to residential, as well as UAE Nationals building their own home,” Khan details.\r\n\r\nWhilst it doesn’t affect the buyer, or tenant, of such a property, as there is no VAT to pay, it is an important distinction for developers, as they can recover VAT related to development costs, including purchases of materials, and professional services, such as engineers and the likes, which are liable to VAT.\r\n\r\n“Developers make no revenue during the construction period, but zero-rated supply, contrary to exempt supply, means they can register for VAT and claim back input VAT,” explains Khan.\r\n\r\n“Subsequent supplies of residential would be exempt from VAT, land without infrastructure also exempt supply, then you can’t register for VAT,” he adds.\r\n\r\nA developer providing both, exempt residential and standard rated commercial property, would still be able to register, the only complication being to calculate, which VAT is recoverable, and which not.\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Reclaiming VAT to register or not to register</em></strong>\r\n\r\n“As a developer a refund mechanism is available to reclaim VAT incurred on development costs. The authorities can approve the claim within 20 days, or ask to extend the time to approve the application. Once approved they will pay the refund within five days,” says Khan.\r\n\r\nObviously, as a developer it makes sense to register, but for smaller landlords, or service providers in relation to property, it could be a matter of choice, if there was one.\r\n\r\n“If you have a yearly revenue of over Dh375,000 you have to register, but if your revenue is just over half of that, one can voluntarily register but there is no obligation,” explains Khan.\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Indirect VAT effect on residential and increase in prices? </em></strong>\r\n\r\nJust because residential sales and lease prices aren’t burdened with VAT, that doesn’t mean VAT won’t come into play in daily life.\r\n\r\nFor example, DEWA and real estate, sales and leasing, are both classified as taxable goods and services, according to Khan. This means for tenants that the next electricity and water bill will feature 5 percent on top of the usual amount expected.\r\n\r\nEqually, when asking a real estate agency to help finding a property for sale, or rent, or even just to manage ones property, or draw up a sales agreement, VAT will be added to those services. So, expect agency commissions to become a little steeper.\r\n\r\n“Real estate agents must charge VAT on their services, if they are registered for VAT, regardless of whether the property is residential or commercial,” Khan remarks.\r\n\r\nThe same applies to any other professional services provided in the real estate sector, be it facility management, repairs having to be carried out on ones property and so on.\r\n\r\n“In the case of residential property, the sales and leases of property in the secondary market will be exempt from VAT, and thus owners and landlords will not be able to recover VAT on their purchase (e.g. maintenance costs) related to the sale, or leases,” Khan cautions. In other words VAT expenses incurred maintaining a property are simply not recoverable by selling or leasing the property, unless one increases the price of the home accordingly.\r\n\r\nHowever, Khan reckons this is unlikely to happen in the near future.\r\n\r\n“Although the landlord can increase the sale price or rents, in practice, given the current residential property market, it may be difficult for landlords to pass on this cost to purchasers and tenants, and therefore the landlord is likely to absorb the VAT cost.  The VAT cost is not expected to be significant for residential landlords in any event,” he says.\r\n\r\n<strong><em>What does VAT mean for EJARI and the likes? </em></strong>\r\n\r\nWhen it comes down to registering property on the land department’s registry, or a rental contract in EJARI, VAT is unlikely to apply, according to Khan.\r\n\r\nIn general, he explained, that fees charged by government as a public authority in a sovereign capacity meant no VAT would be applicable. However, if the fees were generated from a commercial activity conducted by the government, VAT would apply,” he details.\r\n\r\n“Land department registration fees should not attract VAT because these are likely to be regarded as a fee charged by a public authority performing a function in its sovereign capacity,” Khan concludes.\r\n\r\nSource: <a href=\"http://gulfnews.com/business/property/how-vat-works-in-real-estate-1.2149654\">http://gulfnews.com/business/property/how-vat-works-in-real-estate-1.2149654</a>'),
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(202499, 7255, 'content', '<strong>The National Media Council added a new resolution to their library this month, the</strong> <strong>ELECTRONIC MEDIA ACTIVITY REGULATION RESOLUTION 2018.  Many expected the move, as the Council had been discussing this addition to its suite of regulations for some time.</strong>\r\n\r\nThe Resolution features a licensing system for any entity that is involved in ‘E-Media’. The definition is clear and broad in scope: Electronic Media is a <em>“media activity that is practiced through the tools and means of electronic publication.”</em>\r\n\r\nFor even greater clarity, the resolution sets out its intended scope at the beginning:\r\n\r\n<em>“This Resolution applies to <strong>all Electronic Media</strong> activities carried out within the State, including those in <strong>free zones</strong>.  It is <strong>prohibited</strong> to conduct any of the Electronic Media activities determined by the National Media Council unless a decision has been issued to <strong>grant of the media license.</strong>”</em>\r\n\r\nTwo key things struck our TMT team when they first reviewed the body of the Resolution in full.\r\n\r\nFirstly, there is a clear extension of the trade licence activities that now require a licence from the Council. Under the previous system, trade licences in the category of broadcasting and publishing (in the traditional sense) had to be approved by the Council. However, operators of websites that created and published such content, despite being publishers in the broadest definition of the term, were not covered under those regulations.\r\n\r\nThis now alters with specific reference to the following business operations:\r\n<ol>\r\n 	<li><em>Websites of trading, offering and selling of audiovisual and print material;</em></li>\r\n 	<li><em>On-demand electronic publishing and printing;</em></li>\r\n 	<li><em>Specialized Websites (e-ads, news sites, ... etc.); and</em></li>\r\n 	<li><em>Any electronic activity that the Council may determine to add.</em></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\nNote that this is a direct quote from the Resolution.\r\n\r\nSection 1 and 2 are clear in scope – they relate to entities that sell or create items such as books, newspapers or magazines.  Section 3, however, potentially extends the scope for licensing to any site that is involved in Electronic Advertising, as the term is defined in the Resolution (<em>“[a]ny paid or unpaid form of presentation or promotion of ideas, goods or services by electronic means or network applications”</em>).  The scope of this section is potentially quite broad, certainly covering entities that advertise third party goods for sale, aggregate content for sale and provide news sites of all persuasions.  We understand from the Council (and this seems clear from the drafting), that they do not intend to cover entities that <u>facilitate</u> publication by third parties (such as Facebook or Instagram). However, any entity that uses those platforms to sell such goods or otherwise engage in this type of commercial activity must have a licence.\r\n\r\nThe process for obtaining a licence is reasonably transparent; we will address this and other issues relating to the licence itself (including whether or not a trade licence is required in order to obtain a media licence under this Resolution) in a separate alert in the near future.\r\n\r\nExempt from the requirement to obtain a licence are government education providers and government itself.  We see this as being applicable more particularly in relation to the provision of (for example) academic papers, laws and advisory notes to the public.\r\n\r\nThe second matter and the one that appears to have captured the imagination of news outlets is that “influencers” and indeed anyone that undertakes any media activities on a commercial basis by way of social media will now have to secure a licence in order to operate.  We have long held the view that any person that obtains cash or benefits in exchange for promoting a product is operating a business and so should have a trade licence.  The Resolution requires them to now have a media licence.\r\n\r\nWe envisage that this Resolution will have a major effect on the industry that has grown up around this developing commercial practice.  One particular point of note is that Electronic Advertising is defined as being ‘paid or unpaid’; as long as it is intended to promote then it is captured by the Resolution.  This certainly clarifies the question as to whether the provision of contra instead of cash means that a post is no longer an advertisement.  Under this definition, it captures both with little ambiguity.\r\n\r\nRegarding influencers generally, we have been asked if this Resolution requires influencers to declare their content as advertising so that consumers are aware of that. It does not. That is covered in the National Media Council Resolution No 35 of 2012 on Advertising (<em>“The advertising identity shall be clearly determined, and it shall appear as unique and separate from other editorial or media material, and there shall be limits separating the advertisement from any other material in addition to time lapses in case of radio or television broadcasting”</em>), and also in the recent Cabinet Decision 23 of 2017 (<em>“</em><em>All paid advertising material must be explicitly and clearly stated as paid advertising material”</em>). Both of these are clear in our opinion although we have not yet encountered any prosecutions on the matter.  The Resolution does state the following: <em>“Ads that are presented on Social Media shall be subject to the advertising standards that are applicable at the Council”</em>.  This is a clear and unambiguous direction.\r\n\r\nIn addition, the new Resolution states that websites of traditional media, being television, radio, newspapers and magazines, are deemed to be licensed already. These companies are already licensed for media activities so the exemption is logical.  Free zone companies are specifically noted as being subject to compliance.\r\n\r\n<strong>The Council has allowed three (3) months for all entities to become compliant. Therefore, we advise all entities to be fully compliant by the first week of June 2018.</strong>\r\n\r\nIf you would like an analysis of your operations in order to ascertain if the new Resolution will apply to your business, please do not hesitate to contact:\r\n\r\nStuart Davies<br>Head of Technology, Media & Telecommunications\r\n\r\nE: <a href=\"mailto:s.davies@tamimi.com\">s.davies@tamimi.com</a>\r\n\r\nFiona Robertson<br>Senior Associate, Technology, Media & Telecommunications\r\n\r\nE: <a href=\"mailto:f.robertson@tamimi.com\">f.robertson@tamimi.com</a>'),
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